Fiye da shekaru 100 da suka wuce, masana kimiyya suna sha'awar iyawar kwakwalwa kuma sun yi ƙoƙari su fahimci ko zai yiwu a yi tasiri a ko ta yaya. A shekara ta 1875, likitan dan kasar Ingila Richard Cato ya iya gano wani rauni na wutar lantarki a saman kwakwalwar zomaye da birai. Sannan akwai bincike da bincike da dama, amma sai a shekarar 1950, farfesa a fannin ilimin halittar jiki na Jami’ar Yale, Jose Manuel Rodriguez Delgado, ya kirkiro na’urar Stimosiver, wadda za a iya dasa ta a cikin kwakwalwa kuma ana sarrafa ta ta hanyar amfani da siginar rediyo.
An gudanar da horo kan birai da kuliyoyi. Don haka, kuzarin wani yanki na kwakwalwa ta hanyar lantarki da aka dasa ya sa cat ya ɗaga ƙafar bayansa. A cewar Delgado, dabbar ba ta nuna alamun rashin jin daɗi a lokacin irin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen ba.
Kuma bayan shekaru 13, masanin kimiyya ya kashe - dasa abubuwan motsa jiki a cikin kwakwalwar bijimi kuma ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar mai ɗaukar hoto.
Ta haka ne aka fara zamanin mu'amalar jijiyoyi da fasahohin da ke da ikon haɓaka damar ilimin halittar ɗan adam. Tuni a shekara ta 1972, an fara sayar da na'urar dasa ta cochlear, wadda ta mayar da sauti zuwa siginar lantarki, ta watsa shi zuwa kwakwalwa kuma a haƙiƙance ya ba wa masu fama da nakasar ji su ji. Kuma a cikin 1973, an fara amfani da kalmar "ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta" a hukumance a karon farko. A cikin 1998, masanin kimiyya Philip Kennedy ya dasa farkon mahaɗar jijiya a cikin majiyyaci, mawaki Johnny Ray. Bayan bugun jini, Johnny ya rasa ikon motsawa. Amma godiya ga dasawa, ya koyi motsa siginar ta hanyar tunanin motsin hannayensa kawai.
Bayan masana kimiyya, manyan kamfanoni na kasuwanci da masu farawa sun ɗauki ra'ayin ƙirƙirar hanyar sadarwa ta jijiyoyi. Facebook da Elon Musk sun riga sun sanar da aniyar su na samar da tsarin da zai taimaka wajen sarrafa abubuwa da karfin tunani. Wasu suna sanya begen su akan mu'amalar jijiyoyi - fasahohin za su ba wa mutanen da ke da nakasa damar dawo da ayyukan da suka ɓace, inganta gyaran mutumin da ya sami bugun jini ko rauni a cikin kwakwalwa. Wasu kuma suna da shakku game da irin waɗannan abubuwan, suna ganin cewa amfani da su yana cike da matsalolin doka da ɗabi'a.
Ko ta yaya, akwai isassun adadin manyan 'yan wasa a kasuwa. Idan kun yi imani , an riga an daina dakatar da wasu abubuwan ci gaba, amma sauran sun shahara kuma suna da araha.
Menene ma'anar jijiyoyi kuma ta yaya zai iya zama da amfani?
Nau'in Raƙuman Kwakwalwa
Ƙwararren jijiyoyi tsari ne na musayar bayanai tsakanin kwakwalwar ɗan adam da na'urar lantarki. Wannan fasaha ce da ke ba mutum damar yin hulɗa da duniyar waje bisa rikodin ayyukan lantarki na kwakwalwa - electroencephalogram (EEG). Sha'awar mutum don yin wasu ayyuka yana nunawa a cikin canje-canje a cikin EEG, wanda daga bisani aka yanke shi ta hanyar kwamfuta.
Neurointerfaces na iya zama unidirectional ko bidirectional. Na farko ko dai yana karɓar sakonni daga kwakwalwa ko aika su zuwa gare ta. Ƙarshen na iya aikawa da karɓar sigina lokaci guda.
Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don auna siginar kwakwalwa. Sun kasu kashi uku.
- Mara cin zali. Ana sanya na'urori masu auna firikwensin a kai don auna ƙarfin lantarki da kwakwalwa (EEG) da filin maganadisu (MEG) ke samarwa.
- Semi-invasive. Ana sanya masu amfani da lantarki a saman fallasa na kwakwalwa.
- Cin zarafi. Ana sanya microelectrodes kai tsaye a cikin cortex na cerebral, auna aikin neuron guda ɗaya.
Maɓalli mai mahimmanci na ƙirar jijiyoyi shine cewa yana ba ku damar haɗa kai tsaye zuwa kwakwalwa. Menene wannan zai iya yi a aikace? Mu’amalar jijiyoyi, alal misali, na iya sauƙaƙa ko canza rayuwar guragu. Wasu ba za su iya rubutu, motsawa ko magana ba. Amma a lokaci guda, kwakwalwarsu tana aiki sosai. Ƙwararrun jijiyoyi za su ba wa waɗannan mutane damar yin wasu ayyuka ta hanyar karanta niyya ta amfani da na'urorin da aka haɗa da kwakwalwa.
Wani zaɓi na yin amfani da hanyar sadarwa ta jijiyoyi masana kimiyyar Amurka ne suka ƙirƙira su waɗanda suka ƙirƙira na'urar prosthesis ta yanar gizo wacce ke iya haɓaka ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan adam da kashi 30%. Na'urar tana haifar da motsin jijiyoyi waɗanda ke taimaka wa majiyyaci ƙirƙirar sabbin abubuwan tunawa da tunawa da fuskokin dangi. Ana sa ran ci gaban zai taimaka wajen yaki da cutar dementia, cutar Alzheimer da sauran matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.
Baya ga kiwon lafiya, ana iya amfani da mu'amalar jijiyoyi don ci gaban mutum, don aiki da nishaɗi, da kuma hulɗa da wasu. Don haka, waɗanne abubuwa masu ban sha'awa za su iya bayarwa a cikin waɗannan yankuna?
Ɗaukaka kai
Wataƙila mafi mashahurin yanki na aikace-aikacen hanyoyin sadarwa na jijiyoyi da kowane nau'in aikace-aikacen shine haɓaka kowane damar ɗan adam. An ba da horo daban-daban ga wannan, tsarin don haɓaka ƙwarewar tunani, tsarin canza hali, tsarin hana damuwa, ADHD, tsarin aiki tare da jihohin tunanin tunani, da sauransu. Wannan nau'in aiki ma yana da nasa kalmar, "Kwaƙwalwar Kwakwalwa".
Menene ainihin ra'ayin? Sakamakon bincike da yawa, an samar da wasu tabbatattun ra'ayoyi game da yadda wannan ko wannan aikin kwakwalwa ya dace da yanayin wayewar ɗan adam. Algorithms sun bayyana don tantance matakin hankali, maida hankali da tunani, da shakatawa na hankali. Ƙara wa wannan ikon karanta EEG da electromyography (EMG), kuma sakamakon shine hoton halin da mutum yake ciki.
Kuma lokacin da kuke buƙatar koyon yadda ake haifar da takamaiman yanayin yanayin tunani, mutum yana horar da kansa ta hanyar amfani da na'urar da ke da alaƙa da haɗin gwiwa. Akwai adadi mai yawa na shirye-shirye don hangen nesa EEG da jihohin tunanin tunani; ba za mu kwatanta su duka ba. Ana yin horo don kiran mutum zuwa yanayin wayewar da ake buƙata ta amfani da fasahar biofeedback EEG (biofeedback dangane da electroencephalography).
Abin da yake kama da shi: Iyaye suna so su inganta aikin ilimin yaran su kuma su shawo kan ADHD (rashin kulawa da hankali). Don yin wannan, yi amfani da shirin na musamman (misali, daga ), zabar abubuwan da aka tsara don horar da jihohin da ake so: tunani, maida hankali, shakatawa, tunani, rigakafin hyperconcentration. Zaɓi shirin horar da matakin maida hankali. Kuma suka kaddamar da shi.
Shirin yana ba da horo ga yaro wanda yake buƙatar kiyaye raƙuman Alpha da Beta sama da wani matakin. Kada raƙuman ruwa su faɗi ƙasa da wani matakin. A lokaci guda kuma, ana kunna kayan bidiyo da iyaye suka zaɓa a cikin taga shirin. Misali, zane mai ban dariya da kuka fi so. Yaron kawai yana kallon zane mai ban dariya, yana kula da matakan Alpha da beta kuma bai yi wani abu ba. Na gaba, biofeedback ya shigo cikin wasa. Ayyukan yaron shine kiyaye matakan Alpha da Beta a duk lokacin horo.
Idan ɗayan matakan ya faɗi ƙasa da alamar da ake buƙata, an katse zane mai ban dariya. A lokacin darussan farko, yaron zai yi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ma'ana zuwa yanayin da ake so don kallon zane mai ban dariya. Amma bayan wani lokaci, kwakwalwa za ta koyi yadda za a dawo da kanta zuwa wannan yanayin idan ta fadi daga gare ta (idan dai zane mai ban sha'awa ga yaro, kuma yanayin kallon yana "dadi" ga kwakwalwa). A sakamakon haka, yaron yana haɓaka ikon haifar da yanayin da ake buƙata na maida hankali, da kuma ikon kula da hankali a wani matakin.
Yana da ban tsoro, amma kada ku yi sauri don jin tsoro kuma ku kira hukumomin kulawa. Hakanan akwai mafita mafi sauƙi dangane da wasanni. Misali, daga NeuroSky. Aikin mai kunnawa shine sanya tururuwa ta tura wani abu zuwa kanta cikin tururuwa. Amma don tururuwa ta motsa ba tare da tsayawa ba, wajibi ne a kula da wani matakin maida hankali sama da wani ma'auni akan ma'auni daidai.
Lokacin da kuka mai da hankali kan tsari, tururuwa tana tura abu. Da zaran matakin maida hankali ya faɗi, tururuwa ta tsaya kuma kuna ɓata lokaci, yana ƙara tsananta sakamakon ku. Tare da kowane matakin, wasan ya zama mafi wahala yayin da matakin da ake buƙata na maida hankali yana ƙaruwa. Har ila yau, akwai ƙarin abubuwan jan hankali.
Sakamakon horo na yau da kullum, mai amfani yana haɓaka ikon kula da matakin maida hankali da kulawa akan aikin da ke hannun, ba tare da la'akari da abubuwan da ke tattare da waje ko na ciki ba. A nan komai yana kama da wasanni, ba zai yuwu a sami jikin motsa jiki ta hanyar zuwa cibiyar motsa jiki sau biyu ko cin gwangwani na sunadaran. Bincike a fagen biofeedback EEG ya nuna cewa sakamakon horo na irin wannan yana bayyana ne kawai bayan kwanaki 20 na zaman yau da kullun na mintuna 20 kowanne.
Nishaɗi
Neuroheadsets kuma suna ba da dama don jin daɗi. Amma duk wasanni da aikace-aikacen nishaɗi suma kayan aikin haɓaka kai ne. Lokacin kunna wasanni ta hanyar mu'amalar jijiyoyi, kuna amfani da matakan sanin yakamata don sarrafa haruffan. Don haka koyi sarrafa su.
Wasan jefa manyan motoci da Hankalin ku ya yi hayaniya da yawa a ranar. Ana sarrafa halayen bisa ga daidaitaccen tsarin harbi na mutum na farko, amma zaku iya yaƙi da sauran 'yan wasa kawai tare da taimakon tunani. Don yin wannan, ana nuna ma'auni na mai kunnawa da sigogin tunani akan na'urar duba wasan.
Don jefa akwati, babbar mota, ko wani abu daga mahallin wasan a wurin abokin gaba, dole ne ku ɗaga shi cikin iska ta amfani da ƙarfin tunanin ku sannan ku jefa shi ga abokin gaba. Hakanan zai iya "tashi" zuwa gare ku, don haka wanda ya fi dacewa ya yi amfani da ikon maida hankali da tunani ya ci nasara. Ya kasance mai ban sha'awa sosai don yin yaƙi tare da ikon tunani akan abokan adawar gaske. Daga cikin wasanni na baya-bayan nan za mu iya ambata daga MyndPlay.
Masu masana'anta kuma suna ba da zaɓuɓɓukan wasan natsuwa. Misali, shahararrun aikace-aikacen caca da yawa lokaci guda. Hakanan ya cancanci ambaton wasan MyndPlay . Yana da sauƙi: kuna buƙatar yin harbi uku daga baka kuma ku ci matsakaicin adadin maki. Ga kowane harbi zaka iya samun maki 10. Yin amfani da abubuwan gani, wasan yana nutsar da ku a cikin yanayinsa, bayan haka halin ku zai iya fara yin niyya ga manufa. Alamar matakin maida hankali yana bayyana a cikin taga mai kunnawa. Mafi girman maida hankali, kusa da goma da kibiya zata buga. Harbi na biyu yana buƙatar ku shiga yanayin tunani don bugawa. Harbi na uku zai buƙaci maida hankali kuma. Wannan shine yadda wasan ya nuna a fili iyawa mai ban sha'awa na mu'amalar jijiyoyi.
Baya ga wasanni, akwai kuma neurofilms masu mu'amala. Ka yi tunanin: ka zauna a kan kujera, sanya na'urar kai kuma kunna fim mai ban sha'awa game da skaters. A wani mataki, wani lokaci yana tasowa lokacin da skater ya yi sauri kuma yana shirin tsalle. A wannan lokaci, dole ne ku zama skater da kanku domin ku mai da hankali kan tsalle kuma ku kula da matakin hankali har sai halin ya ƙare tsalle. Tare da isasshen maida hankali (kwatankwacin rayuwa ta ainihi da matakin da za a buƙaci a gaskiya), skater a cikin fim ɗin zai sami nasarar yin tsalle kuma makircin zai ci gaba zuwa cokali mai yatsa na gaba. Idan maida hankali ya kasance haka, to skater zai faɗi, kuma fim ɗin zai bi wani labarin daban.
Tuni aka yi fim a irin wannan hanya a cikin salon Guy Ritchie, da sauran fina-finai da dama. A haƙiƙa, shirin fim ɗin da ƙarewar fim ɗin kai tsaye ya dogara da ƙoƙarinku. Kuma yana kama da ban sha'awa sosai.
Hankali mai sauƙi da rassa na ci gaban makirci
Aikace-aikace a wurin aiki
Baya ga horarwa da shirye-shiryen nishaɗi, masu haɓakawa sun ƙirƙiri babban adadin aikace-aikacen da aka yi niyya don amfani da ƙwararru. Misali shine shirin MindRec, wanda aka kirkira don likitanci, wasanni, masu ilimin halin dan adam na yau da kullun da masu ilimin halayyar dan adam da ke aiki tare da wakilan hukumomin tilasta bin doka.
Yaya ake amfani da shi? Mutumin ya sanya a kan neuroheadset, mai ilimin halin dan Adam ya kaddamar da shirin kuma ya fara zaman. A yayin zaman, ana lura da waɗannan bayanan da kuma rubuta su a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta, wato: matakin maida hankali, mai da hankali, matakin tunani, siginar EEG mai ɗanɗano, a cikin nau'ikan gani da yawa a lokaci guda, a cikin kewayon daga 0 zuwa 70 Hz. . An raba sigina zuwa jeri na mitoci waɗanda ke haɗa bakan babban sigina. An ƙera rugujewar zuwa jeri 8: Delta, Theta, Low Alpha, High Alpha, Low Beta, High Beta, Low Gamma, High Gamma. Idan ya cancanta, ana yin rikodin sauti da bidiyo na ayyukan masanin ilimin halin ɗan adam.
Ana iya sake duba kayan da aka yi rikodin, ganin duk abin da aka nuna a ainihin lokacin yayin zaman. Idan masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam bai lura da wani abu nan da nan ba, to lokacin da yake sake nazarin zaman ko horo, zai iya yin nazarin canje-canje a cikin halayen motsin kwakwalwa kuma ya kwatanta su da bayanan audiovisual. Wannan kayan aiki ne mai matukar amfani ga kowane ƙwararre a fagen.
Wani zaɓi shine neuromarketing. Neuroheadset yana ba ku damar gudanar da bincike na tallace-tallace saboda yana nuna ra'ayin mutum game da wasu abubuwan tallan tallace-tallace. Wannan ya fi tasiri, tunda a lokacin bincike da tambayoyin mutane ba koyaushe suke yin gaskiya a cikin amsoshinsu ba. Kuma neurostudy zai taimake ka ka ga ainihin amsar, gaskiya da kuma son kai. Ta hanyar tattara ƙungiyar mayar da hankali da gudanar da gwaji ta amfani da neuroheadset, za ku iya samun sakamakon da ke kusa da gaskiya kamar yadda zai yiwu.
Yin hulɗa tare da na'urorin waje
Wani yanki mai ban sha'awa na aiki tare da neuroheadsets shine ikon nesa na na'urorin waje. Shahararrun yara, alal misali, wasannin tsere ne waɗanda ke ba da damar gasa tsakanin mahalarta biyu, uku da huɗu. Ga sanannen misali na irin waɗannan wasannin:
Kuna so ku yi wasa da wani abu dabam? Don Allah, ga sauran ci gaban da su ma suka shahara.
Puzzlebox Orbit Helicopter
Jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na wasan wasa wanda ikon tunani ke sarrafa shi. Daidaitaccen sigar tana ba ku damar sarrafa tsayin jirgin helicopter, amma akwai ƙari da yawa waɗanda ke juyar da wannan abin wasa zuwa injin motsa jiki mai ƙarfi na kwakwalwa. Bita .
Zen Lamp
Fitilar tana nuna yanayin yanayin tunanin ku a cikin nau'in haske na wani launi. Mafi dacewa don haɓaka ƙwarewar tunani.
Force Trainer II
Abu mafi ban sha'awa. Yana ƙirƙira hoton holographic na yanayin wasan da abubuwa a cikin dala bayyananne. Kuma mai kunnawa, ta amfani da umarnin kwakwalwa, yana sarrafa waɗannan abubuwa.
Necomimi
Kunnuwan cat masu kyan gani sun zama abin bugu a duk faɗin duniya. Na'urar gaba daya mai dogaro da kanta kuma baya buƙatar haɗi zuwa kwamfuta ko wayar hannu. Mai amfani yana sanya kunnuwa, kunna su kuma ya sami damar nuna yanayinsa (yanayin tunani-motsi) ta hanyar motsa waɗannan kunnuwa. Af, irin wannan samfurin, , bai zama sananne ba ko a ƙasarsa ta haihuwa, Japan. Inda aka saka na'urar kai a wannan yanayin, zaku iya ganowa da kanku.
Neuro-headset - nishaɗi ko kayan aiki mai amfani?
Yayin karanta labarin, yana iya zama alama cewa hanyoyin sadarwa na jijiyoyi da naúrar kai an yi nufin su ne don nishadantar da mutum ko kuma nishadantar da hankalinsa. Koyaya, wannan ba gaskiya bane. Na'urar kai-da-kai, haɗe tare da software mai dacewa, na iya taimakawa sosai don haɓaka gaɓoɓi bayan rauni mai tsanani da kuma rage mummunan sakamako na mummunan rauni. Saboda haka, masana kimiyya suna yin amfani da fasahar neurotechnology don taimakawa mutane.
Misali, a cikin 2016, masana kimiyya na Amurka daga Jami'ar Johns Hopkins sun ƙirƙira wata hanyar sadarwa ta jijiyoyi waɗanda ke taimakawa sarrafa yatsu ɗaya na ƙirar ƙirar halitta. Bayan shekara guda, abokan aikinsu na Ostiriya daga Jami'ar Graz sun kirkiro tsarin rubuta kiɗa ta amfani da ikon tunani. An ƙera shi don masu hazaƙa na waƙa da nakasa.
Kwararru daga Jami'ar Kalifoniya ta yin amfani da ƙirar jijiyoyi, ƙarfafa neuromuscular da dakatarwa shanyayye daga kugu zuwa kasa. Kuma masu bincike na Brazil, tare da abokan aiki daga Amurka, Switzerland da Jamus, sun sami damar yin wani bangare a cikin marasa lafiya ta yin amfani da ƙirar jijiyoyi, gaskiya mai kama da exoskeleton. Ana kuma ci gaba da ci gaba don yin hulɗa tare da marasa lafiya da ke da kulle-kulle. Fasahar za ta taimaka wajen gano irin waɗannan marasa lafiya, sadarwa tare da su, da kuma mayar da iko akan jiki.
Facebook ya fara aiki a kan hanyar sadarwa mara amfani da jijiyoyi wanda zai taimaka wa masu amfani da rubutu ba tare da keyboard ba. Nissan ya ƙera hanyar haɗin kwakwalwa- inji don karanta tunani yayin tuki don inganta lokutan amsawa. Shi kuma Elon Musk har ma yana son ya hada kwakwalwa da kwamfuta domin gujewa mamaye duniya ta hanyar fasahar kere-kere.
Kamfanonin Rasha ba za su iya yin alfahari da nasarori da yawa a fagen fasahar neurotechnology ba. Duk da haka, kwanan nan Rostec ya gabatar da samfurin na'urar da aka riga aka yi da za ta taimaka wajen musayar bayanai tsakanin kwakwalwa da na'urar waje. Cibiyar kula da injinan sarrafa lantarki (INEUM) ce ta samar da kwalkwali mai suna. I. S. Brook. Ana tsammanin cewa ƙirar jijiyoyi za ta ba da damar sarrafa kayan lantarki da na'urorin lantarki: prosthetics, motoci.
Menene ke jiran kasuwar mu'amalar jijiyoyi?
A cewar , kasuwar sadarwar kwamfuta ta duniya za ta kai dala biliyan 2022 nan da shekarar 1,72. Yanzu babban yanki na aikace-aikacen hanyoyin sadarwa na jijiyoyi shine magani, amma wuraren nishaɗi, gami da sojoji da masana'antu, suna haɓaka haɓaka sosai. Na'urar kai ta neuro don sarrafa mutum-mutumin fama ba kawai zato ba ne kawai na mutane masu tsayi a cikin kakin, amma matsala ce mai iya warwarewa.
Saboda gaskiyar cewa lasifikan kai na jijiyoyi suna ba da buɗaɗɗen yanayi wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don ƙirƙirar software na ku, tsarin neuroprogramming masu zaman kansu shima yana haɓaka. Misali, ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin kasuwa, NeuroSky, yana samuwa ga masu haɓaka cikakken kyauta. Kuma a sakamakon haka, ana samun ƙarin aikace-aikace masu amfani da damar wannan dandali.
Bari mu lura cewa yunƙurin ƙaddamar da yaduwar hanyoyin sadarwa na jijiyoyi da kwakwalwan kwakwalwa suna fuskantar ba kawai tallafi ba, har ma da zargi. A gefe guda, mu'amalar jijiyoyi na iya inganta maganin raunin kwakwalwa masu rauni, gurgunta, farfadiya ko schizophrenia. A daya bangaren kuma, irin wadannan fasahohin na iya dagula rashin daidaiton zamantakewa.
Akwai damuwa cewa a halin yanzu babu wani tushe na doka ko ɗabi'a don shigar da na'urorin lantarki a cikin mutum mai lafiya. Bugu da kari, hanyar sadarwa ta jijiyoyi na iya sanya kwakwalwar dan Adam wani abu da gwamnatoci, masu tallata, masu fashin kwamfuta, masu rarrafe da sauran mutane za su so su shiga, wanda da wuya mutum na yau da kullun zai yi farin ciki da shi. Kuma gabaɗaya, haɗin gwiwar jijiyoyi da na'urar kai na iya canza halayen mutum, suna shafar ruhinsa da ayyukansa a matsayin mutum, kuma suna karkatar da fahimtar mutane a matsayin halittun physiological.
Gabaɗaya, a bayyane yake cewa fasahar neurotechnology za ta ci gaba da haɓakawa. Amma ba shi yiwuwa a yi hasashen lokacin da za su zama masu isa ga gaske kuma har ma sun fi tasiri.
Menene kuma mai ban sha'awa a kan blog?
→
→
→
→
→
source: www.habr.com