Yana da wuya a yi gardama tare da maganar cewa yanayi yana da mafi kyawun zato. Kowane ɗayan wakilan flora da fauna yana da nasa na musamman, kuma wani lokacin har ma da ban mamaki, fasali waɗanda sau da yawa ba za su iya shiga cikin kawunanmu ba. Dauki, misali, kaguwar mantis iri ɗaya. Wannan halitta mai farauta tana iya kai hari ga wanda aka azabtar ko mai laifi da farantansa masu ƙarfi a cikin gudun kilomita 83 a cikin sa'a, kuma tsarin kallonsu yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi rikitarwa da ɗan adam ya taɓa yin nazari. Mantis crayfish, ko da yake yana da zafi, ba su da girma musamman - har zuwa 35 cm tsayi. Mafi yawan mazaunan tekuna da tekuna, da kuma duniyar gaba ɗaya, shine blue whale. Tsawon wannan dabbar mai shayarwa zai iya kaiwa fiye da mita 30 da nauyin ton 150. Duk da girmansu mai ban sha'awa, blue whales ba za a iya kiransa manyan mafarauta ba, saboda ... sun fi son plankton.
Halin halittar blue whales ya kasance yana da sha'awar a koyaushe ga masana kimiyya waɗanda ke son fahimtar yadda irin wannan babbar halitta da gabobin da ke cikinta suke aiki. Duk da cewa mun san game da wanzuwar blue Whales na shekaru ɗari da yawa (tun 1694, don zama mafi daidai), waɗannan Kattai ba su bayyana duk asirin su ba. A yau za mu yi dubi ne kan wani bincike da wasu gungun masana kimiyya daga jami’ar Stanford suka kera na’urar da aka yi amfani da ita wajen samun na’urar bugun zuciya ta blue whale na farko. Ta yaya zuciyar mai mulkin teku ke aiki, wane bincike ne masana kimiyya suka yi, kuma me ya sa ba za a iya wanzuwar wata halitta mai girma fiye da blue whale ba? Mun koyi game da wannan daga rahoton ƙungiyar bincike. Tafi
Jarumin Bincike
Blue Whale shine mafi girma na dabbobi masu shayarwa, mafi yawan mazaunan tekuna da tekuna, dabba mafi girma, mafi girma. Abin da zan iya cewa, blue Whale ne da gaske mafi kyau a cikin sharuddan girma - tsawon shi ne 33 mita da nauyi - 150 ton. Lambobin sun yi ƙima, amma ba ƙaramin ban sha'awa ba ne.
Ko da shugaban wannan giant ya cancanci layi daban a cikin Guinness Book of Records, tun da yake yana da kusan kashi 27% na jimlar jiki. Bugu da ƙari, idanuwan blue whales ƙananan ƙananan ne, ba su fi girma fiye da 'ya'yan inabi ba. Idan yana da wahala a gare ku don ganin idanun whale, to zaku lura da baki nan da nan. Bakin blue whale zai iya ɗaukar mutane 100 (misali mai ban tsoro, amma blue whales ba sa cin mutane, aƙalla ba da gangan ba). Girman girman baki yana faruwa ne saboda abubuwan da ake so na gastronomic: whales suna cin plankton, suna hadiye ruwa mai yawa, wanda sai a sake shi ta na'urar tacewa, tana tace abinci. A karkashin ingantacciyar yanayi mai kyau, blue whale yana cinye kusan ton 6 na plankton kowace rana.
Wani muhimmin alama na blue whales shine huhu. Suna iya riƙe numfashinsu na sa'a 1 kuma suna nutsewa zuwa zurfin da ya kai mita 100. Amma, kamar sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin ruwa, shuɗin whales lokaci-lokaci suna fitowa zuwa saman ruwa don yin numfashi. Lokacin da Whales suka tashi zuwa saman ruwa, suna amfani da busa, rami mai numfashi da aka yi da manyan buɗaɗɗiya (hanyoyin hanci) a bayan kawunansu. Fitar da whale ta cikin busa ta sau da yawa yana tare da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a tsaye har zuwa tsayin mita 10. Idan aka yi la'akari da halayen mazaunin whale, huhunsu yana aiki da kyau fiye da namu - huhu na whale yana sha 80-90% na huhu. oxygen, kuma namu kusan kashi 15%. Girman huhu yana da kusan lita dubu 3, amma a cikin mutane wannan adadi ya bambanta a kusa da lita 3-6.
Samfurin zuciyar kifin kifi mai shuɗi a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya a New Bedford (Amurka).
Tsarin siginar jini na blue whale shima yana cike da sigogin rikodin. Misali, tasoshinsu suna da girma kawai, diamita na aorta kadai yana da kusan cm 40. Ana ɗaukar zuciyar blue whales a matsayin mafi girma a zuciya a duniya kuma tana auna kusan tan guda. Tare da irin wannan babban zuciya, whale yana da jini mai yawa - fiye da lita 8000 a cikin manya.
Kuma yanzu mun zo a hankali zuwa ga ainihin binciken da kansa. Zuciyar blue whale babba ce, kamar yadda muka riga muka fahimta, amma tana bugun sannu a hankali. A baya can, an yi imanin cewa bugun jini ya kasance kusan bugun 5-10 a cikin minti daya, a lokuta da yawa har zuwa 20. Amma babu wanda ya yi ingantacciyar ma'auni har yanzu.
Masana kimiyya daga jami'ar Stanford sun ce ma'auni na da matukar muhimmanci a fannin ilmin halitta, musamman wajen tantance sifofin aikin sassan halittu. Nazarin halittu daban-daban, daga beraye zuwa whales, yana ba mu damar tantance girman iyakokin da kwayoyin halitta ba za su iya wuce su ba. Kuma zuciya da tsarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini gabaɗaya sune mahimman halayen irin waɗannan karatun.
A cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa, waɗanda ilimin ilimin halittar jikinsu ya dace da salon rayuwarsu, gyare-gyaren da ke tattare da nutsewa da riƙe numfashi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa. An gano cewa yawancin waɗannan halittun suna da bugun zuciya wanda ya ragu zuwa matakin ƙasa da yanayin hutu yayin nutsewa. Kuma bayan tashi sama, bugun zuciya yana ƙara sauri.
Ƙarƙashin ƙwayar zuciya a lokacin nutsewa yana da mahimmanci don rage yawan isar da iskar oxygen zuwa kyallen takarda da sel, ta haka ne ya rage aikin rage iskar oxygen a cikin jini da rage yawan iskar oxygen ta zuciyar kanta.
Ana tsammanin cewa motsa jiki (watau ƙara yawan aikin jiki) yana daidaita amsawar nutsewa kuma yana ƙara yawan bugun zuciya yayin nutsewa. Wannan hasashe yana da mahimmanci musamman don nazarin whale blue, tun da yake saboda hanyar ciyarwa ta musamman (wani kwatsam don haɗiye ruwa), ƙimar rayuwa, a ka'idar, ya kamata ya wuce ƙimar asali (yanayin hutu) ta sau 50. An ɗauka cewa irin waɗannan huhu suna hanzarta raguwar iskar oxygen, don haka rage tsawon lokacin nutsewa.
Ƙara yawan bugun zuciya da ƙara yawan iskar oxygen daga jini zuwa tsokoki a lokacin huhu na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa saboda tsadar rayuwa na irin wannan aikin jiki. Bugu da ƙari, yana da daraja la'akari da ƙananan ƙaddamarwa myoglobin* (Mb) a cikin blue whales (sau 5-10 ƙasa da na sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa: 0.8g Mb da 100 g-1 tsoka a cikin blue whales da 1.8-10 g Mb a cikin sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Myoglobin* - furotin mai ɗaure iskar oxygen na tsokoki na kwarangwal da tsokoki na zuciya.
A matsayin ƙarshe, aikin jiki, zurfin nutsewa da sarrafawa na son rai yana canza yanayin zuciya yayin nutsewa ta hanyar tsarin juyayi mai cin gashin kansa.
Ƙarin abin da ke rage yawan bugun zuciya yana iya zama matsawa / faɗaɗa huhu yayin nutsewa / hawan.
Don haka, bugun zuciya a lokacin nutsewa da kuma yayin da yake kan saman yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da alamu na hemodynamic arterial.
Fin whale
Nazarin da ya gabata na kaddarorin halittu da kuma girman ganuwar aortic a cikin fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) ya nuna cewa yayin nutsewa a cikin bugun zuciya ≤10 bugun / min, aortic baka yana aiwatar da tasirin tafki (Tasirin Windkessel), wanda ke kiyaye jini na tsawon lokaci lokacin diastolic* tsakanin bugun zuciya kuma yana rage bugun jini a cikin aorta mai tauri.
Diastole* (lokacin diastolic) - lokacin shakatawa na zuciya tsakanin contractions.
Duk abubuwan da aka bayyana a sama, hasashe da ra'ayoyi dole ne su kasance suna da shaidar zahiri, wato, tabbatarwa ko karyatawa a aikace. Amma don yin wannan, kana buƙatar gudanar da electrocardiogram akan wani shuɗi mai motsi da yardar rai. Hanyoyi masu sauƙi ba za su yi aiki a nan ba, don haka masana kimiyya sun kirkiro na'urar nasu don electrocardiography.
Bidiyo wanda masu binciken suka yi magana a takaice game da aikinsu.
An yi rikodin ECG na whale ta amfani da na'urar rikodin ECG da aka yi ta al'ada da aka gina a cikin capsule na musamman tare da kofuna na tsotsa 4. Surface ECG electrodes an gina su cikin kofuna biyu na tsotsa. Masu binciken sun dauki jirgin ruwa zuwa Monterey Bay (Pacific Ocean, kusa da California). Lokacin da masana kimiyya suka hadu da wani shudin whale da ya fito, sai suka makala na'urar rikodin ECG a jikinsa (kusa da fin na hagu). Bisa ga bayanan da aka tattara a baya, wannan kifin kifi namiji ne yana da shekaru 15. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa wannan na'urar ba ta da haɗari, wato, baya buƙatar shigar da kowane na'urori masu auna firikwensin ko lantarki a cikin fata na dabba. Wato, ga whale wannan hanya ba ta da zafi kuma ba ta da ɗan damuwa daga hulɗa da mutane, wanda kuma yana da mahimmanci, saboda ana ɗaukar karatun bugun zuciya, wanda zai iya lalacewa saboda damuwa. Sakamakon ya kasance rikodin ECG na sa'o'i 8.5 wanda masana kimiyya suka iya gina bayanin martabar zuciya (hoton da ke ƙasa).
Hoto #1: Bayanin ƙimar bugun zuciya mai launin shuɗi.
Siffar kalaman ECG yayi kama da wanda aka rubuta a cikin ƙananan kifin kifin da aka kama ta amfani da na'ura iri ɗaya. Halin kiwo na whale ya kasance na al'ada ga nau'ikansa: nutsewa na mintuna 16.5 zuwa zurfin mita 184 da tazarar sararin sama na mintuna 1 zuwa 4.
Siffar yanayin bugun zuciya, daidai da amsawar bugun jini zuwa nutsewa, ya nuna cewa ƙimar zuciya tsakanin bugun 4 zuwa 8 a cikin minti ɗaya ya fi girma a lokacin ƙaramin matakin nutsewar abinci, ba tare da la’akari da tsawon lokacin nutsewa ko zurfin zurfin ba. Matsakaicin saurin nutsewa (ƙididdige ƙididdiga akan duk tsawon lokacin nutsewa) kuma ƙaramar nutsewar bugun zuciya nan take ya ragu tare da tsawon lokacin nutsewa, yayin da matsakaicin matsakaicin bugun zuciya ya karu tare da tsawon lokacin nutsewa. Wato tsawon lokacin da kifin ya kasance ƙarƙashin ruwa, bugun zuciya yana raguwa yayin nutsewa da sauri bayan hawan.
Hakanan ma'auni na ƙididdiga don dabbobi masu shayarwa sun bayyana cewa whale mai nauyin kilo 70000 yana da nauyin zuciya mai nauyin 319, kuma ƙarar bugun jini (ƙarar jinin da aka fitar a kowane bugun) yana kusan 80 l, saboda haka, ajiyar zuciya ya kamata ya zama 15 beats/ min.
A lokacin ƙananan matakan nutsewa, saurin bugun zuciya na take tsakanin 1/3 da 1/2 na ƙimar hutun da aka annabta. Duk da haka, bugun zuciya ya karu a lokacin hawan hawan. A cikin tsaka-tsakin ƙasa, ƙimar zuciya ya kasance kusan sau biyu na ƙimar hutun da aka annabta kuma ya bambanta daga 30 zuwa 37 bpm bayan nutsewa mai zurfi (> zurfin 125 m) kuma daga 20 zuwa 30 bpm bayan nutsewar shallower.
Wannan kallo na iya nuna cewa saurin bugun zuciya ya zama dole don cimma musayar iskar iskar gas da ake so da sake sakewa (maido da kwararar jini) na kyallen takarda tsakanin nutsewa mai zurfi.
Nitsewar daddare mara zurfi, ɗan gajeren lokaci ana danganta su da hutawa don haka sun fi yawa a cikin jahohin da ba su da aiki. Yawan bugun zuciya na yau da kullun da ake gani yayin nutsewar dare na mintuna 5 (bugawa 8 a cikin minti daya) da tazarar tazarar minti 2 mai biye (buga 25 a cikin minti daya) na iya haɗuwa don haifar da bugun zuciya na kusan bugun 13 a minti daya. Wannan adadi, kamar yadda muke iya gani, yana da matuƙar kusanci da kimanta hasashen ƙirar allometric.
Masanan kimiyyar sun ba da bayanin ƙimar zuciya, zurfin, da ƙarar huhun dangi daga nutsewa daban-daban guda 4 don bincika yuwuwar tasirin motsa jiki da zurfin kan ƙa'idar bugun zuciya.
Hoto #2: Matsakaicin zuciya, zurfi da bayanan martabar girman huhun dangi na 4 daban-daban nutsewa.
Lokacin cin abinci a zurfin zurfi, whale yana yin wani motsa jiki - yana buɗe bakinsa sosai don haɗiye ruwa tare da plankton, sannan tace abinci. An lura cewa bugun zuciya a lokacin haɗiye ruwa ya ninka sau 2.5 fiye da lokacin tacewa. Wannan yana magana kai tsaye ga dogaro da bugun zuciya akan aikin jiki.
Dangane da huhu, tasirin su akan bugun zuciya yana da wuya matuƙa, tunda ba a sami wani gagarumin canje-canje a cikin ƙarar huhun dangi ba yayin nutsewar da ake tambaya.
Bugu da ƙari, a cikin ƙananan matakai na nutsewa mara zurfi, haɓakar ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin bugun zuciya yana da alaƙa daidai da canje-canje a girman girman huhu kuma ana iya haifar da shi ta hanyar kunna mai karɓa na huhu.
Taƙaice abubuwan da aka bayyana a sama, masana kimiyya sun yanke shawarar cewa yayin ciyarwa a zurfin zurfi akwai haɓakar ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin bugun zuciya da sau 2.5. Koyaya, matsakaicin matsakaicin bugun zuciya yayin ciyar da huhu shine rabin ƙimar hutu da aka annabta. Waɗannan bayanan sun yi daidai da hasashen cewa sassauƙan ma'auni na aortic arches na manyan whales suna yin tasirin tafki yayin jinkirin bugun zuciya na ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, kewayon mafi girman ƙimar zuciya a lokacin lokacin nutsewa ya goyi bayan ra'ayin cewa rashin ƙarfi na aortic da aikin zuciya yana raguwa a lokacin tsaka-tsakin yanayi saboda tsangwama mai lalacewa na fita da kuma nuna alamun matsa lamba a cikin aorta.
Mummunan bradycardia mai tsanani da masu binciken suka gani ana iya kiransa sakamakon binciken da ba a zata ba, idan aka yi la'akari da yawan kashe kuzarin da whale ke yi akan motsin huhu yayin da yake hadiye ruwa da plankton. Koyaya, farashin rayuwa na wannan motsi bazai dace da ƙimar zuciya ko jigilar iskar oxygen ba, a wani ɓangare saboda ɗan gajeren lokacin ciyarwa da yuwuwar ɗaukar glycolytic, filayen tsoka da sauri.
A lokacin huhu, blue whales suna hanzarta zuwa babban gudu kuma suna sha ruwa mai girma wanda zai iya girma fiye da nasu. Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa tsayin daka da ƙarfin da ake buƙata don motsa jiki cikin sauri yana rage yawan iskar oxygen ta jiki, ta haka yana iyakance lokacin nutsewa. Ƙarfin injin da ake buƙata don sha ruwa mai yawa yana yiwuwa ya wuce ƙarfin rayuwa na aerobic. Shi ya sa a lokacin irin wannan motsa jiki, bugun zuciya ya karu, amma na ɗan gajeren lokaci.
Don ƙarin cikakken sani tare da nuances na binciken, Ina ba da shawarar dubawa .
Epilogue
Ɗaya daga cikin mafi mahimmancin binciken shine blue whales yana buƙatar kusan matsakaicin ƙimar zuciya don musayar iskar gas da sake sakewa a cikin gajeren lokaci na saman ƙasa, ba tare da la'akari da yanayin jini da tsokar iskar oxygen a lokacin nutsewa ba. Idan muka yi la'akari da cewa manyan kifin kifi masu launin shuɗi dole ne su saka hannun jari a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci don samun abinci (daidai da hasashen allometric), to babu makawa suna fuskantar matsalolin ilimin lissafi da yawa duka yayin nutsewa da kuma lokacin tazarar saman. Wannan yana nufin cewa juyin halitta girman jikinsu yana da iyaka, tunda idan ya fi girma, tsarin samun abinci zai yi tsada sosai kuma ba za a biya diyya ta abincin da aka karɓa ba. Masu binciken da kansu sunyi imanin cewa zuciyar blue whale yana aiki a iyakar iyawarsa.
A nan gaba, masana kimiyya suna shirin faɗaɗa ƙarfin na'urarsu, gami da ƙara na'urar accelerometer don ƙarin fahimtar tasirin ayyukan jiki daban-daban akan bugun zuciya. Suna kuma shirin yin amfani da firikwensin ECG akan sauran rayuwar ruwa.
Kamar yadda wannan binciken ya nuna, kasancewa babbar halitta mai babbar zuciya ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba. Duk da haka, komai girman mazauna ruwa, ko wane irin abincin da suka bi, ya kamata mu fahimci cewa ginshiƙin ruwa, wanda mutane ke amfani da su don kamun kifi, hakowa da sufuri, ya kasance gidansu. Mu baƙi ne kawai, sabili da haka dole ne mu nuna hali.
Ranar juma'a:
Hotunan da ba kasafai ba na wani shudin whale da ke nuna karfin bakinsa.
Wani giant na teku shine maniyyi whale. A cikin wannan bidiyon, masana kimiyya da ke amfani da wani ROV Hercules mai nisa da ke sarrafa su sun yi fim ɗin wani maniyyi mai ban sha'awa a zurfin mita 598.
Godiya da kallon, tsaya sha'awar kuma sami kyakkyawan karshen mako kowa! 🙂
Na gode da kasancewa tare da mu. Kuna son labaran mu? Kuna son ganin ƙarin abun ciki mai ban sha'awa? Goyon bayan mu ta hanyar ba da oda ko ba da shawara ga abokai, , Rangwamen 30% ga masu amfani da Habr akan keɓaɓɓen analogue na sabar matakin shigarwa, wanda mu muka ƙirƙira muku: (akwai tare da RAID1 da RAID10, har zuwa 24 cores kuma har zuwa 40GB DDR4).
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source: www.habr.com