Jim Clark, darektan ƙididdiga hardware a Intel, tare da ɗaya daga cikin na'urori masu sarrafawa na kamfanin. Hoto; Intel
- Kwamfutocin Quantum fasaha ce mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa wacce ke riƙe da alƙawarin ƙirƙirar ƙarfin kwamfuta mai ƙarfi don magance matsalolin da ba za a iya magance su ba.
- Masana sun ce IBM ya jagoranci hanyar yin amfani da ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa Google, Intel, Microsoft da wasu kamfanoni masu tasowa ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa.
- Masu saka hannun jari suna jan hankalin masu saka hannun jari zuwa fara lissafin ƙididdigewa, gami da IonQ, ColdQuanta, D-Wave Systems da Rigetti, wanda zai iya rushe kasuwa.
- Duk da haka, akwai kama: kwamfutocin ƙididdiga na zamani gabaɗaya ba su da ƙarfi ko kuma abin dogaro kamar manyan kwamfutoci na yau, kuma suna buƙatar yanayi na musamman don farawa da haɓakawa.
A watan Janairu, IBM ya yi taguwar ruwa lokacin da ta sanar da IBM Q System One, kwamfuta ta farko a duniya don kasuwanci. An ajiye na'urar a cikin wani akwati mai kyan gani na gilashi mai girman ƙafar cubic 9.
Wannan muhimmin ci gaba ne ga kwamfutoci masu yawa, waɗanda har yanzu suna cikin dakunan bincike. A cewar IBM, masu saye sun riga sun fara neman samun hannayensu kan fasahar, wanda ke nuna alƙawarin a fannoni daban-daban: sunadarai, kimiyyar kayan aiki, masana'antar abinci, sararin samaniya, haɓaka magunguna, hasashen kasuwar hannayen jari har ma da sauyin yanayi.
IBM Q System One. Hoto: IBM
Dalilin jin daɗin shine cewa kwamfutar ƙididdiga tana da alamun sihiri waɗanda ke ba ta damar aiwatar da ƙarin bayanai fiye da tsarin al'ada. Kwamfuta ta ƙididdigewa ba kawai kwamfuta ce mai sauri ba, daidai, daidaitaccen tsarin kwamfuta ne mabanbanta wanda ke buƙatar sake tunani mai tsauri.
Wanda ya yi nasara a gasar fasaha shi ne kamfanin da ya yi amfani da damar da wannan fasahar ke bayarwa. IBM, Microsoft, Google da sauran manyan kamfanonin fasaha, da kuma masu farawa, suna yin fare akan wannan fasaha.
Business Insider ya tambayi IBM Q Dabarun da Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa Bob Sutor game da yadda ake sanya waɗannan tsarin samun dama ga mutane: Ta yaya mutane za su shiga su? Ta yaya mutane da yawa za su koyi amfani da kwamfutoci masu yawa don yin ayyukansu?
Akwai ƙananan damar ganin kwamfutoci masu yawa a ofis kowane lokaci nan da nan. Masana da muka yi magana sun yi imani cewa duk da kasancewa ga IBM, zai kasance wasu shekaru biyar zuwa goma kafin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga da gaske ta kai ga al'ada. IBM Q System One a halin yanzu yana samuwa azaman sabis na lissafin girgije don zaɓar abokan ciniki. Zai ɗauki ɗan lokaci kafin mutane su sayi wani abu makamancin haka kuma su sanya shi aiki don manufar kansu.
Lallai, masana sun ce kwamfutoci masu yawa suna nuna alƙawari mai girma, amma sun yi nisa da samar da yawa. Suna da rauni sosai kuma suna buƙatar yanayi na musamman don yin aiki. Bugu da ƙari, kwamfutocin ƙididdiga a yau ba su da aminci ko ƙarfi kamar kwamfutocin da muke da su.
"Mun yi imanin cewa a cikin kimanin shekaru goma, kwamfuta mai ƙididdiga za ta canza rayuwar ku ko tawa," Jim Clark, darektan kayan aikin ƙididdiga a Intel, ya gaya wa Business Insider. - A gaskiya ma, yanzu muna cikin mil na farko na tseren marathon. Hakan ba yana nufin ba mu damu da hakan ba."
Menene kwamfutoci masu yawa?
Bill Gates ya taɓa cewa lissafin da ke bayan quantum ya wuce fahimtarsa, amma ba kowa ya yarda ba.
"Abin kuskure ne cewa kididdigar kimiyyar lissafi kimiyyar lissafi ce kuma tana da rikitarwa," Chris Monroe, Shugaba kuma wanda ya kafa IonQ, ya gaya wa Business Insider. "Abin da ya sa mutane da yawa ba su fahimta shi ne cewa ba za a iya fahimta ba, amma yana da wuyar fahimta a gare ni kamar yadda kuke fahimta." Idan wani abu zai iya kasancewa a cikin babban matsayi, yana nufin yana iya kasancewa a cikin jihohi biyu a lokaci guda. Abin mamaki ne domin ba mu fuskanci hakan a duniyar gaske ba."
Kwamfutocin da muka yi amfani da su suna nuna bayanai azaman kirtani na 1s ko 0s da ake kira binary code. Koyaya, kwamfutar ƙididdiga na iya wakiltar bayanai azaman 1, 0, ko, mafi mahimmanci, lambobi biyu a lokaci guda.
Lokacin da tsarin zai iya kasancewa a cikin fiye da jihohi ɗaya a lokaci guda, ana kiransa "superposition," ɗaya daga cikin alamun sihiri na ƙididdigar ƙididdiga. Wata maɓalli mai mahimmanci a nan ita ce "ƙulle-ƙulle", wanda shine adadi mai yawa wanda ke ba da damar barbashi biyu suyi tafiya cikin cikakkiyar daidaituwa, komai nisan su a zahiri.
Kamar yadda yayi bayani a cikin Scientific American, waɗannan halaye guda biyu sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar kwamfutar da za ta iya sarrafa bayanai da yawa a lokaci guda fiye da kowane tsarin da ke kasuwa a yau.
Ana auna ƙarfin kwamfuta mai ƙididdigewa a cikin qubits, ainihin ma'aunin ma'auni a cikin kwamfutar ƙididdiga. Kamar yadda kwamfutoci na zamani suke da na’urori masu sarrafawa 32-bit ko 64-bit (ma’aunin bayanai na nawa za su iya sarrafa su a lokaci guda), kwamfutar kwamfyuta mai yawan qubits tana da karfin sarrafa bayanai sosai.
Ciki da kwamfutoci masu yawa. Hoto: IBM
Sama ne iyaka
Duk wannan yana nufin cewa kwamfutar ƙididdiga na iya magance matsalolin da aka iyakance a baya ta hanyar sarrafa kwamfuta.
Misali, na'ura mai kwakwalwa ta ƙididdigewa zai iya magance matsalar mashahuran masu siyar da balaguro, matsala mai rikitarwa da ke buƙatar nemo mafi guntuwar hanya tsakanin birane da yawa kafin komawa gida. Yana da sauƙi, amma idan kun duba shi da lissafi, gano hanya mafi kyau guda ɗaya yana zama mafi wahala yayin da kuka ƙara ƙarin birane zuwa hanyarsa.
Hakazalika, kwamfuta mai ƙididdigewa na iya shiga cikin mafi wayo, mafi yawan matsalolin cin lokaci, ta hanyar ɗimbin adadin kuɗi, magunguna, ko bayanan yanayi don nemo mafi kyawun mafita. Lallai, D-Wave mai ƙididdigewa ya riga ya haɗa kai da Volkswagen don nazarin tsarin tuki da ratsa yawan amo don isa ga ƙasan abubuwa.
An tattauna amfaninsa a fagen cryptography. Kwamfuta ta quantum tana da ikon ƙware hanyar ɓoye sirrin da ta bambanta da wacce aka sani a baya, wanda ke ba ta damar gano sirrin sirri cikin sauƙi. Akwai babban sha'awa daga gwamnatocin duniya a cikin wannan fasalin mai amfani, yayin da masu fafutuka ke fargabar cewa zuwan ƙididdigar ƙididdiga na iya lalata sirri.
Matsalar Physics
"Saboda ƙididdigar ƙididdiga har yanzu tana kan matakin farko, akwai bayanai da yawa waɗanda ba a tabbatar da su ba," in ji Matthew Briss, mataimakin shugaban R&D a Gartner. "Amma masu saye sun riga sun nemi aikace-aikace don tantance fa'idodin gasa na ƙididdigar ƙididdiga don kasuwancin su," in ji shi.
Duk da irin zarge-zargen da ake yi, masana sun yi imanin cewa kwamfutoci masu yawa sun yi nisa daga kan gaba kamar yadda na'urorin PC suka kasance a cikin 1950s. Tabbas, suna samun karbuwa, amma sannu a hankali.
Brian Hopkins, mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma babban manazarci a Forrester, ya shaidawa Business Insider cewa "ana iya kwatanta lissafin adadin adadin kuzari da jirgin kasa mai tafiya a hankali." "Idan ya motsa inci daya a cikin dakika daya, to a cikin wata daya zai riga ya wuce inci biyu a cikin dakika daya." Da sannu zai fara motsi da sauri."
Babbar matsalar a yanzu ita ce kwamfutar kwamfyuta ba za ta iya yin wani abu da kwamfuta ta gargajiya ba ta iya yi. Masana'antar tana sa ido ga lokacin da ake kira quantum supremacy, lokacin da kwamfutoci masu yawa za su wuce iyakokin yanzu.
"Lokacin da abokan ciniki suka zo wurinmu, babban abin da suke gaya mana shi ne cewa ba su damu da wane samfurin yake ba idan dai yana da amfani ga kasuwancin su," in ji Briss manazarci. - Babu wani samfurin da zai iya fin karfin algorithms na gargajiya. Lallai muna buƙatar jira har sai kayan aikin kwamfutoci na adadi ya fara ingantawa."
Abokin bincike na IBM Katie Pooley yayi nazarin cryostat wanda ke taimakawa kwamfutoci masu yawa don rage yanayin zafi. Hoto: Andy Aaron, IBM
Babbar matsalar ita ce rashin ikon sarrafa kwamfuta. Ana kyautata zaton cewa girman kima zai buƙaci kwamfuta mai ƙarfin qubits 50. Ko da yake an cimma wannan ci gaba a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, ba ta dawwama kuma ba za a iya dorewa ba. Lalle ne, qubits na iya zama duka biyu ga kurakurai da rashin kwanciyar hankali, wanda ke haifar da matsaloli tare da tsararrakin su kuma yana rage yiwuwar su.
Wani muhimmin mahimmanci shine ƙarin kayan aiki. Dole ne kwamfutocin kwamfutoci su keɓe gaba ɗaya daga mahallin su don aiki kuma suna buƙatar ƙarancin zafi sosai. Ko da ƙaramar jijjiga na iya sa qubits su ruguje, suna jefar da su daga babban matsayi, kamar yadda yaro ya buga tebur yana sa tsabar kuɗi su faɗi kan tebur.
Kwamfutoci na baya-bayan nan, kamar IBM Q System One, suna da girma sosai har warewa da yanayin sanyaya da ake buƙata ya zama ƙalubale na gaske. Abin da ke dagula wannan matsala shine ƙarancin abubuwan da ake buƙata: igiyoyi masu ɗaukar nauyi da na'urori masu ƙarancin zafi. Suna cikin matsanancin rashi.
A ƙarshe, wannan yana nufin cewa ko da yake ilimi yana inganta kuma fasaha na ci gaba, ƙididdiga ƙididdiga ba zai yiwu ba.
"Daya daga cikin kalubalen da ke cikin rukunin aiki na shine sarrafa kayan, silicon, karafa, ta yadda za mu iya haifar da yanayi mai kama da juna," in ji Clark's Intel. - Wannan shine ainihin mafi kyawun fasahar semiconductor. Fasahar da muke buƙatar ƙirƙirar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga a sikelin ba ta wanzu tukuna."
Wata matsala kuma ita ce kwamfutoci masu yawa suna da damar da ba za a iya musantawa ba don samar da wutar lantarki da ba a zata ba. Koyaya, babu mutane da yawa a cikin wannan duniyar waɗanda a zahiri suna da gogewar shirye-shirye ko sarrafa waɗannan tsarin, kuma masu siye suna sha'awar ƙoƙarin gano yadda ake amfani da shi a zahiri.
Gasar Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙasa
Masu sharhi sun ce a halin yanzu IBM yana jagorantar tseren lissafin ƙididdigewa godiya ga ƙarancin kasuwancin IBM Q System One. Saboda ana samun dama ta cikin gajimare, IBM na iya kula da waɗannan yanayi na musamman don kiyaye wannan kwamfuta ta ƙididdigewa yayin da yake barin zaɓin abokan ciniki don amfani da ita.
"Ina tsammanin [kwamfutar jimlar IBM] tana girgiza," in ji Briss manazarci. "Ina tsammanin lissafin ƙididdiga a matsayin samfurin sabis shine samfurin da ya dace." Ta hanyar sanya shi a cikin akwati da kuma kula da shi musamman, suna ƙoƙarin inganta ingancinsa.
Sarah Sheldon ta IBM da Pat Gumann suna aiki akan narkar da firji mai sanyaya kwamfutoci masu yawa. Hoto: IBM
Haka kuma, manazarta sun lura cewa, duk wani dan wasa a wannan kasuwa zai iya samun ci gaba a kowane lokaci da zai ba shi damar samun ci gaba, kuma har yanzu wannan hamayya ce ta zama dole.
Kattai daban-daban na IT suna fuskantar wannan matsalar daban. Intel, IBM, Google da Rigetti ƙididdiga masu ƙididdigewa tsarin gine-gine ne bisa manyan hanyoyin da'irori, waɗanda manyan kwamfutoci na zamani ke ƙarfafa su.
yana ɗaukar wata hanya dabam kuma watakila mafi haɗari a ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun qubit. Masanin kimiyyar topological qubit wanda Microsoft ke ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar ɓangarorin electrons don adana bayanai a wurare da yawa a lokaci ɗaya, yana mai da shi kwanciyar hankali da ƙarancin lalacewa. Ba shi da ƙarfi fiye da abin da masu fafatawa da shi ke ƙoƙarin ginawa, amma sakamakon zai zama babban ci gaba ga ɗaukacin fannin lissafin ƙididdiga, in ji manazarta Hopkins.
"Suna kan caca kuma mutane da yawa suna tunanin ba za su taba yin nasara ba," in ji Hopkins.
A mafi fa'idar ban sha'awa, farawa kamar IonQ da D-Wave suna yin fare akan fasahohin yankan-baki kamar tarkon ion da ƙumburi. A sauƙaƙe, suna ƙoƙari ta hanyoyi daban-daban don cimma babban aiki da kwanciyar hankali daga kowane qubit, ta amfani da sababbin hanyoyi.
"Wannan yana ba mu damar gina kwamfyuta mai ƙididdigewa wanda ke magance matsaloli masu rikitarwa kuma yana ci gaba da ci gaba da yin hakan," Mark Johnson, mataimakin shugaban sarrafawa da ƙira da haɓaka samfuran ƙididdiga a D-Wave, ya gaya wa Business Insider.
Masanin kimiyar IBM yana tafiya ta Cibiyar Kwamfuta ta IBM Q a Cibiyar Bincike ta Thomas J. Watson a Yorktown Heights, New York. Hoto: Connie Zhou na IBM
Ƙididdigar farawa
Haɓaka ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga ya haifar da ɗimbin sha'awar masu saka hannun jari a cikin farawa masu alaƙa. Robert Sutor na IBM ya ƙiyasta cewa akwai kusan 100 software na ƙididdiga, kayan aiki har ma da masu farawa na tuntuɓar a duniya. Wannan kadan ne idan aka kwatanta da babbar kasuwar farawa, amma ya fi girma fiye da da.
"Na daɗe a cikin wannan sarari, tun daga farko," in ji IonQ's Monroe. - Na dogon lokaci yana cikin ƙuruciyarsa, har zuwa shekaru 5-8 da suka wuce ya jawo hankali kuma ya jawo hankalin jari mai yawa. Ya bayyana a fili cewa lokaci ya yi.”
Chris Monroe, Shugaba kuma wanda ya kafa ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ta IonQ. Hoto: IonQ
Wasu, kamar Rigetti, suna shirye don tafiya ƙafa-zuwa-yatsu tare da titan fasaha tare da nasu guntun ƙididdiga da nagartattun tsarin ƙididdige ƙididdiga.
Betsy Masiello, mataimakiyar shugaban samfura a Rigetti, ta shaida wa Business Insider cewa "Shi ne tushen kasuwancinmu." - Akwai kamfanoni da yawa a cikin kididdigar sararin samaniya waɗanda ke aiki akan aikace-aikacen software a fagen ƙididdigar ƙira. Muna samar da microchips kuma muna gina tsarin kwamfuta."
Matthew Kinsella, Manajan Darakta na Maverick Ventures, ya ce yana da kwarin gwiwa a fagen sarrafa kwamfyuta. Kamfaninsa ya yi nisa har ya kai ga saka hannun jari a ColdQuanta, kamfani da ke kera kayan aikin da ake amfani da su a tsarin ƙididdiga. Yana sa ran kwamfutoci masu yawa za su zarce tsarin yau a cikin shekaru biyar zuwa XNUMX. Maverick Ventures yana yin fare akan dogon lokaci.
“Hakika na yi imani da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, kodayake yana iya ɗaukar tsawon lokaci fiye da yadda ake tsammani kafin kwamfuta mai ƙididdigewa ta zama mafi kyawun kwamfutar gargajiya don magance matsalolin yau da kullun. Wataƙila za mu ga fa'idodin kwamfutoci masu yawa wajen magance ƙananan matsaloli a cikin ƴan shekaru masu zuwa, "in ji Kinsella.
D-Wave's 2000Q Systems dakunan gwaje-gwaje. Hoto: D-Wave
Kinsella, kamar manazarta da muka yi magana da su, suna tsammanin abin da ake kira "kwananciyar hunturu." Za a iya yin hayaniya a kusa da kwamfutoci masu yawa, amma mutane suna samun bege, in ji masana. Har yanzu injinan ba su cika cika ba, kuma za a yi shekaru kafin masu zuba jari su ga sakamako.
A cikin hangen nesa
Ko da ya wuce kima, masana sun tabbatar mana da cewa har yanzu akwai sauran wuraren kwamfutoci na gargajiya da na'urorin kwamfuta. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, har yanzu akwai farashi, girman, dogaro, da kuma sarrafa abubuwan wutar lantarki don yin aiki kafin mu tattauna shi.
"Muna bukatar numfashi," in ji Briss manazarci. "Akwai abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da yawa da ke faruwa a wannan yanki waɗanda ke ɗaukar lokaci." Ƙungiyar kimiyyar lissafi ce, kimiyyar kwamfuta da kuma, a zahiri, nazarin kimiyya. Ba za mu yi nazarin wannan ba idan mun san duk amsoshin, amma akwai aikin bincike da yawa a gaba."
Rigetti quantum kwamfuta. Hoto: Rigetti
Koyaya, ga mutane da yawa a bayyane yake cewa wannan shine gaba. Kamar yadda masu yin babbar manhajar kwamfuta ta farko ba su gane cewa a karshe hakan zai haifar da karin wayoyi masu girman dabino. Kwamfuta kwamfyuta na iya zama mataki na farko akan sabuwar hanya.
Kadan, kamar Microsoft VP na Gudanar da Gudanarwa Todd Holmdahl, suna da kyakkyawan fata a ce zai iya zama mafi mahimmanci fiye da basirar wucin gadi da koyan injina a yau. Ya kasance yana gaya wa ’ya’yansa cewa su yi abin da suke sha’awa kuma a ko da yaushe za su iya samun aiki a cikin fasaha na wucin gadi. Yanzu haka zai ce game da kwamfyutan kwamfyuta.
“Wannan yanki ne da zai bunkasa. Muna buƙatar mutane su cika shi kuma su kiyaye shi daga bushewa, "in ji Holmdahl. "Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsararrakinmu, yana ba mu damar ƙirƙirar abubuwa masu ban mamaki a nan gaba."
source: www.habr.com