hoto - roboconstructor.ru
Wani sanannen misali ya ce a lokacin da wata matashiya mai yaro a hannunta ta juyo wurin mai hikima ta tambaye ta ko shekara nawa za ta fara renon zuriyarta, sai dattijon ya amsa masa da cewa ta yi latti da yawa kamar yadda yaron ya riga ya yi. . Yanayin zabar sana'a na gaba yayi kama da haka. Yana da wuya a buƙaci sanin sha'awar mutum da sha'awa daga jariri, amma riga a makarantar sakandare duk nau'o'in ƙwarewa sun fara, kuma a wannan lokacin zai zama da kyau a rigaya sanin ko wane shugabanci zai motsa yaron da ya girma. Amma abu daya da muka sani kusan tabbas shine cewa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, daga kashi 30 zuwa 80% na sana'o'in za su kasance masu sarrafa kansu.
Robotics, cybernetics, da fahimtar algorithms wani tsari ne na fasaha wanda, mai yiwuwa, mutum ba zai fuskanci irin wannan ra'ayi mara kyau ba. Tabbas, mafi mahimmanci, a cikin layi daya tare da maye gurbin ma'aikata tare da mutummutumi, manufar samun kudin shiga mara iyaka kuma za ta haɓaka, amma yana da wuya cewa kuna son irin wannan makomar ga yaranku.
Yanzu akwai hanyoyi da yawa don nuna wa matasa masu sauraro masu sha'awar abubuwan da suka dace na shirye-shirye da na'ura mai kwakwalwa. Dukkansu ba su da tsada, masu sauƙin koya, kuma a cikin ƴan sa'o'i kaɗan suna ba da fahimtar tushen algorithms da ra'ayoyin na'urorin cybernetic. Amma a cikin azuzuwan yana da sauƙi a gamu da lahani na waɗannan dandamali - iyakance juriya (kuma bari mu fuskanta, “juriya na wauta” ma) na allunan burodi, mu'amalar software waɗanda ba su da abokantaka sosai ga yara masu shekaru 11-12, da ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙarfi. "wasa" kashi.
Shahararriyar masana'antun ilimi, LEGO Education, tana kokawa da duk waɗannan gazawar fiye da shekaru ashirin. Muna, ba shakka, muna magana ne game da dandalin MINDSTORMS Education EV3. Daga Mindstorms RCX da aka samar a farkon 90s zuwa mafi zamani MINDSTORMS Education EV3 hadaddun, ka'idar samuwar dandamali ya kasance iri ɗaya. Ya dogara ne akan "bulo mai hankali", microcomputer tare da allo da tashoshin I/O wanda duk sauran abubuwan haɗin ke haɗa su. Kamar yadda yake a kowane tsarin mutum-mutumi, na'urorin da ke gefe sun kasu zuwa na'urori masu auna firikwensin da tasiri. Tare da taimakon na'urori masu auna firikwensin, robot yana fahimtar duniyar da ke kewaye da shi, kuma godiya ga masu tasiri, yana amsa shi daidai da shirin da aka tsara. Abubuwan da aka haɗa da dandamali suna haɗuwa tare da igiyoyi masu sauƙi ba tare da sayarwa ba, kuma tsarin injiniya yana iyakance ne kawai ta ƙarfin sassan filastik da tunanin masu zanen kaya.
Mun yi la'akari da yuwuwar irin waɗannan mafita gabaɗaya, amma yanzu muna son yin ƙarin daki-daki akan LEGO MINDSTORMS Education EV3.
EV3
LEGO MINDSTORMS Ilimi EV3 an yi shi dacewa da sassan Lego Technic. Wannan yana nufin cewa za a iya amfani da dandamali don ƙirƙirar nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan kayayyaki masu ban sha'awa, daga “motoci masu sauƙi” da “hannun robotic” zuwa hadaddun isar da kayayyaki ko ma “masu warware matsalar Rubik’s cube.” Kusan duk wani saitin fasaha na Lego ana iya amfani da shi azaman tushen sassa don ayyuka, kuma ba za a sami matsala wajen maye gurbin kayayyakin da suka lalace ba. Haka ne, ba su yi kama da rashin tausayi kamar tsohuwar kayan gini na aluminium na Soviet ba, amma a aikace sun juya sun fi karfi fiye da kayan karfe. Akalla a cikin tarin nawa, wanda aka fara a 1993, har yanzu ba a gano wani yanki da ya karye ba.
Ilimin MINDSTORMS EV3 Saitin Ilimi na Farko ya zo da guda 541 Lego Technic guda. Ana iya siyan shi azaman saiti na musamman kamar (ko tsohon 9648, wanda aka samar don NXT), ko kuma kawai babban nau'in ginin gini (2800 sassa) ko (kusan sassa 4000), kuma, bayan sun yi wasa sosai tare da babban samfurin, yi amfani da shi azaman "tubalin" don gwaje-gwajen cybernetic. Dangane da yanki ɗaya, Lego yana gaba da sauran saiti anan - kawai 3-5 rubles da yanki.
To, idan wani yana da tsohuwar tarin da ya haɗa da dubun dubatar sassa, to ba za ku damu da albarkatun ba kwata-kwata.
Hoton hoto daga sabis na Brickset (taswirar ma'amala don masu mallakar kayan gini na Lego waɗanda ke ba ku damar tattara ƙididdiga iri-iri) na marubucin.
Koyaya, wannan ya shafi abubuwan “m” kawai kamar katako, ƙafafu ko haɗa fil. Na'urori masu auna firikwensin da masu tasiri, ba shakka, sun fi tsada, amma akwai fiye da isarsu a cikin kayan aiki na asali. Mindstorms EV3 ya zo cikakke tare da injina guda uku (biyu ya fi girma kuma mafi ƙarfi da ƙaramin servo ɗaya), nau'ikan firikwensin taɓawa (wani nau'in maɓallan "smart"), ultrasonic, gyroscopic da firikwensin launi (yana iya aiki a cikin yanayin firikwensin haske) . Bugu da ƙari, ana kiyaye dacewa da na'urori masu auna firikwensin daga ƙarni na baya na Lego Education mutummutumi, Mindstorms NXT, (wannan ya haɗa da, misali, firikwensin matakin amo).
Amma bari mu koma zuwa "bulo mai wayo", zuciyar tsarin. Wannan hakika "bulo" ne mai nauyi da girma, sanye take da allon monochrome 178 × 128 LCD (ba wai kawai ana nuna menu a kai ba, har ma da kowane nau'in hotuna na al'ada yayin aiki) tare da launi mai canzawa. Yin amfani da wayoyi tare da daidaitaccen haɗin RJ-12, na'urori masu auna firikwensin da masu tasiri suna haɗa su (har zuwa na'urori hudu na kowane nau'i), akwai ramin don microSDHC da tashar USB.
Ana iya amfani da na ƙarshe duka don zazzage shirye-shiryen da kansu kuma don sabunta firmware. Koyaya, ba a hana microcontroller daga musaya mara waya ba, idan ana so, zaku iya saukar da shirye-shirye ta hanyar Wi-Fi (yana buƙatar tsarin waje) ko Bluetooth (gina-ciki). Har ila yau, idan muna harhada na'urar mutum-mutumi da ake sarrafa ta daga nesa, za mu iya "tuba" ta amfani da sadarwa mara waya daga wayar hannu ko kwamfutar hannu.
A cikin "bulo mai wayo" yana rayuwa mai sarrafa 300 MHz ARM, megabytes 16 na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na dindindin (kuma shi ya sa katin yana da amfani) da 64 megabyte na RAM. Komai yadda waɗannan lambobin za su yi kama da ƙayyadaddun lambobi, akwai isasshen ƙarfin da za a iya aiwatar da ko da mafi girman algorithms waɗanda ku, ko ma fiye da haka yaro a cikin tsarin koyo, zai iya rubutawa. Kuma idan kun kwatanta shi da na'ura mai sarrafa 48 MHz na ƙarni na baya NXT, wanda kwanan nan ya cika shekaru goma, ci gaban ya zama sananne sosai. Duk da haka, ba za a iya cewa NXT yana rage jinkirin kowane abu a cikin aikin warware matsalolin da aka saba ba.
Bugu da ƙari, tashar jiragen ruwa na huɗu don motoci ya bayyana, wanda a cikin kanta shine babban haɓaka aikin da ke tabbatar da haɓakawa.
Tashar tashar USB yanzu tana goyan bayan yanayin mai masaukin baki, wannan yana ba ku damar haɗa adaftar Wi-Fi kawai, har ma don haɗa tubalan EV3 da yawa zuwa cikin mutum-mutumi ɗaya. Gaskiya ne, matakin ayyuka ya zama gaba ɗaya "ba yara ba".
A ƙarshe, MINDSTORMS Education EV3 yanzu yana da tallafin baturi. Maimakon batirin AA shida, zaku iya shigar da baturin lithium-ion da aka haɗa na awanni biyu da rabi na ampere. Tabbas, babu wanda ya hana amfani da batir AA nau'in eneloop, amma buƙatar cire su don caji yana sanya amfani ƙasa da matsakaici. Kuma farashin kit ɗin elooop guda biyu tare da caja ya yi daidai da kwatankwacin baturi.
Eh, akwai babban lasifika mai ƙarfi wanda yanzu ba zai iya murƙushe waƙoƙin retro daga zamanin 8-bit ba, har ma da kunna sautuna masu daɗi.
Yanzu bari mu kalli masu tasiri daga saiti na asali. Biyu daga cikinsu injiniyoyi ne masu ƙarfi kwatankwacin waɗanda aka riga aka yi amfani da su a cikin NXT, na'urori masu ɗaukar nauyi waɗanda ke haɓaka ƙarfi mai ƙarfi godiya ga kayan rage na ciki.
Idan an katange motar, an ba da madaidaicin injin, wanda zai fara zamewa idan juzu'in ya fi wanda aka lasafta, don haka yana da wuya a ƙone motar.
Akwai firikwensin kusurwa mai jujjuya tare da ƙudurin digiri ɗaya (motar tana gaya wa mai sarrafawa a wane kusurwar kusurwar sa ke juyawa) da kuma ikon daidaita jujjuyawar duk injinan da aka haɗa daidai.
Na uku, abin da ake kira M-servo drive (mota mai matsakaicin girma) yana samar da karfin juzu'i sau uku, amma saurin jujjuyawar ya kusan ninki biyu.
Amma ga na'urori masu auna firikwensin, ba lallai ne ku iyakance kanku ga waɗanda LEGO Education ke bayarwa ba (ko da yake suna cikin rufin don kowane aikin ilimi), yawancin kamfanoni na ɓangare na uku suna samar da na'urori masu dacewa da wasu lokuta masu ban mamaki. Lambar tushen firmware da ƙayyadaddun kayan masarufi cikakke .
Software
Mun yi magana da yawa game da kayan aiki, amma a zahiri, ba shine kawai abin da ke ƙayyade tasirin azuzuwan na'urar robotic ba. Yana da kasancewar software mai saurin fahimta akan dandamali da yawa (Mac, PC, na'urorin hannu) da ya sanya LEGO MINDSTORMS Education EV3 matsayin dandali na zabi don koyo, musamman tsakanin firamare da sakandare, ga yara masu shekaru goma.
App maraba allo akan iPad
Kallon algorithms a cikin software na LEGO MINDSTORMS Education EV3 na asali shine kawai a matakin mafi girma - a cikin 'yan mintoci kaɗan kawai ya isa ya mallaki manyan nau'ikan hulɗar tubalan ma'ana (yanayin canji, madauki, da sauransu) sannan a hankali ƙara haɓaka. hadaddun shirye-shirye. Tabbas, akwai shirye-shiryen ilimantarwa na ɗimbin nau'ikan mutummutumi daban-daban, kuma idan kuna so, zaku iya samun dubban shirye-shirye masu ban sha'awa a cikin al'ummomin kan layi.
Misalin shirin a aikace-aikacen iPad
Nagartattun masu amfani za su iya shigar da LabVIEW ko RobotC - “kwakwalwa” na LEGO MINDSTORMS Education EV3 sun dace da waɗannan fakitin. Abin takaici, ba zai yiwu a fitar da tsoffin ayyuka don NXT ba tare da ƙarin juzu'i ba.
Daga ra'ayi na ilimi, yana da sha'awa sosai . Yana ba ku damar adana littattafan rubutu na lantarki ga ɗalibai, godiya ga wanda malami zai iya kimanta nasarar wani ɗalibi daga nau'in aikace-aikacensa da kuma lura da ci gabansa. Bugu da ƙari, ba za ku iya amfani da kayan ilimi kawai da ke kan jirgin software ba (wanda akwai su da yawa), amma kuma ƙirƙirar naku ta amfani da ginanniyar editan abun ciki.
Bidiyo koyawa Editan abun ciki EV3
Sigar tebur ɗin kuma tana da kayan aikin rikodi na bayanai tare da ikon tsara wuraren jadawali dangane da ƙimar kofa. Wato, yanzu malami zai iya nuna sauƙin aiki na fasahar zamani a cikin gida mai kaifin baki, misali.
Microcomputer na EV3 zai tattara bayanai daga na'urori masu auna firikwensin a cikin ainihin lokaci kuma, dangane da yanayin zafin jiki, ƙaddamar da ɗaya ko wani shirin ƙirar. Lokacin da zafin jiki yayi girma, fan yana kunna, kuma lokacin da zafin jiki yayi ƙasa, na'urar tana kunna. Kuma ɗalibai za su iya yin rikodin da kuma nazarin bayanai, suna kammala samfurin.
Shigar da bayanai
Buɗewar "bulo mai wayo" firmware ya riga ya taka rawarsa: akwai madadin zaɓuɓɓuka waɗanda ke goyan bayan shahararrun yarukan shirye-shirye (da yawa daga cikinsu). Gabaɗaya, ana iya haɗa amfani da EV3 zuwa kowane aikin ilimi da ke da alaƙa da shirye-shirye, tunda kaɗan abubuwa ne masu daɗi kamar damar ganin aikin algorithms na mutum “a cikin kayan masarufi.”
Mutane da yawa suna tsammanin cewa abin tuntuɓe a cikin wannan labarin na iya zama farashin. Lalle ne, don Basic saitin za ku biya 29 rubles, da wani 900 don caji. Duk da haka, wannan adadin ya haɗa da sassa da na'urorin lantarki don aikin jin dadi na dalibai biyu, da kuma cikakken software na asali tare da darussan 2 da aka shirya (wanda tun daga Janairu 500 yana da kyauta ga duka mutane da kungiyoyi). Tabbas, ƙarin kayan aiki da kayan aikin manufa na iya ƙara farashin, amma a cikin dalili. Don haka kit don ɗalibai 48, gami da na asali da saitunan kayan aiki LME EV2016, caja, software da , zai ci 174. An yarda sosai don kayan aiki, misali, da'irar a makaranta.
Ee, a bayyane ya fi tsada fiye da sauƙaƙan dandamali kamar Arduino. Amma dama, da kuma matakin shiga, sun fi girma. Ana iya tsara tsarin tushen tushen EV3 a cikin aminci a duk tsawon makarantar sakandare da bayansa. Bugu da kari, tare da isassun amfani da LEGO MINDSTORMS Education EV3 kawai zai “wuce” abubuwa masu sauƙi da yawa saboda halayen injina, sauƙin sauyawa da wadatar sassa (a cikin aikina, kebul na RJ-12 ɗaya kawai ya buƙaci maye gurbin a cikin shekaru 10- tsohon NXT).
A sakamakon haka, mun ga wani kusan bude-source aikin goyon bayan wani katon kamfani tare da duk kari da ake bukata a cikin irin wannan halin da ake ciki - tsawon rayuwa sake zagayowar, samuwan kayayyakin gyara da kari, hukuma da mai son jagororin, wani ci gaba al'umma. Hankali ya zama kusan ma'auni a azuzuwan ilimin mutum-mutumi na Yamma ga yara, kuma zai yi kyau da gaske ganin an karbe shi sosai a Rasha.
Zabar hanya
Kuma yanzu ga babban abu. Ba kamar tsarin WeDo 2.0 ba, EV3 yana nufin makarantar sakandare, sabili da haka ga manyan yara, waɗanda batun zabar sana'a na gaba ya fi tsanani.
Yin amfani da EV3, kowane ɗalibi zai iya ƙara bayyana iyawar da ke tattare da shi ta yanayi, girma da tsarin ilimi.
Masanin ilimin lissafi da aka haife shi zai sa ido sosai kan na'urorin firikwensin, yadda ake rubuta tazarar da mutum-mutumin ke tafiya, da yadda ake rubuta kusurwar da ya karkace, da dai sauransu.
Kwararren IT na gaba, ba shakka, zai nutsar da kansa a cikin shirye-shiryen robot, yana nazarin algorithm ɗin da yake motsawa. Kuma tabbas zai ƙirƙiri nasa, ba a tanadar da shi bisa ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi ba.
Yaron da ke sha'awar ilimin kimiyyar lissafi zai iya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na gani tare da taimakon robot; sa'a, saitin ba su da matsala tare da na'urori masu auna firikwensin, kamar yadda yaron ba shi da matsala da tunani.
Gabaɗaya, komai sha'awar yaranku da abubuwan da kuka fi so a makaranta, koyo tare da saitin MINDSTORMS EV3 zai ba su damar ba da haske sosai da mai da hankali kan ci gaban su a nan gaba.
A rayuwa
A halin yanzu, an riga an yi amfani da mafita na kamfanin ta hanyar ɗalibai don ƙirƙirar ayyuka masu ban sha'awa, duka a matsayin ɓangare na gasa daban-daban da kuma ci gaba gaba ɗaya. Kafofin yada labarai sun rubuta game da adadinsu a wannan shekara.
'Ya'yan makarantar Astrakhan Ruslan Kazimov da Mikhail Gladyshev, da ke a wurin shakatawa na fasaha na yankin, sun ƙera na'urar kwaikwayo ta mutum-mutumi don gyara haɗin gwiwar hannu.
hoto - rg.ru
'Yan aji takwas sun kwashe ƙasa da watanni biyu suna haɓaka na'urar kwaikwayo. Sun gabatar da aikin su a matakin yanki na gasar IX All-Russian gasar kimiyya da sabbin ayyukan a yankin Kudancin Tarayya, inda suka dauki matsayi na biyu. A nan gaba, suna shirin ƙirƙirar samfurin masana'antu - a yanzu, masu haɓaka suna ba da samfuri ne kawai da aka yi daga LEGO MINDSTORMS Education EV3 tsarin ilimin mutum-mutumi.
Na'urar tana kwafin motsin da likita ya yi - haɗin gwiwa ya fara aiki, don haka mayar da motsi ba kawai su ba, har ma da kungiyoyin tsoka. Yayin da ake haɗa na'urori ta Bluetooth, nan gaba za su yi sadarwa ta hanyar Intanet ko Wi-Fi.
Akwai analogues na irin wannan na'urar a kasuwa, amma na'urar Astrakhan na iya aiki lokaci guda tare da kafada, wuyan hannu da haɗin gwiwar gwiwar hannu. Bugu da ƙari, yana da šaukuwa kuma ana sarrafa baturi. Hakanan akwai yuwuwar sarrafa nesa, wato majiyyaci na iya horarwa ba tare da barin gida ba.
A gasar Olympics ta Duniya ta Robotics 2015 (WRO 2015), ƙungiyar DRL ta Rasha daga St.
Ƙungiyar DRL ta Rasha ta gabatar da aikin CaveBot. Maza daga St. Ci gaban ya shafi fannonin kimiyya daban-daban, kamar yadda mutum-mutumi na musamman ya ba da damar yin ayyuka daban-daban.
Tawagar ta kera wani mutum-mutumi mai hawa mai sanye da na'urori daban-daban don gano abubuwa don bincike na gaba. Za a iya mayar da bayanan da aka samu zuwa nau'ikan 3D akan kwamfuta.
Kuma Shubham Banerjee mai shekaru 13 ya ƙirƙira Braille Anyi daga LEGO guda don aikin kimiyyar makaranta. Daga baya, tare da halartar iyalinsa, an ƙirƙiri wani farawa don ƙaddamar da ƙirƙira, wanda ya sami tallafin kuɗi daga kamfanin fasaha na Intel.
(Hoto: Marcio Jose Sanchez, AP)
Tunanin ƙirƙirar na'urar bugawa ta zo Shubham bayan binciken Braille akan Intanet. Da yake fahimtar cewa bugun bugun taɓawa yana kashe $2,000 kuma sama da haka, ɗalibin ya yanke shawarar yin sigar mai rahusa.
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ƙirƙira, yara makafi da iyayensu sun fara tuntuɓar Shubham tare da buƙatu ɗaya - don yin na'urar buga makafi mai tsada, tare da yin alƙawarin "saya daga kan shiryayye."
Kamar yadda kake gani, yin amfani da MINDSTORMS Education EV3 a cikin tsarin ilmantarwa yana bawa dalibai damar amfani da tunanin su har zuwa iyakar, ƙirƙirar sababbin sababbin hanyoyin da ba wai kawai taimakawa wajen gane ra'ayoyin ko gudanar da kowane gwaji ba, amma kuma sun fara yanke shawara akan su. sana'ar su ta gaba.
Idan kuna da tambayoyi game da amfani da waɗannan mafita a cikin tsarin ilimi (ko game da samfuran kansu), rubuta su a cikin sharhi.
source: www.habr.com