Batun 8 na mujallar "Radio Amateur" na 1924 an sadaukar da shi ga "kristadin" na Losev. Kalmar "cristadine" ta ƙunshi kalmomin "crystal" da "heterodyne", kuma "tasirin crystadine" shine lokacin da aka yi amfani da mummunan ra'ayi a kan kristal zincite (ZnO), crystal ya fara haifar da motsin motsin rai.
Tasirin ba shi da tushe na ka'idar. Losev da kansa ya yi imanin cewa sakamakon ya kasance saboda kasancewar wani microscopic "voltaic arc" a wurin tuntuɓar crystal na zincite tare da wayar karfe.
Gano "tasirin crystaldine" ya buɗe buƙatu masu ban sha'awa a cikin injiniyan rediyo ...
... amma ya zama kamar kullum ...
A cikin 1922, Losev ya nuna sakamakon bincikensa game da amfani da na'urar gano crystal a matsayin janareta na ci gaba da oscillations. Buga kan batun rahoton ya ƙunshi zane-zane na gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje da na'urar lissafi don sarrafa kayan bincike. Bari in tunatar da ku cewa Oleg bai kai shekaru 19 a wannan lokacin ba.
Hoton yana nuna da'irar gwaji don "cristadine" da "N-dimbin yawa" halayen ƙarfin lantarki na yanzu, irin na diodes na rami. Wannan Oleg Vladimirovich Losev shi ne na farko da ya yi amfani da rami sakamako a cikin semiconductors a aikace ya bayyana kawai bayan yakin. Ba za a iya cewa an yi amfani da diodes na rami a ko'ina a cikin kewayawa na zamani ba, amma yawancin mafita dangane da su suna aiki cikin nasara a cikin microwaves.
Babu wani sabon ci gaba a cikin na'urorin lantarki na rediyo: duk sojojin masana'antar sun sadaukar da kai don inganta bututun rediyo. Bututun rediyo sun yi nasarar maye gurbin injinan lantarki da gibin baka daga na'urorin watsa rediyo. Gidan rediyon Tube yana aiki da ƙarfi kuma ya zama mai rahusa. Saboda haka, ƙwararrun masu fasahar rediyo sun ɗauki "cristadin" a matsayin abin sha'awa: mai karɓar heterodyne ba tare da fitila ba, wow!
Ga masu son rediyo, ƙirar “cristadine” ta zama mai rikitarwa: ana buƙatar baturi don samar da wutar lantarki ga kristal, dole ne a yi potentiometer don daidaita son zuciya, kuma dole ne a sanya wani inductor don bincika. domin samar da maki na crystal.
NRL sun fahimci matsalolin masu son rediyo sosai, don haka sun buga wani kasida wanda aka buga zane na "cristadine" da zane na mai karɓar Shaposhnikov tare. Masu son rediyo da farko sun yi mai karɓar Shaposhnikov, sannan suka ƙara shi da “cristadine” azaman ƙaramar siginar rediyo ko oscillator na gida.
A bit of ka'idar
A lokacin buga ƙirar "cristadine", duk nau'ikan masu karɓar rediyo sun riga sun wanzu:
1. Gano masu karɓar radiyo, gami da masu karɓar haɓakawa kai tsaye.
2. Masu karɓar rediyon Heterodyne (wanda kuma aka sani da masu karɓa na kai tsaye).
3. Masu karɓar rediyo na Superheterodyne.
4. Regenerative masu karɓar rediyo, gami da. "autodynes" da "synchrodynes".
Mafi sauƙaƙa na masu karɓar rediyo ya kasance kuma ya kasance mai ganowa:
Ayyukan mai karɓar mai gano abu ne mai sauqi qwarai: lokacin da aka fallasa shi zuwa wani mai ɗaukar hoto mara kyau wanda ya keɓance a kan kewaye L1C1, juriya na mai gano VD1 ya kasance mai girma, kuma lokacin da aka fallasa shi zuwa tabbatacce, yana raguwa, watau. ganowa VD1 "buɗe". Lokacin karɓar sigina mai daidaitawa (AM) tare da mai gano VD1 “buɗe,” ana cajin katange capacitor C2, wanda ke fitarwa ta cikin belun kunne BF bayan an “rufe” mai binciken.
Hotunan suna nuna tsarin lalata siginar AM a cikin masu karɓar ganowa.
Rashin hasara na mai karɓar rediyo mai ganowa a bayyane yake daga bayanin ka'idar aikinsa: ba shi da ikon karɓar sigina wanda ikonsa bai isa ya "buɗe" mai ganowa ba.
Don haɓaka hazaka, coils na “shigar da kai”, rauni “juyawa” kan manyan hannayen kwali mai kauri mai kauri mai kauri, an yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin shigar da da'irori na masu karɓar ganowa. Irin waɗannan inductor suna da ma'auni mai inganci, watau. da rabo daga reactance zuwa aiki juriya. Wannan ya sa ya yiwu, lokacin da ake kunna da'irar zuwa resonance, don ƙara EMF na siginar rediyo da aka karɓa.
Wata hanyar da za ta ƙara fahimtar mai karɓar rediyo mai ganowa ita ce amfani da oscillator na gida: sigina daga janareta da aka kunna zuwa mitar mai ɗauka yana "gauraye" a cikin da'irar shigarwa na mai karɓa. A wannan yanayin, mai ganowa yana "buɗe" ba ta siginar mai rauni mai rauni ba, amma ta sigina mai ƙarfi daga janareta. An gano liyafar Heterodyne tun kafin ƙirƙirar bututun rediyo da na'urorin gano crystal kuma ana amfani da su a yau.
“Kristadin” da aka yi amfani da shi azaman oscillator na gida ana nuna shi a cikin adadi ta harafin “a”; harafin “b” yana nuna mai karɓar ganowa na al'ada.
Babban rashin lahani na liyafar heterodyne shine busawa da ke faruwa saboda "yawan bugun" na oscillator na gida da mai ɗauka. Wannan "rashin", ta hanyar, an yi amfani da shi sosai don karɓar "ta kunne" radiotelegraph (CW), lokacin da aka daidaita oscillator na gida na mai karɓa a mitar ta 600 - 800 Hz daga mitar mai watsawa kuma lokacin da aka danna maɓallin, sautin murya. sigina ya bayyana a cikin wayoyin.
Wani rashin lahani na liyafar heterodyne shine sananne na lokaci-lokaci "attenuation" na siginar lokacin da mitoci suka yi daidai, amma matakan oscillator na gida da siginoni masu ɗauka ba su daidaita ba. Masu karɓar rediyo na bututu mai sabuntawa (Reinartz receivers) waɗanda suka yi mulki mafi girma a tsakiyar 20s ba su da wannan lahani. Ba abu mai sauƙi ba tare da su ma, amma wannan wani labari ne ...
Game da "superheterodynes" ya kamata a ambaci cewa samar da su ya zama mai yiwuwa a tattalin arziki kawai a tsakiyar 30s. A halin yanzu, "superheterodynes" har yanzu ana amfani da su sosai (sabanin "masu sake haɓakawa" da "masu ganowa"), amma ana maye gurbinsu da na'urorin heterodyne tare da sarrafa siginar software (SDR).
Wanene Mr Lossev?
Labarin bayyanar Oleg Losev a dakin gwaje-gwaje na rediyo na Nizhny Novgorod ya fara ne a Tver, inda, bayan sauraron lacca ta shugaban tashar rediyon Tver, ma'aikaci Kyaftin Leshchinsky, saurayi ya kunna rediyo.
Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar gaske, saurayin ya shiga Cibiyar Sadarwa ta Moscow, amma ko ta yaya ya zo Nizhny Novgorod kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya sami aiki a NRL, inda aka hayar shi a matsayin mai aikawa. Babu isasshen kuɗi, dole ne ya kwana a cikin NRL akan saukowa, amma wannan ba cikas bane ga Oleg. Yana gudanar da bincike a cikin matakai na jiki a cikin masu gano crystal.
Abokan aiki sun yi imanin cewa Farfesa yana da babban tasiri a kan samuwar Oleg Losev a matsayin masanin kimiyyar gwaji. VC. Lebedinsky, wanda ya hadu da baya a Tver. Farfesan ya ware Losev kuma yana son yin magana da shi game da batutuwan bincike. Vladimir Konstantinovich ya kasance abokantaka, mai basira kuma ya ba da shawara mai yawa kamar tambayoyi.
Oleg Vladimirovich Losev ya sadaukar da dukan rayuwarsa ga kimiyya. Na gwammace in yi aiki ni kaɗai. An buga ba tare da mawallafa ba. Ban ji dadin aurena ba. A 1928 ya koma Leningrad. Ya yi aiki a CRL. Ya yi aiki tare da ak. Yafe. Ya zama Ph.D. "bisa ga jimlar aikin." Ya mutu a 1942 a Birnin Leningrad.
Daga tarin "Nizhny Novgorod Majagaba na Soviet Radio Engineering" game da "kristadin" na Losev:
Binciken Oleg Vladimirovich, a cikin abubuwan da ke cikinsa, da farko yana da dabi'ar fasaha da ma mai son radiyo, amma ta hanyar su ne ya sami shahara a duniya, bayan da ya gano a cikin na'urar gano zincite (ma'adinan zinc oxide) tare da tukwici na karfe da ikon motsa motsin motsi. a cikin da'irori na rediyo. Wannan ka'ida ta kafa tushen mai karɓar radiyo maras bututu tare da haɓaka sigina wanda ke da kaddarorin bututu guda ɗaya. A 1922, an kira shi a kasashen waje "cristadine" (crystalline heterodyne).
Ba tare da iyakance kansa ga gano wannan al'amari ba da ingantaccen ci gaban mai karɓa, marubucin yana haɓaka wata hanya ta wucin gadi don tace lu'ulu'u na zincite na biyu (ta narke su a cikin baka na lantarki), sannan kuma yana gano hanyar da ta sauƙaƙa don ganowa. maki masu aiki a saman kristal don taɓa tip, wanda ke tabbatar da tashin hankali na oscillations.
Matsalolin da suka taso ba su sami mafita ba; ya zama dole a gudanar da bincike a wuraren da har yanzu ba a bunkasa ilimin kimiyyar lissafi ba; Rashin gazawar rediyo mai son ya motsa binciken kimiyyar lissafi. An yi amfani da ilimin lissafi gaba daya. Mafi sauƙaƙan bayani game da abin da ya faru na ƙarni na oscillation wanda ke fitowa a lokacin shine haɗin da yake da shi tare da haɓakar thermal coefficient na juriya na mai gano zincite, wanda, kamar yadda aka zata, ya zama mara kyau.
Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su:
1. Losev O.V. A asalin fasahar semiconductor. Ayyukan da aka zaɓa - L.: Nauka, 1972
2. "Radio Amateur", 1924, Na 8
3. Ostroumov B.A. Nizhny Novgorod majagaba na Soviet fasahar rediyo - L.: Nauka, 1966
4.
5. Polyakov V.T. Fasahar karɓar radiyo. Sauƙaƙan masu karɓar siginar AM - M.: DMK Latsa, 2001
source: www.habr.com