Duniyar da ke kewaye da mu tana cike da kowane irin bayanai da kwakwalwarmu ke ci gaba da aiwatarwa. Yana samun wannan bayanin ta hanyar gabobin hankali, wanda kowannensu ke da alhakin rabonsa na sigina: idanu (hangen nesa), harshe (dandanna), hanci (ƙamshi), fata (taɓawa), na'urar vestibular (ma'auni, matsayi a sararin samaniya da ma'anarsa). nauyi) da kunnuwa (sauti). Ta hanyar haɗa sigina daga duk waɗannan gabobin, kwakwalwarmu na iya gina ingantaccen hoto na muhallinmu. Amma ba duk abubuwan sarrafa siginar waje ne aka san mu ba. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan asirin shine hanyar gano tushen sautunan.
Masana kimiyya daga dakin gwaje-gwaje na Neuroengineering na Magana da Ji (Cibiyar Fasaha ta New Jersey) sun ba da shawarar sabon samfurin tsarin jijiyoyi na yanayin sauti. Menene ainihin hanyoyin da ke faruwa a cikin kwakwalwa yayin fahimtar sauti, yadda kwakwalwarmu ke fahimtar matsayi na tushen sauti, da kuma yadda wannan bincike zai iya taimakawa wajen yaki da lahani. Mun koyi game da wannan daga rahoton ƙungiyar bincike. Tafi
Tushen bincike
Bayanan da kwakwalwarmu ke samu daga gabobinmu sun sha bamban da juna, ta fuskar tushensa da kuma yadda ake sarrafa su. Wasu sigina nan da nan suna bayyana ga kwakwalwarmu a matsayin ingantaccen bayani, yayin da wasu ke buƙatar ƙarin hanyoyin lissafi. Kusan yin magana, muna jin taɓawa nan da nan, amma idan muka ji ƙara, har yanzu muna neman inda ya fito.
Tushen don gano sauti a cikin jirgin sama a kwance shine Interaural* bambancin lokaci (ITD daga bambancin lokacin interaural) sautukan da ke kaiwa kunnen mai sauraro.
Tushen tsaka-tsaki* - nisa tsakanin kunnuwa.
Akwai takamaiman yanki a cikin kwakwalwa (zaitun mafi girma na tsakiya ko MSO) wanda ke da alhakin wannan tsari. A halin yanzu ana karɓar siginar sauti a cikin MVO, bambance-bambancen lokaci na tsaka-tsaki suna jujjuya su zuwa ƙimar amsawar neurons. Siffar maƙallan saurin fitarwa na MBO azaman aikin ITD yayi kama da sifar aikin haɗin giciye na siginar shigarwa don kowane kunne.
Yadda ake sarrafa bayanai da fassarawa a cikin MBO bai kasance cikakke cikakke ba, wanda shine dalilin da yasa akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa masu cin karo da juna. Shahararriyar kuma a haƙiƙanin ƙa'idar gargajiya ta yanayin sauti shine ƙirar Jeffress (Lloyd A. Jeffress). Ya dogara ne akan layi mai alama* masu gano neurons waɗanda ke kula da haɗin gwiwar binaural na abubuwan da ke cikin jijiya daga kowane kunne, tare da kowane neuron yana da kusanci ga takamaiman adadin ITD (1A).
Ka'idodin layi mai alama* hasashe ne da ke bayyana yadda jijiyoyi daban-daban, waɗanda dukkansu ke amfani da ka'idodin ilimin halittar jiki iri ɗaya wajen watsa motsin rai tare da axon su, suna iya haifar da jin daɗi daban-daban. Jijiyoyi masu kama da tsari na iya haifar da tsinkaye daban-daban idan an haɗa su da jijiyoyi na musamman a cikin tsarin juyayi na tsakiya waɗanda ke da ikon tantance siginar jijiya iri ɗaya ta hanyoyi daban-daban.
Hoto #1
Wannan ƙirar ta ƙididdigewa yana kama da coding na jijiyoyi, bisa la'akari da rashin takurawar haɗin kai na sautunan da ke kaiwa kunnuwa biyu.
Har ila yau, akwai samfurin da ke nuna cewa ana iya daidaita sautin murya bisa ga bambance-bambance a cikin saurin amsawar wasu al'ummomi na neurons daga sassa daban-daban na kwakwalwa, watau. model na interhemispheric asymmetry (1B).
Har ya zuwa yanzu, yana da wuya a bayyana babu shakka wanne daga cikin ra'ayoyin biyu (samfuran) daidai ne, ganin cewa kowannensu yana hasashen dogaro daban-daban na yanayin sautin sauti.
A cikin binciken da muke kallo a yau, masu binciken sun yanke shawarar haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan biyu don fahimtar ko tsinkayen sauti ya dogara ne akan coding na jijiyoyi ko kuma akan bambance-bambance a cikin martanin yawan adadin jijiya. An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje da dama inda mutane masu shekaru 18 zuwa 27 (mata 5 da maza 7) suka shiga. Ma'aunin sauti na mahalarta (ma'auni na girman jin) ya kasance 25 dB ko sama tsakanin 250 da 8000 Hz. An sanya mahalarta a cikin gwaje-gwajen a cikin ɗakin da aka rufe da sauti, wanda aka sanya kayan aiki na musamman, wanda aka daidaita tare da daidaitattun daidaito. Mahalarta sai da suka ji siginar sauti, su nuna alkiblar da ta fito.
Sakamakon bincike
Don tantance dogaro lateralization* Ayyukan kwakwalwa daga ƙarfin sauti don mayar da martani ga nau'o'i masu lakabi, bayanai game da saurin amsawar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin laminar tsakiya na kwakwalwar mujiya na mujiya an yi amfani da su.
Laterality* - asymmetry na hagu da dama na jiki.
Don tantance dogaro na lateralization na aikin kwakwalwa akan saurin amsawar wasu al'ummomi na neurons, an yi amfani da bayanai daga ayyukan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na kwakwalwar biri na rhesus, bayan haka an ƙididdige bambance-bambancen saurin ƙwayoyin cuta daga hemispheres daban-daban. .
Samfurin layin da aka yiwa alama na neurons mai ganowa yana annabta cewa yayin da ƙarfin sauti ya ragu, ƙarshen tushen tushen da aka gano zai haɗu zuwa ma'anar ƙima mai kama da rabon sauti mai laushi zuwa ƙarar sauti (1С).
Samfurin asymmetry na hemispheric, bi da bi, yana nuna cewa yayin da ƙarfin sauti ya ragu zuwa kusa da matakan ƙofa, tsinkayen gefe zai matsa zuwa tsakiyar layi (1D).
A mafi girman ƙarfin sauti gabaɗaya, ɓangarorin ɓangarorin ana sa ran za su kasance mai ƙarfi mara bambanci (saka a ciki 1С и 1D).
Sabili da haka, nazarin yadda ƙarfin sauti ya shafi hanyar da aka sani na sauti yana ba mu damar ƙayyade daidai yanayin tafiyar matakai da ke faruwa a wannan lokacin - neurons daga wannan yanki na gaba ɗaya ko neurons daga hemispheres daban-daban.
A bayyane yake, ikon mutum don nuna bambanci ITD na iya bambanta dangane da ƙarfin sauti. Duk da haka, masanan sun ce yana da wahala a fassara binciken da aka yi a baya wanda ke danganta hankali ga ITD da kuma hukuncin masu sauraro na hanyar tushen sauti a matsayin aikin ƙarfin sauti. Wasu nazarce-nazarcen sun ce lokacin da ƙarfin sauti ya kai ga iyakar iyaka, abin da ake gani a gefe na tushen yana raguwa. Sauran nazarin sun nuna cewa babu wani tasiri mai tsanani akan fahimta kwata-kwata.
A wasu kalmomi, masana kimiyya suna "a hankali" suna nuna cewa akwai ƙananan bayanai a cikin wallafe-wallafen game da dangantaka tsakanin ITD, ƙarfin sauti da kuma ƙayyade jagorancin tushensa. Akwai ra'ayoyin da suka wanzu a matsayin nau'i na axioms, wanda masana kimiyya suka yarda da su gaba ɗaya. Saboda haka, an yanke shawarar gwada dalla-dalla duk ra'ayoyi, samfuri da hanyoyin da za a iya ji a aikace.
Gwajin na farko ya dogara ne akan tsarin ilimin halin dan Adam wanda ya ba da damar yin nazarin ɓangarorin tushen ITD a matsayin aikin ƙarfin sauti a cikin rukuni na mahalarta sauraron al'ada goma.
Hoto #2
An tsara hanyoyin sauti na musamman don rufe yawancin mitar da mutane ke iya gano ITD, watau. daga 300 zuwa 1200 Hz2A).
A kowane gwaji, mai sauraro dole ne ya nuna abin da aka sani a gefe, wanda aka auna azaman aikin matakin jin daɗi, akan kewayon ƙimar ITD daga 375 zuwa 375 ms. Don tantance tasirin ƙarfin sauti, an yi amfani da samfurin haɗaɗɗiyar tasiri mara kyau (NMLE) wanda ya haɗa duka ƙayyadaddun ingancin sauti da bazuwar.
Shafi 2B yana nuna ƙwaƙƙwaran ɓatanci tare da amo mai faɗin amo a ƙarfin sauti guda biyu don mai sauraron wakilin. Kuma tsarin 2С yana nuna danyen bayanai (da'irori) da ƙirar NMLE mai dacewa (layi) na duk masu sauraro.
Tebur Na 1
Teburin da ke sama yana nuna duk sigogin NLME. Ana iya ganin cewa hangen nesa a gefe ya karu tare da karuwar ITD, kamar yadda masana kimiyya suka yi tsammani. Yayin da ƙarfin sautin ya ragu, hasashe yana ƙara matsawa zuwa tsakiyar layi (saka a cikin jadawali). 2C).
Wadannan dabi'un sun goyi bayan samfurin NLME, wanda ya nuna tasiri mai mahimmanci na ITD da ƙarfin sauti akan matsakaicin matsayi na gefe, yana goyan bayan samfurin bambance-bambancen interhemispheric.
Bugu da kari, ma'anar madaidaicin madaidaicin sauti don sautuna masu tsafta ba su da wani tasiri a kan hangen nesa. Amma ƙarfin sauti bai yi tasiri sosai ga masu nuna ayyukan psychometric ba.
Babban makasudin gwaji na biyu shi ne tantance yadda sakamakon da aka samu a gwajin da ya gabata zai canza yayin da ake la'akari da abubuwan ban mamaki na abubuwan motsa jiki (sauti). Bukatar gwada amo mai faɗin amo a ƙananan ƙarfin sautin shine cewa sassan bakan ba za su iya ji ba kuma wannan na iya shafar ƙayyadaddun tsarin sauti. Sakamakon haka, ana iya kuskuren kuskuren sakamakon gwajin farko don gaskiyar cewa faɗin ɓangaren sauti na bakan na iya raguwa tare da rage ƙarfin sauti.
Saboda haka, an yanke shawarar yin wani gwaji, amma ta amfani da baya A-nauyi* hayaniya
A-nauyi* ana amfani da matakan sauti don yin la'akari da ƙarar ƙarar da kunnen ɗan adam ke fahimta, tun da kunnen ba ya da saurin jujjuyawar sauti. Ana aiwatar da nauyin A-nauyi ta hanyar ƙididdige ƙididdiga masu ƙima da aka jera a cikin makada octave zuwa ma'aunin ma'aunin sauti na dB.
A kan ginshiƙi 2D yana nuna cikakkun bayanai (da'irori) da kuma bayanan da aka dace da samfurin NMLE (layi) na duk mahalarta a cikin gwajin.
Binciken bayanan ya nuna cewa lokacin da duk sassan sautin suna kusan daidai da sauti (dukansu a cikin gwaji na farko da na biyu), tsinkayen gefe da gangara a cikin jadawali yana bayanin canjin a gefe tare da raguwar ITD tare da rage ƙarfin sauti.
Don haka, sakamakon gwaji na biyu ya tabbatar da sakamakon na farko. Wato, a aikace an nuna cewa samfurin da Jeffress ya gabatar a baya a 1948 bai dace ba.
Sai ya zama cewa sautin sauti yana ƙara tsananta yayin da ƙarfin sauti ya ragu, kuma Jeffress ya yi imanin cewa sautuna suna tsinkaya kuma suna sarrafa su ta hanya ɗaya, ba tare da la'akari da girman su ba.
Don ƙarin cikakken sani tare da nuances na binciken, Ina ba da shawarar dubawa .
Epilogue
Zato na ka'idar da gwaje-gwaje masu amfani da ke tabbatar da su sun nuna cewa ƙwayoyin jijiyoyin kwakwalwa a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa ana kunna su a farashi daban-daban dangane da alkiblar siginar sauti. Sa'an nan kwakwalwar ta kwatanta waɗannan saurin tsakanin duk ƙwayoyin da ke cikin aikin don gina taswirar yanayin sauti mai ƙarfi.
Misalin Jeffresson a zahiri ba kuskure bane 100%, tunda ana iya amfani da shi don kwatanta daidaitaccen asalin tushen sauti a cikin sito. Haka ne, ga mujiyoyin sito tsananin sautin ba kome ba ne; a kowane hali, za su ƙayyade matsayin tushensa. Duk da haka, wannan samfurin baya aiki tare da birai rhesus, kamar yadda gwaje-gwajen da suka gabata suka nuna. Saboda haka, wannan samfurin Jeffresson ba zai iya kwatanta wurin da sautuna suke ga dukan abubuwa masu rai ba.
Gwaje-gwaje tare da mahalarta ɗan adam sun sake tabbatar da cewa yanayin sauti na faruwa daban-daban a cikin kwayoyin halitta daban-daban. Yawancin mahalarta sun kasa tantance daidai matsayin tushen siginar sauti saboda ƙarancin sautin.
Masana kimiyya sun gaskata cewa aikinsu yana nuna wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin yadda muke gani da yadda muke ji. Dukkan hanyoyin biyu suna da alaƙa da saurin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a sassa daban-daban na kwakwalwa, da kuma kimanta wannan bambancin don sanin matsayin abubuwan da muke gani a sararin samaniya da matsayi na tushen sautin da muke ji.
A nan gaba, masu binciken za su gudanar da gwaje-gwaje masu yawa don yin nazari dalla-dalla dangane da alakar jin mutum da hangen nesa, wanda zai ba mu damar fahimtar yadda daidai gwalwarmu ke gina taswirar duniya da ke kewaye da mu.
Na gode da hankalin ku, ku kasance da sha'awar kuma ku sami mako mai kyau kowa da kowa! 🙂
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