Motsi rayuwa ce. Ana iya fassara wannan jumla duka a matsayin motsa jiki don ci gaba, ba don tsayawa tsayin daka don cimma abin da kuke so ba, kuma a matsayin bayanin cewa kusan dukkanin halittu masu rai suna tafiya a yawancin rayuwarsu. Domin tabbatar da cewa motsinmu da motsinmu a sararin samaniya ba su ƙare tare da kumbura a goshinmu da ƙananan yatsu a ƙafafu a kowane lokaci, kwakwalwarmu tana amfani da "taswirar" da aka ajiye na yanayin da ke tashi a cikin rashin sani a lokacin motsinmu. . Duk da haka, akwai ra'ayi cewa kwakwalwa ba ta amfani da waɗannan katunan daga waje, don yin magana, amma ta hanyar sanya mutum a kan wannan katin da tattara bayanai idan an duba shi daga mutum na farko. Masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar Boston sun yanke shawarar tabbatar da wannan ka'idar ta hanyar gudanar da jerin gwaje-gwaje masu amfani tare da berayen dakin gwaje-gwaje. Ta yaya a zahiri kwakwalwa ke tafiya a sararin samaniya, wace sel ne ke da hannu, kuma wace rawa wannan bincike ke takawa ga makomar motoci da na’urori masu zaman kansu? Mun koyi game da wannan daga rahoton ƙungiyar bincike. Tafi
Tushen bincike
Don haka, gaskiyar da aka kafa shekaru da yawa da suka gabata ita ce babban ɓangaren kwakwalwar da ke da alhakin daidaitawa a sararin samaniya shine hippocampus.
Hippocampus yana shiga cikin matakai daban-daban: samuwar motsin rai, canza ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan gajeren lokaci zuwa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar lokaci mai tsawo, da samuwar ƙwaƙwalwar sararin samaniya. Ita ce ta ƙarshe ita ce tushen ainihin “taswirori” da kwakwalwarmu ke kira a daidai lokacin da ya dace don ingantaccen daidaitawa a sararin samaniya. A wasu kalmomi, hippocampus yana adana nau'ikan jijiya mai girma uku na sararin samaniya wanda mai kwakwalwa yake.
Hippocampus
Akwai ka'idar da ke nuna cewa akwai matsakaiciyar mataki tsakanin ainihin kewayawa da taswira daga hippocampus - canjin waɗannan taswira zuwa hangen nesa na mutum na farko. Wato, mutum yana ƙoƙarin fahimtar inda wani abu yake ba kwata-kwata (kamar yadda muke gani akan taswirori na ainihi), amma inda wani abu zai kasance kusa da shi (kamar aikin "hanyoyin gani" a Google Maps).
Marubutan aikin da muke la'akari da su sun jaddada abubuwan da ke biyowa: Taswirar fahimi na yanayi an sanya su a cikin samuwar hippocampal a cikin tsarin allocentric, amma basirar motar (motsi da kansu) suna wakilta a cikin tsarin egocentric.
UFO: Maƙiyi Unknown (tsarin allocentric) da DOOM (tsarin gocentric).
Bambanci tsakanin tsarin allocentric da girman kai yana kama da bambanci tsakanin wasanni na mutum na uku (ko kallon gefe, kallon sama, da dai sauransu) da wasannin mutum na farko. A cikin shari'ar farko, yanayin da kansa yana da mahimmanci a gare mu, a na biyu, matsayinmu dangane da wannan yanayi. Don haka, dole ne a canza tsare-tsaren kewayawa na allocentric zuwa tsarin son kai don ainihin aiwatarwa, watau. motsi a sararin samaniya.
Masu bincike sunyi imanin cewa shine dorsomedial striatum (DMS)* yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsari na sama.
Tasirin kwakwalwar dan adam.
Striatum* - wani ɓangare na kwakwalwa da ke cikin ganglia basal; striatum yana da hannu a cikin ka'idar sautin tsoka, gabobin ciki da kuma halayen halayen; Har ila yau ana kiran striatum "striatum" saboda tsarin sa na madaukai na launin toka da fari.
DMS yana nuna martanin jijiyoyi masu alaƙa da yanke shawara da aiki dangane da kewayawa sarari, don haka ya kamata a yi nazarin wannan yanki na kwakwalwa daki-daki.
Sakamakon bincike
Domin tantance kasancewar/rashin bayanan sararin samaniya a cikin striatum (DMS), an dasa berayen maza 4 tare da tetrodes 16 (na'urorin lantarki na musamman waɗanda ke da alaƙa da wuraren da ake so na kwakwalwa) suna niyya DMS (1).
Hoto #1: Marsuwar sel mai tsini ga iyakokin muhalli a cikin tsarin tunani mai girman kai.
Bayanin hoto #1:а - maki na wurin tetrodes;
b - kudincentric taswirar iyakoki;
с - taswirar sarari allocentric (murabba'i 4 a hagu), makircin launi masu launi na wuraren amsawar sel dangane da matsayin jiki, da taswirar girman kai (murabba'i 4 a hannun dama) dangane da martanin ƙwayoyin EBC a wurare daban-daban da nisa tsakanin su. bera da bango;
d - kamar yadda 1s, amma don EBC tare da fitattun nisa daga dabba;
e - kamar yadda 1s, amma ga EBCs guda biyu masu juyayi;
f - rarraba matsakaicin sakamakon sakamakon ga ƙwayoyin da aka lura;
g - rarraba matsakaicin sakamakon sakamakon EBC ta amfani da jagorancin motsi da jagorancin kai;
h - rarraba matsakaicin martani na sel (jimillan da EBC).
An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje arba'in da hudu a lokacin da beraye suka tattara abinci da ba a so a cikin wani fili da suka saba da su (bude, ba a cikin maze ba). A sakamakon haka, an rubuta sel 44. Daga bayanan da aka tattara, an kafa kasancewar sel shugabanci na 939 (HDCs), duk da haka, ƙaramin sashi na sel, kuma mafi daidai 31, yana da alaƙar sararin samaniya. A lokaci guda kuma, ayyukan waɗannan sel, iyakance ta kewayen yanayin, an lura da su ne kawai a lokacin motsi na bera tare da bangon ɗakin gwaji, wanda ke nuna makircin son kai don ɓoye iyakokin sararin samaniya.
Don tantance yuwuwar irin wannan wakilcin girman kai, bisa ga mafi girman alamun ayyukan tantanin halitta, an ƙirƙiri taswirorin iyaka na girman kai (1b), wanda ke nuna daidaito da nisan iyakoki dangane da alkiblar motsin bera, ba matsayi na kansa ba (kwatankwacin da). 1g).
18% na sel da aka kama (171 daga 939) sun nuna muhimmiyar amsa lokacin da iyakar ɗakin ɗakin ta mamaye wani matsayi da daidaitawa dangane da batun (1f). Masana kimiyya sun kira su egocentric boundary cells (EBCs). Kwayoyin iyaka na egocentric). Yawan irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin batutuwan gwaji sun kasance daga 15 zuwa 70 tare da matsakaicin 42.75 (1c, 1d).
Daga cikin sel na iyakoki na girman kai, akwai wadanda ayyukansu ya ragu saboda amsa iyakokin ɗakin. Akwai 49 gabaɗaya kuma ana kiran su inverse EBCs (iEBCs). Matsakaicin ƙimar amsa tantanin halitta ( yuwuwar aikinsu) a cikin EBC da iEBC yayi ƙasa sosai - 1,26 ± 0,09 Hz (1h).
Yawan jama'a na EBC yana amsa duk daidaitawa da matsayi na iyakokin ɗakin dangane da batun, amma rarraba tsarin da aka fi so shine bimodal tare da kololuwar da ke 180 ° gaba da juna a kowane gefen dabba (-68 ° da 112 °), kasancewa dan kadan diyya daga perpendicular zuwa doguwar axis na dabba da 22° (2d).
Hoto #2: Matsayin da aka fi so da tazara don mayar da martanin tantanin kan iyaka (EBC).
Bayanin hoto #2:a - taswirorin iyakoki na girman kai na EBCs guda huɗu a lokaci guda sun yi nazari tare da fifiko daban-daban waɗanda aka nuna sama da kowane jadawali;
b - matsayi na tetrodes daidai da sel daga 2 (lambobin suna nuna lambar tetrode);
с - yiwuwar rarraba abubuwan da aka fi so don duk EBC na bera ɗaya;
d - yiwuwar rarraba abubuwan da aka fi so don EBC na duk berayen;
е - Matsayin tetrodes don sel da aka nuna a ciki 2f;
f - taswirorin kan iyaka na girman kai don EBCs guda shida da aka yi rikodin lokaci guda tare da nisa daban-daban waɗanda aka nuna sama da kowane jadawali;
g shine yiwuwar rarraba nisan da aka fi so ga duk EBC na bera ɗaya;
h shine yiwuwar rarraba nisan da aka fi so don EBC na duk berayen;
i - Filayen igiya na nesa mai nisa da fifikon fifiko ga duk EBCs tare da girman sarari wanda ke wakilta ta launi da diamita ɗigo.
Rarraba nisan da aka fi so zuwa kan iyaka ya ƙunshi kololuwa uku: 6.4, 13.5 da 25.6 cm, yana nuna kasancewar nisa daban-daban guda uku da aka fi so tsakanin EBCs (2f-2h) wanda zai iya zama mahimmanci ga dabarun binciken kewayawa na matsayi. Girman filayen karɓar EBC ya ƙaru tare da fifikon nisa (2i), yana nuna karuwa a cikin daidaito na wakilcin girman kai na iyakoki yayin da nisa tsakanin bango da batun ya ragu.
Babu wani bayyanannen hoton hoto a cikin yanayin da aka fi so da kuma nisa, yayin da EBCs masu aiki na batun tare da mabanbanta da nisa daga bango ya bayyana akan tetrode ɗaya (2a, 2b, 2e и 2f).
An kuma gano cewa EBC ta tsaya tsayin daka ga iyakokin sararin samaniya (bangon ɗakin) a cikin kowane ɗakin gwaji. Don tabbatar da cewa EBCs suna amsawa ga iyakokin gida na ɗakin fiye da siffofi masu nisa, masana kimiyya sun "juya" matsayi na kamara ta 45 ° kuma sun sanya ganuwar da dama baƙar fata, wanda ya bambanta da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a gwaje-gwajen da suka gabata.
An tattara bayanai duka a cikin ɗakin gwaji na al'ada kuma a cikin jujjuyawar. Duk da sauyin da aka samu a ɗakin gwajin, duk fitattun hanyoyin da aka fi so da nisa dangane da bangon abubuwan gwajin EBC sun kasance iri ɗaya.
Idan aka yi la'akari da mahimmancin kusurwoyi, an kuma yi la'akari da yuwuwar cewa EBCs sun ɓoye waɗannan halayen muhalli na musamman. Ta hanyar keɓance bambanci tsakanin amsawa kusa da sasanninta da amsa a kusa da tsakiyar bango, an gano wani nau'i na kwayoyin EBC (n = 16; 9,4%) wanda ke nuna karuwar amsa ga sasanninta.
Don haka, za mu iya yin matsakaicin matsakaicin cewa ƙwayoyin EBC ne ke amsa daidai da kewayen ɗakin, wato, ga bangon ɗakin gwaji da kuma sasanninta.
Bayan haka, masana kimiyya sun gwada ko amsawar ƙwayoyin EBC zuwa sararin samaniya (wani filin gwaji ba tare da maze ba, watau bango 4 kawai) daidai yake da girman ɗakin gwaji daban-daban. An yi ziyara guda uku, kowannensu tsawon ganuwar ya bambanta da na baya da 3 cm.
Ba tare da la'akari da girman ɗakin gwajin ba, EBC ta amsa iyakokinta a daidai nisa da daidaitawa dangane da batun gwajin. Wannan yana nuna cewa amsa ba ta daidaita da girman yanayin.
Hoto #3: tabbataccen martani na ƙwayoyin EBC zuwa iyakokin sararin samaniya.
Bayanin hoto #3:а - taswirar EBC na egocentric a ƙarƙashin yanayin al'ada (hagu) kuma lokacin da ɗakin gwajin ya juya ta 45 ° (dama);
b - taswirar EBC na egocentric don ɗakin da ke auna 1.25 x 1.25 m (hagu) kuma don babban ɗakin 1.75 x 1.75 m (dama);
с - taswirar EBC na egocentric tare da bangon ɗakin baƙar fata na yau da kullun (hagu) kuma tare da bangon ƙirar (dama);
d-f - jadawali na nisan da aka fi so (saman) da canje-canje a cikin fifikon da aka fi so dangane da tushe (kasa).
Tun da striatum yana karɓar bayanai game da yanayin daga wurare da yawa na cortex na gani, masana kimiyya kuma sun gwada ko bayyanar bangon ya shafi (3s) dakunan don amsawar ƙwayoyin EBC.
Canza bayyanar iyakokin sararin samaniya ba shi da wani tasiri a kan tasirin kwayoyin EBC da kuma nisa da daidaitawa da ake bukata don amsawa dangane da batun.
Hoto #4: Tabbatar da amsawar kwayar halitta ta EBC ba tare da la'akari da yanayin ba.
Bayanin hoto #4:а - taswirorin kuɗi don EBC a cikin sanannun (hagu) da sabbin mahalli (dama);
b - taswirar kudicentric don EBC da aka samu a cikin yanayi guda, amma tare da tazara na lokaci;
с - Zane-zane na nisa da aka fi so (saman) da kuma canza yanayin da aka fi so dangane da tushe (kasa) don sababbin yanayi (wanda ba a sani ba);
d - jadawalai na nisa da aka fi so (saman) da canji a cikin fifikon fifiko dangane da tushe (ƙasa) don yanayin da aka yi nazari a baya (na sani).
An kuma gano cewa amsawar ƙwayoyin EBC, da kuma yanayin da ake buƙata da nisa dangane da batun, ba sa canzawa cikin lokaci.
Duk da haka, an gudanar da wannan gwajin "na wucin gadi" a ɗakin gwaji guda. Hakanan ya zama dole don bincika menene bambanci tsakanin martanin EBC ga yanayin da aka sani da sababbi. Don yin wannan, an gudanar da ziyara da yawa, lokacin da berayen suka yi nazarin ɗakin, wanda suka riga sun sani daga gwaje-gwajen da suka gabata, sannan kuma sababbin ɗakunan da ke da sararin samaniya.
Kamar yadda ƙila kuka yi tsammani, martanin sel ɗin EBC + da ake so ya kasance baya canzawa a cikin sabbin ɗakunan (4a, 4c).
Don haka, amsawar EBC tana ba da tabbataccen wakilci na iyakoki na muhalli dangane da batun gwaji a kowane nau'in wannan mahalli, ba tare da la'akari da bayyanar bangon ba, yankin ɗakin gwaji, motsinsa, da lokacin da batun gwajin ya kashe a cikin ɗakin.
Don ƙarin cikakken sani tare da nuances na binciken, Ina ba da shawarar dubawa и masa.
Epilogue
A cikin wannan aikin, masana kimiyya sun sami nasarar tabbatar da a aikace ka'idar wakilcin girman kai na yanayi, wanda ke da mahimmanci ga daidaitawa a sararin samaniya. Sun tabbatar da cewa akwai wani tsaka-tsaki tsari tsakanin allocentric sarari wakilci da kuma ainihin aiki, a cikin abin da wasu Kwayoyin na striatum, da ake kira egocentric iyaka sel (EBCs), shiga. An kuma gano cewa EBCs sun fi alaka da sarrafa motsin jiki baki daya, ba wai kawai shugaban batutuwa ba.
Wannan binciken an yi shi ne don tantance cikakken tsarin daidaitawa a sararin samaniya, duk abubuwan da ke tattare da shi da masu canji. Wannan aikin, a cewar masana kimiyya, zai kara taimakawa wajen inganta fasahar kewayawa ga motoci masu cin gashin kansu da kuma na'urar mutum-mutumi da za su iya fahimtar sararin da ke kewaye da su, kamar yadda muke yi. Masu binciken sun yi matukar farin ciki game da sakamakon aikinsu, wanda ke ba da dalilin ci gaba da nazarin alakar da ke tsakanin wasu sassan kwakwalwa da yadda ake kewaya sararin samaniya.
Na gode da hankalin ku, ku kasance da sha'awar kuma ku sami mako mai kyau kowa da kowa! 🙂
Na gode da kasancewa tare da mu. Kuna son labaran mu? Kuna son ganin ƙarin abun ciki mai ban sha'awa? Goyon bayan mu ta hanyar ba da oda ko ba da shawara ga abokai, Rangwamen 30% ga masu amfani da Habr akan keɓaɓɓen analogue na sabar matakin shigarwa, wanda mu muka ƙirƙira muku: (akwai tare da RAID1 da RAID10, har zuwa 24 cores kuma har zuwa 40GB DDR4).
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