Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen kimiyya na zamaninmu ya zama tseren don ƙirƙirar kwamfutar ƙididdiga ta farko mai amfani. Dubban masana kimiyyar lissafi da injiniyoyi ne ke shiga ciki. IBM, Google, Alibaba, Microsoft da Intel suna haɓaka ra'ayoyinsu. Ta yaya na’urar kwamfuta mai ƙarfi za ta canja duniyarmu, kuma me ya sa yake da muhimmanci haka?
Ka yi tunani na ɗan lokaci: an ƙirƙiri cikakken kwamfuta mai ƙididdigewa. Ya zama abin sani kuma na halitta na rayuwarmu. Lissafin gargajiya yanzu ana magana ne kawai a makaranta, a cikin darussan tarihi. Wani wuri mai zurfi a cikin ginshiƙan sanyi, injuna masu ƙarfi suna aiki akan qubits don sarrafa mutum-mutumi masu hankali. Suna yin dukkan ayyuka masu haɗari da kawai guda ɗaya. Tafiya cikin wurin shakatawa, kuna dubawa kuma ku ga kowane nau'in mutummutumi. Halittun ɗan adam suna tafiya karnuka, suna sayar da ice cream, suna gyara wayoyi na lantarki, kuma suna share wurin. Wasu samfura suna maye gurbin dabbobin gida.
Mun samu damar tona duk wani sirrin Duniya mu duba cikin kanmu. Magunguna sun kai wani sabon mataki - ana samar da sabbin magunguna kowane mako. Za mu iya yin hasashe da kuma tantance inda ƙarancin albarkatun kamar iskar gas da mai suke. An magance matsalar dumamar yanayi, an inganta hanyoyin ceto makamashi, kuma babu sauran cunkoson ababen hawa a birane. Kwamfutar kwamfyuta ba wai kawai tana sarrafa duk motocin robotic ba, har ma tana tabbatar da motsi kyauta: tana lura da yanayin kan tituna, daidaita hanyoyin kuma tana karɓar iko daga direbobi idan ya cancanta. Wannan shine abin da shekarun kididdigar zai yi kama.
Quantum Gold Rush
Abubuwan da ake buƙata na aikace-aikacen suna da ban mamaki, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa zuba jari a ci gaban ƙididdiga ke girma kowace shekara. An kiyasta kasuwar kididdigar kididdigar duniya akan dala miliyan 81,6 a cikin 2018. Masana Market.us sun kiyasta cewa nan da 2026 zai kai dala miliyan 381,6. Wato, zai karu da matsakaicin 21,26% a kowace shekara daga 2019 zuwa 2026.
Wannan ci gaban yana haɓaka ta hanyar haɓaka amfani da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga a cikin aikace-aikacen tsaro da saka hannun jari daga masu ruwa da tsaki na lissafin ƙididdiga na kasuwa. A farkon wannan shekara, masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu sun ba da tallafi aƙalla kamfanonin fasahar ƙididdiga 52 a duk duniya, bisa ga wani bincike da mujallar kimiyya ta Nature ta yi. Manyan ƴan wasa irin su IBM, Google, Alibaba, Microsoft, Intel, da D-Wave Systems suna fafutukar ƙirƙirar kwamfutar ƙididdiga a zahiri.
Haka ne, idan dai kuɗin da ke gudana a cikin wannan yanki a kowace shekara yana wakiltar ƙananan kuɗi (idan aka kwatanta da dala biliyan 2018 a cikin zuba jari na AI a 9,3). Amma waɗannan lambobin suna da mahimmanci ga masana'antar da ba ta balaga ba wacce har yanzu ba ta yi alfahari da alamun aiki ba.
Magance matsalolin adadi
Kuna buƙatar fahimtar cewa a yau fasahar har yanzu tana cikin ƙuruciyarta. Ya yiwu a ƙirƙira nau'ikan injunan ƙididdiga kawai da tsarin gwaji guda ɗaya. Suna iya aiwatar da ƙayyadaddun algorithms na ƙananan rikitarwa. An kirkiri na'urar kwamfuta mai karfin 2-qubit ta farko a shekarar 1998, kuma ta dauki shekaru 21 dan Adam wajen kawo na'urorin zuwa matakin da ya dace, abin da ake kira "Quantum Supremacy". Farfesan Caltech John Preskill ne ya kirkiro wannan kalmar. Kuma yana nufin iyawar na'urorin ƙididdigewa don magance matsaloli cikin sauri fiye da kwamfutoci masu ƙarfi na gargajiya.
Kamfanin Google na California ne ya yi nasara a wannan yanki. A watan Satumba na 2019, kamfanin ya sanar da cewa na'urar ta Sycamore mai nauyin qubit 53 ta kammala lissafi a cikin dakika 200 wanda zai dauki na'urar zamani na zamani fiye da shekaru 10 don kammalawa. Bayanin ya haifar da cece-kuce. IBM ya ƙi yarda da irin waɗannan lissafin. A cikin shafinta na yanar gizo, kamfanin ya rubuta cewa babban kwamfutocinsa na Summit zai jure wannan aikin a cikin kwanaki 000. Kuma duk abin da ake buƙata shine ƙara ƙarfin ajiyar diski. Ko da yake a zahiri bambancin bai kasance mai girma ba, Google hakika shine farkon wanda ya cimma "mafi girman kima." Kuma wannan wani muhimmin ci gaba ne a cikin binciken kwamfuta. Amma ba komai. Ayyukan Sycamore don dalilai na nunawa ne kawai. Ba shi da aikace-aikacen aiki kuma ba shi da amfani don magance matsalolin gaske.
Babban matsalar ita ce hardware. Yayin da raƙuman ƙididdiga na gargajiya suna da ƙimar 0 ko 1, a cikin duniyar ƙididdiga masu ban mamaki, qubits na iya kasancewa a cikin jihohin biyu a lokaci guda. Ana kiran wannan kadarorin superposition. Qubits kamar saman juyi ne: suna jujjuya duka biyun agogo da na agogo, suna motsawa sama da ƙasa. Idan kun sami wannan ruɗani, to kuna cikin babban kamfani. Richard Feynman ya taɓa cewa, "Idan kuna tunanin kun fahimci injiniyoyin ƙididdiga, ba ku fahimta ba." Kalmomin jarumtaka daga mutumin da ya lashe kyautar Nobel na ... ƙididdiga makanikai.
Don haka, qubits ba su da ƙarfi sosai kuma suna ƙarƙashin tasirin waje. Mota da ke wucewa a ƙarƙashin tagogin dakin gwaje-gwaje, hayaniyar tsarin sanyaya, barbashi mai tashi sama - duk wani tsangwama na bazuwar, duk wani hulɗa yana rushe haɗin gwiwar su kuma suna lalata. Wannan yana cutar da kwamfuta.
Mahimmin tambaya don haɓaka ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga shine wane bayani na hardware daga yawancin binciken zai tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na qubits. Duk wanda ya warware matsalar haɗin kai kuma ya sanya kwamfutoci masu yawa kamar yadda GPUs suka zama gama gari zai ci kyautar Nobel kuma ya zama mafi arziki a duniya.
Hanyar kasuwanci
A cikin 2011, kamfanin Kanada D-Wave Systems Inc. shi ne ya fara sayar da kwamfutocin kwamfutoci, duk da cewa amfanin su ya takaita ne ga wasu matsalolin ilmin lissafi. Kuma a cikin watanni masu zuwa, miliyoyin masu haɓakawa za su iya fara amfani da na'urori masu sarrafawa ta hanyar gajimare - IBM ya yi alkawarin samar da damar yin amfani da na'urar ta 53-qubit. Ya zuwa yanzu, kamfanoni 20 sun sami wannan gata a ƙarƙashin wani shiri mai suna Q Network. Daga cikin su akwai masana'antar kayan aiki Samsung Electronics, masu kera motoci Honda Motor da Daimler, kamfanonin sinadarai JSR da Nagase, bankunan JPMorgan Chase & Co. da Barclays.
Yawancin kamfanonin da ke gwaji tare da lissafin ƙididdiga a yau suna ganin sa a matsayin wani muhimmin sashi na gaba. Babban aikin su a yanzu shine gano abin da ke aiki a cikin ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga da abin da ba ya aiki. Kuma ku kasance a shirye don zama farkon wanda zai gabatar da fasaha a cikin kasuwanci idan ta shirya.
Kungiyoyin sufuri. Volkswagen, tare da D-Wave, suna haɓaka aikace-aikacen ƙididdiga - tsarin kula da zirga-zirga. Sabon shirin zai baiwa kungiyoyin sufurin jama'a da kamfanonin tasi a manyan biranen kasar damar amfani da jiragensu yadda ya kamata da kuma rage lokacin jiran fasinja.
Bangaren makamashi. ExxonMobil da IBM suna haɓaka amfani da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga a fannin makamashi. Suna mai da hankali kan haɓaka sabbin fasahohin makamashi, inganta ingantaccen makamashi da rage fitar da hayaƙi. Girma da sarkakiyar kalubalen da fannin makamashi ke fuskanta ya wuce iyakar kwamfutocin gargajiya na yau kuma sun dace da gwaji akan na'urar kididdigewa.
Kamfanonin harhada magunguna. Accenture Labs yana haɗin gwiwa tare da 1QBit, kamfanin software na ƙididdigewa. A cikin watanni 2 kawai, sun tafi daga bincike zuwa hujja-na-ra'ayi-ta yin amfani da aikace-aikace don yin ƙira ga hadaddun hulɗar ƙwayoyin cuta a matakan atomic. Godiya ga ikon ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, yanzu yana yiwuwa a bincika manyan ƙwayoyin cuta. Menene wannan zai ba al'umma? Sabbin magunguna tare da ƙarancin sakamako masu illa.
Sashin hada-hadar kudi. Fasaha bisa ka'idodin ka'idar ƙididdiga suna ƙara jawo sha'awar bankunan. Suna sha'awar sarrafa ma'amaloli, kasuwanci da sauran nau'ikan bayanai da sauri. Barclays da JP Morgan Chase (tare da IBM), da kuma NatWest (tare da Fujitsu) sun riga sun gudanar da gwaje-gwajen su don haɓaka software na musamman.
Karɓar irin waɗannan manyan kamfanoni da kuma fitowar ƙwararrun majagaba na ƙididdigewa suna magana da yawa game da yuwuwar kasuwanci na ƙididdigewa. Mun riga mun ga ana amfani da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ga matsalolin duniya na ainihi, daga inganta ingantaccen makamashi zuwa inganta hanyoyin mota. Kuma mafi mahimmanci, ƙimar fasahar za ta karu yayin da take tasowa.
source: www.habr.com