An buga ainihin labarin akan gidan yanar gizon kuma an buga shi akan 3DNews tare da izinin marubucin. Muna ba da cikakken rubutun labarin, ban da adadi mai yawa na hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa - za su zama masu amfani ga waɗanda ke da sha'awar batun kuma suna son yin nazarin abubuwan da suka dace na daukar hoto a cikin zurfin zurfi, amma ga masu sauraro na gaba ɗaya mun ɗauki wannan abu mara amfani.
A yau, babu gabatarwar wayar salula guda ɗaya da ta cika ba tare da lasar kyamarar ta ba. Kowane wata muna jin labarin nasara na gaba na kyamarorin wayar hannu: Google yana koya wa Pixel yin harbi a cikin duhu, Huawei don zuƙowa kamar binoculars, Samsung saka lidar, kuma Apple yana sa kusurwowin duniya. Akwai 'yan wuraren da bidi'a ke gudana cikin sauri a kwanakin nan.
A lokaci guda, madubin yana da alama suna yin alamar lokaci. Sony kowace shekara tana shawa kowa da sabon matrices, kuma masana'antun sun yi kasala suna sabunta sabon sigar lamba kuma suna ci gaba da shakatawa da shan taba a gefe. Ina da DSLR $3000 akan tebur na, amma idan na yi tafiya, na ɗauki iPhone ta. Me yasa?
Kamar yadda classic ya ce, na shiga kan layi tare da wannan tambayar. A can suna tattauna wasu "algorithms" da "cibiyoyin sadarwa na jijiyoyi", ba tare da sanin ainihin yadda suke shafar daukar hoto ba. 'Yan jarida suna karanto adadin megapixels da babbar murya, masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo suna ganin ba a biya su kudi a hade, kuma aesthetes suna shafa kansu da "hangen nesa na palette mai launi na matrix." Komai kamar kullum ne.
Dole na zauna, na kashe rabin rayuwata kuma na gano komai da kaina. A cikin wannan labarin zan gaya muku abin da na koya.
Menene daukar hoto?
A ko'ina, ciki har da Wikipedia, suna ba da wani abu kamar wannan ma'anar: ɗaukar hoto shine duk wata hanyar ɗaukar hoto da sarrafa kayan aiki da ke amfani da ƙididdiga na dijital maimakon sauye-sauye na gani. Komai game da shi yana da kyau, sai dai bai bayyana komai ba. Ko da autofocus ya dace da shi, amma plenoptics, wanda ya riga ya kawo mana abubuwa masu amfani da yawa, bai dace ba. Rashin fahimtar ma'anar hukuma da alama yana nuna cewa ba mu da masaniyar abin da muke magana akai.
Majagaba na daukar hoto na lissafi, Farfesa Stanford, Marc Levoy (wanda yanzu ke da alhakin daukar hoto a Google Pixel) ya ba da wata ma'ana - tsarin hanyoyin hango komfuta waɗanda ke inganta ko faɗaɗa ƙarfin ɗaukar hoto na dijital, ta yin amfani da wanda ake samun hoto na yau da kullun. ba za a iya ɗaukar wannan kamara ta hanyar fasaha ba. kamara ta hanyar gargajiya. A cikin labarin na manne da wannan.
Don haka, wayoyin komai da ruwanka sun kasance laifin komai.
Wayoyin hannu ba su da wani zaɓi sai don haifar da sabon nau'in hoto: daukar hoto.
Ƙananan matrices ɗin su na hayaniya da ƙananan ruwan tabarau masu saurin buɗe ido, bisa ga duk ka'idodin kimiyyar lissafi, yakamata su kawo zafi da wahala kawai. Sun yi haka har sai da masu haɓakawa suka gano yadda za su yi amfani da wayo don yin amfani da ƙarfinsu don shawo kan rauninsu - fast electronic shutters, powerful processors da software.
Yawancin binciken da aka yi a fannin daukar hoto na lissafi ya faru ne tsakanin 2005 zuwa 2015, wanda a kimiyya ana la'akari da shi a zahiri jiya. A halin yanzu, a gaban idanunmu da aljihunmu, wani sabon fanni na ilimi da fasaha na tasowa wanda ba a taba samu ba.
Hotunan lissafi ba kawai game da selfie tare da neuro-bokeh ba. Hoton baƙar fata na kwanan nan ba zai yiwu ba ba tare da dabarun daukar hoto ba. Don ɗaukar irin wannan hoton tare da na'urar hangen nesa na yau da kullun, dole ne mu sanya shi girman duniya. Duk da haka, ta hanyar haɗa bayanai daga na'urorin rediyo guda takwas a wurare daban-daban a kan ƙwallon mu da kuma rubuta wasu rubutun a cikin Python, mun sami hoton farko na duniya na sararin samaniya. Yayi kyau ga selfie kuma.
Fara: sarrafa dijital
Bari mu yi tunanin cewa mun dawo 2007. Mahaifiyarmu tana cikin rudani, kuma hotunanmu suna da hayaniya 0,6-megapixel jeeps da aka ɗauka akan allo. A kusa da nan muna da sha'awar farko da ba za ta iya jurewa ba don yayyafa masu saiti a kansu don ɓoye ɓarna na matrices na hannu. Kada mu karyata kanmu.
Matan dan Instagram
Tare da sakin Instagram, kowa ya damu da masu tacewa. A matsayina na wanda ya sake injiniyan X-Pro II, Lo-Fi da Valencia don, ba shakka, dalilai na bincike, har yanzu ina tuna cewa sun ƙunshi abubuwa uku:
- Saitunan launi (Hue, Saturation, Lightness, Contrast, Levels, etc.) - Sauƙaƙan ƙididdiga na dijital, daidai da kowane saiti da masu daukar hoto suka yi amfani da su tun zamanin da.
- Taswirorin sautin nau'ikan dabi'u ne, kowannensu ya gaya mana: "Ya kamata a juya launin ja mai launi 128 zuwa tint na 240."
- Mai rufi hoto ne mai jujjuyawa tare da ƙura, hatsi, vignette, da duk wani abu da za a iya sanyawa a saman don samun tasirin banal ko kaɗan na tsohon fim. Ba koyaushe yake halarta ba.
Masu tacewa na zamani ba su da nisa da wannan ukun, sun zama ɗan rikitarwa a cikin lissafi. Tare da zuwan kayan shaders da OpenCL akan wayoyin hannu, an sake rubuta su da sauri don GPU, kuma ana ɗaukar wannan da kyau sosai. Domin 2012, ba shakka. A yau, kowane dalibi zai iya yin haka a CSS, kuma har yanzu ba zai sami damar kammala karatun ba.
Duk da haka, ci gaban tacewa bai tsaya a yau ba. Maza daga Dehanser, alal misali, suna da kyau a yin amfani da matattara maras amfani - maimakon taswirar sautin proletarian, suna amfani da sauye-sauye marasa daidaituwa, wanda, a cewar su, yana buɗe damar da yawa.
Kuna iya yin abubuwa da yawa tare da sauye-sauye marasa kan layi, amma suna da rikitarwa sosai, kuma mu mutane muna da wauta. Da zaran ya zo ga sauye-sauyen da ba na kan layi ba a kimiyya, mun gwammace mu je hanyoyin lambobi da cuɗanya hanyoyin sadarwa a ko'ina domin su rubuta mana fitattun abubuwa. Haka abin yake a nan.
Yin aiki da kai da mafarkai na maɓalli na "ma'auni".
Da zarar kowa ya saba da tacewa, mun fara gina su kai tsaye cikin kyamarori. Tarihi ya ɓoye wanda masana'anta ne na farko, amma kawai don fahimtar tsawon lokacin da ya kasance - a cikin iOS 5.0, wanda aka sake shi a cikin 2011, an riga an sami API na jama'a don Inganta Hoto ta atomatik. Ayyuka kawai sun san tsawon lokacin da aka yi amfani da su kafin buɗe wa jama'a.
Automation ya yi daidai da abin da kowane ɗayanmu ya yi lokacin buɗe hoto a cikin edita - ya fitar da giɓi a cikin haske da inuwa, ƙara jikewa, cire jajayen idanu da tsayayyen fata. Masu amfani ba su ma gane cewa "kyamar ingantacciyar kyamara" a cikin sabuwar wayar ita ce kawai cancantar wasu sabbin shaders. Akwai sauran shekaru biyar kafin a fito da Google Pixel da fara tallan daukar hoto na lissafi.
A yau, yakin don maɓallin "maɓallin" ya koma fagen koyon injin. Bayan yin wasa sosai tare da taswirar sauti, kowa ya garzaya don horar da CNNs da GANs don motsa silidu maimakon mai amfani. A wasu kalmomi, daga hoton shigarwar, ƙayyade saitin ingantattun sigogi waɗanda za su kawo wannan hoton kusa da wani fahimi na zahiri na "kyautar hoto." An aiwatar da shi a cikin Pixelmator Pro da sauran masu gyara. Yana aiki, kamar yadda zaku iya tsammani, ba sosai ba kuma ba koyaushe ba.
Stacking shine kashi 90% na nasarar kyamarori ta hannu
Hotunan ƙididdiga na gaskiya sun fara ne tare da tarawa-zura hotuna da yawa a saman juna. Ba matsala bane ga wayoyi don danna firam ɗin dozin a cikin rabin daƙiƙa. Kyamarorin su ba su da sassan injinan jinkirin: buɗewar an gyara shi, kuma a maimakon labule mai motsi akwai maɓallin lantarki. Mai sarrafawa kawai yana ba da umarnin matrix nawa microse seconds ya kamata ya kama photon daji, kuma yana karanta sakamakon.
A fasaha, wayar tana iya ɗaukar hotuna cikin saurin bidiyo, kuma bidiyo akan ƙudurin hoto, amma duk ya dogara da saurin motar bas da na'ura. Shi ya sa a ko da yaushe suke kafa iyakokin shirye-shirye.
Staking kanta ya daɗe tare da mu. Hatta kakanni sun shigar da plugins akan Photoshop 7.0 don haɗa hotuna da yawa zuwa HDR mai ido ko dinka tare da panorama na 18000 × 600 pixels da ... a zahiri, babu wanda ya taɓa gano abin da zai yi da su gaba. Abin takaici ne cewa zamani yana da wadata da daji.
Yanzu mun zama manya kuma mun kira shi "hoton epsilon" - lokacin da, ta hanyar canza ɗayan sigogin kamara (bayyana, mayar da hankali, matsayi) da kuma dinke abubuwan da aka haifar, muna samun wani abu wanda ba za a iya kama shi a cikin firam ɗaya ba. Amma wannan kalma ce ga masu ilimin tauhidi; a aikace, wani suna ya sami tushe - staking. A yau, a zahiri, 90% na duk sabbin abubuwa a cikin kyamarori ta hannu sun dogara da shi.
Wani abu da mutane da yawa ba su yi tunani a kai ba, amma yana da mahimmanci a fahimci dukkanin hotuna na wayar hannu da kwamfuta: kyamarar wayar salula ta zamani ta fara daukar hotuna da zarar ka bude app. Wanne ne ma'ana, saboda tana buƙatar ko ta yaya canja wurin hoton zuwa allon. Koyaya, ban da allon, yana adana firam masu ƙarfi a cikin madaidaicin madauki, inda yake adana su na wasu daƙiƙa biyu.
Lokacin da ka danna maɓallin "ɗaukar hoto", hakika an riga an ɗauka, kamara kawai tana ɗaukar hoto na ƙarshe daga ma'ajin.
Wannan shine yadda kowace kyamarar wayar hannu ke aiki a yau. Aƙalla a cikin dukkan tutocin ba daga tudun shara ba. Buffering yana ba ku damar gane ba kawai lag ɗin rufewa ba, wanda masu daukar hoto suka daɗe suna mafarkin, har ma da mummunan - lokacin da kuka danna maɓallin, wayar tana duban abubuwan da suka gabata, zazzage hotuna 5-10 na ƙarshe daga ma'ajin kuma fara bincikar cikin damuwa. kuma manna su. Babu sauran jiran wayar don danna firam don HDR ko yanayin dare - kawai ɗauka su daga ma'ajin, mai amfani ba zai sani ba.
Af, tare da taimakon ƙarancin rufewa ne aka aiwatar da Live Photo a cikin iPhones, kuma HTC yana da wani abu makamancin haka a cikin 2013 a ƙarƙashin sunan baƙon Zoe.
Matsakaicin fallasa - HDR da magance canje-canjen haske
Ko na'urori masu auna firikwensin kamara suna da ikon ɗaukar dukkan kewayon haske da ke samuwa ga idanunmu tsohon batu ne na muhawara. Wasu sun ce a'a, saboda ido yana iya ganin har zuwa 25 f-staps, yayin da ko da daga saman cikakken matrix matrix za ka iya samun iyakar 14. Wasu suna kiran kwatanta ba daidai ba, saboda kwakwalwa yana taimakawa ido ta hanyar daidaitawa ta atomatik. almajiri da kammala hoton tare da hanyoyin sadarwa na jijiyoyi, da kuma nan take Matsayi mai ƙarfi na ido a zahiri bai wuce 10-14 f-stops kawai ba. Bari mu bar wannan muhawara ga mafi kyawun masu tunani akan kujera a Intanet.
Gaskiyar ta kasance: lokacin da kuka harba abokai a sararin sama mai haske ba tare da HDR akan kowace kyamarar wayar hannu ba, kuna samun ko dai sama ta al'ada da baƙar fata abokai, ko abokai da aka zana da kyau, amma sama ta kone ta mutu.
An daɗe da ƙirƙira maganin - don faɗaɗa kewayon haske ta amfani da HDR (High dynamic range). Kuna buƙatar ɗaukar firam da yawa a saurin rufewa daban-daban kuma ku haɗa su tare. Don haka ɗayan ya kasance "al'ada", na biyu ya fi sauƙi, na uku ya fi duhu. Muna ɗaukar wurare masu duhu daga firam mai haske, cika abubuwan da suka wuce kima daga duhu - riba. Abin da ya rage shi ne a magance matsalar bracketing ta atomatik - nawa ne don matsawa bayyanar kowane firam ɗin don kada a wuce gona da iri, amma yanzu ɗalibin shekara ta biyu a jami'ar fasaha na iya ɗaukar ƙayyadaddun matsakaicin haske na hoto.
A sabuwar iPhone, Pixel da Galaxy, yanayin HDR gabaɗaya yana kunna ta atomatik lokacin da sauƙi algorithm a cikin kyamara ya ƙayyade cewa kuna harbi wani abu tare da bambanci a ranar rana. Hakanan zaka iya lura da yadda wayar ke canza yanayin rikodi zuwa ma'ajin don adana firam ɗin da aka canza a cikin fallasa - fps a cikin kamara yana faɗuwa, kuma hoton da kansa ya zama mai juicier. Lokacin sauyawa yana bayyane akan iPhone X na lokacin yin fim a waje. Duba wayowin komai da ruwan ku a lokaci na gaba kuma.
Rashin lahani na HDR tare da ɗaukar hoto shine rashin taimakonsa mara kyau a cikin rashin haske. Ko da hasken fitilar daki, firam ɗin suna yin duhu sosai ta yadda kwamfutar ba za ta iya daidaita su tare ba. Don magance matsalar tare da haske, a cikin 2013 Google ya nuna wata hanya ta daban ga HDR a cikin wayar Nexus da aka saki a lokacin. Ya yi amfani da lokaci tari.
Tsara lokaci - kwaikwaiyo mai tsayi mai tsayi da ɓata lokaci
Tsara lokaci yana ba ku damar ƙirƙirar tsayi mai tsayi ta amfani da jerin gajeru. Majagaba sun kasance masu sha'awar daukar hotunan tauraro a sararin samaniya, wadanda suka ga bai dace ba a bude murfin na sa'o'i biyu a lokaci daya. Yana da wuya a ƙididdige duk saituna a gaba, kuma ƙaramar girgiza za ta lalata dukkan firam ɗin. Sun yanke shawarar buɗe murfin kawai na 'yan mintuna kaɗan, amma sau da yawa, sannan suka koma gida suka liƙa firam ɗin da aka samu a Photoshop.
Ya zama cewa kamara ba ta taɓa yin harbi a cikin dogon gudu ba, amma mun sami tasirin simintin ta ta hanyar ƙara firam ɗin da aka ɗauka a jere. Akwai tarin manhajoji da aka rubuta wa wayoyin komai da ruwanka da suka dade suna amfani da wannan dabarar, amma dukkansu ba a bukatarsu tunda an kara fasalin a kusan dukkanin kyamarori masu inganci. A yau, ko da wani iPhone iya sauƙi dinka tare dogon daukan hotuna daga Live Photo.
Mu koma Google da dare HDR. Ya juya cewa ta amfani da madaidaicin lokaci zaka iya aiwatar da HDR mai kyau a cikin duhu. Fasahar ta fara bayyana a cikin Nexus 5 kuma ana kiranta HDR+. Sauran wayoyin Android sun karbe ta kamar kyauta. Fasahar har yanzu tana da farin jini sosai har ma ana yabawa yayin gabatar da sabbin Pixels.
HDR+ yana aiki a sauƙaƙe: bayan ƙaddara cewa kuna harbi a cikin duhu, kyamarar ta sauke hotuna 8-15 RAW na ƙarshe daga ma'ajin don rufe su a saman juna. Don haka, algorithm yana tattara ƙarin bayani game da wuraren duhu na firam don rage amo - pixels inda, saboda wasu dalilai, kyamarar ta kasa tattara duk bayanan kuma ta yi kuskure.
Kamar idan ba ku san yadda capybara ya kasance ba kuma kun tambayi mutane biyar su kwatanta shi, labaransu za su kasance kusan iri ɗaya, amma kowanne zai ambaci wasu dalla-dalla na musamman. Ta wannan hanyar za ku tattara ƙarin bayani fiye da tambayar ɗaya kawai. Daidai ne tare da pixels.
Ƙara firam ɗin da aka ɗauka daga aya ɗaya yana ba da tasiri mai tsayi na karya kamar yadda yake da taurarin da ke sama. An taƙaita bayyanuwa da yawa na firam, kurakurai a ɗaya an rage su a wasu. Ka yi tunanin sau nawa za ka danna maɓallin DSLR kowane lokaci don cimma wannan.
Abin da ya rage shi ne don magance matsalar gyaran launi ta atomatik - firam ɗin da aka ɗauka a cikin duhu yawanci suna fitowa gaba ɗaya rawaya ko kore, kuma muna son wadatar hasken rana. A farkon nau'ikan HDR+, an warware wannan ta hanyar tweaking saitunan kawai, kamar yadda yake a cikin tacewa a la Instagram. Daga nan sai suka yi kira ga cibiyoyin sadarwa da su taimaka.
Wannan shine yadda Night Sight ya bayyana - fasahar "dare daukar hoto" a cikin Pixel 2 da 3. A cikin bayanin sun ce: "Tsarin koyon injin da aka gina akan HDR+, wanda ke sa Night Sight aiki." A zahiri, wannan shine sarrafa kansa na matakin gyaran launi. An horar da na'urar akan bayanan bayanan "kafin" da "bayan" hotuna don yin kyau daya daga kowane saitin hotuna masu duhu.
Af, an gabatar da bayanan bayanan a bainar jama'a. Wataƙila mutanen daga Apple za su ɗauka kuma a ƙarshe suna koyar da falun gilashin su don ɗaukar hotuna da kyau a cikin duhu.
Bugu da kari, Night Sight yana amfani da lissafin motsi motsi na abubuwa a cikin firam don daidaita blur wanda tabbas zai faru tare da saurin rufewa. Don haka, wayowin komai da ruwan za su iya ɗaukar sassa daban-daban daga wasu firam ɗin kuma manne su.
Motsi stacking - panorama, superzoom da rage amo
Panorama sanannen nishaɗi ne ga mazauna yankunan karkara. Har yanzu tarihi bai san duk wani lamari da hoton tsiran alade zai zama abin sha'awa ga kowa ba in ba marubucin ba, amma ba za a yi watsi da shi ba - ga mutane da yawa, a nan ne aka fara tattara kaya tun farko.
Hanya ta farko mai amfani don amfani da panorama ita ce samun hoton ƙuduri mafi girma fiye da yadda matrix kamara ke ba da izini ta hanyar dinke firam da yawa. Masu daukar hoto sun dade suna amfani da manhaja daban-daban don abin da ake kira hotuna masu girman gaske - lokacin da hotunan da aka canza kadan suka dace da juna tsakanin pixels. Ta wannan hanyar za ku iya samun hoto na akalla ɗaruruwan gigapixels, wanda ke da amfani sosai idan kuna buƙatar buga shi akan hoton talla mai girman girman gida.
Wata hanya mai ban sha'awa ita ce Shifting Pixel. Wasu kyamarori marasa madubi kamar Sony da Olympus sun fara tallafawa baya a cikin 2014, amma har yanzu dole ne su manne sakamakon da hannu. Sabbin sabbin kyamarori na yau da kullun.
Wayoyin hannu sun yi nasara a nan don wani dalili mai ban dariya - lokacin da kake daukar hoto, hannayenka suna girgiza. Wannan da alama matsalar ta zama tushen aiwatar da babban ƙuduri na asali akan wayoyin hannu.
Don fahimtar yadda wannan ke aiki, kuna buƙatar tuna yadda aka tsara matrix na kowane kamara. Kowane pixels (photodiode) yana da ikon yin rikodin ƙarfin haske kawai - wato, adadin photons masu shigowa. Koyaya, pixel ba zai iya auna launinsa (tsawon tsayinsa ba). Don samun hoton RGB, dole ne mu ƙara ƙugiya a nan kuma - rufe dukkan matrix tare da grid na gilashi masu launuka masu yawa. Mafi shaharar aiwatar da shi ana kiransa tace Bayer kuma ana amfani dashi a yawancin matrices a yau. Yayi kama da hoton da ke ƙasa.
Ya zama cewa kowane pixel na matrix yana kama da R-, G- ko B-bangaren, saboda sauran photons suna nuna rashin tausayi ta hanyar tace Bayer. Yana gane abubuwan da suka ɓace ta hanyar ƙididdige ƙimar pixels maƙwabta.
Akwai ƙarin ƙwayoyin kore a cikin tace Bayer - an yi hakan ta hanyar kwatanci da idon ɗan adam. Ya bayyana cewa daga cikin pixels miliyan 50 akan matrix, kore zai kama miliyan 25, ja da blue - miliyan 12,5 kowannensu. wanda komai ya tsaya.
A gaskiya ma, kowane matrix yana da nasa dabarar ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙididdiga na demosaicing algorithm, amma don dalilan wannan labarin za mu yi watsi da wannan.
Sauran nau'ikan matrices (kamar Foveon) ba a kama su ba tukuna. Ko da yake wasu masana'antun suna ƙoƙarin yin amfani da na'urori masu auna firikwensin ba tare da tace Bayer ba don inganta kaifi da kewayo mai ƙarfi.
Lokacin da akwai ɗan haske ko cikakkun bayanai na abu sun yi ƙanƙanta, muna rasa bayanai da yawa saboda tace Bayer a fili yana yanke photon tare da tsawon da ba a so. Shi ya sa suka fito da Pixel Shifting - suna canza matrix ta 1 pixel sama-kasa-dama-hagu don kama su duka. A wannan yanayin, hoton ba zai zama mafi girma sau 4 ba, kamar yadda ake iya gani, mai sarrafawa yana amfani da wannan bayanan kawai don yin rikodin ƙimar kowane pixel daidai. Yana daidaitawa ba akan maƙwabtansa ba, don yin magana, amma akan dabi'u huɗu na kanta.
Girgizawar hannayenmu yayin ɗaukar hotuna a wayar yana sanya wannan tsari ya zama sakamako na halitta. A cikin sabbin nau'ikan Google Pixel, ana aiwatar da wannan abu kuma yana kunna duk lokacin da kuka yi amfani da zuƙowa akan wayar - ana kiranta Super Res Zoom (e, Ina kuma son sunansu mara tausayi). Har ila yau, Sinawa sun kwafi shi cikin laophones ɗinsu, kodayake ya ɗan yi muni.
Rufe Hotunan da aka canza kadan a saman juna yana ba ku damar tattara ƙarin bayani game da launi na kowane pixel, wanda ke nufin rage hayaniya, ƙara ƙarfi da haɓaka ƙuduri ba tare da ƙara adadin megapixels na zahiri na matrix ba. Na'urorin Android na zamani suna yin hakan ta atomatik, ba tare da masu amfani da su ko da tunanin hakan ba.
Mayar da hankali stacking - kowane zurfin filin da sake mayar da hankali a bayan samarwa
Hanyar ta fito ne daga ɗaukar hoto, inda zurfin filin ya kasance matsala koyaushe. Domin gaba dayan abu ya kasance cikin mai da hankali, dole ne ka ɗauki firam ɗin da yawa tare da mayar da hankali kan juyawa baya da gaba, sa'an nan kuma haɗa su wuri ɗaya zuwa kaifi ɗaya. Irin wannan hanyar sau da yawa masu daukar hoto suna amfani da su, suna mai da gaba da baya kamar zawo.
Duk wannan kuma ya koma kan wayoyin komai da ruwanka, ko da yake ba tare da yabo da yawa ba. A cikin 2013, an saki Nokia Lumia 1020 tare da "Refocus App", kuma a cikin 2014, Samsung Galaxy S5 tare da yanayin "Mayar da hankali". Sun yi aiki bisa ga wannan makirci: ta danna maballin, da sauri sun ɗauki hotuna 3 - daya tare da "al'ada" mayar da hankali, na biyu tare da mayar da hankali ya koma gaba kuma na uku tare da mayar da hankali ya koma baya. Shirin ya daidaita firam ɗin kuma ya ba ku damar zaɓar ɗaya daga cikinsu, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi azaman "ainihin" kulawar mayar da hankali a bayan samarwa.
Babu sauran aiki, domin ko da wannan sauki hack ya isa ya fitar da wani ƙusa a cikin murfin Lytro da takwarorinsa tare da sake mayar da hankali ga gaskiya. Af, bari muyi magana game da su (Maigidan canji 80 lvl).
Matrices na lissafi - filayen haske da plenoptics
Kamar yadda muka fahimta a sama, matrices ɗinmu suna da ban tsoro a kan ƙugiya. Mun saba da shi kuma muna ƙoƙarin zama da shi. Tsarin su ya ɗan canza kaɗan tun farkon zamani. Mun inganta tsarin fasaha kawai - mun rage tazara tsakanin pixels, yaƙar tsangwama amo, kuma mun ƙara pixels na musamman don gano autofocus. Amma idan ka ɗauki DSLR mafi tsada kuma ka yi ƙoƙarin ɗaukar hoto mai gudu tare da shi a cikin hasken ɗakin - cat, don sanya shi a hankali, zai yi nasara.
Mun daɗe muna ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar wani abu mafi kyau. Yawancin yunƙuri da bincike a cikin wannan yanki ana googled don "na'urar firikwensin lissafi" ko "bayan firikwensin ba Bayer", har ma da Pixel Shifting misali a sama ana iya danganta shi da ƙoƙarin inganta matrices ta amfani da lissafi. Koyaya, labarai masu ban sha'awa a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata sun zo mana daidai daga duniyar abin da ake kira kyamarori na plenoptic.
Don kada ku yi barci daga tsammanin rikitattun kalmomi masu zuwa, zan jefa a cikin wani mai binciken cewa kyamarar Google Pixel ta ƙarshe "dan kadan" ce kawai. pixels biyu kawai, amma ko da wannan yana ba shi damar ƙididdige madaidaicin zurfin firam ɗin ko da ba tare da kyamara ta biyu ba, kamar kowa.
Plenoptics makami ne mai ƙarfi wanda bai riga ya harba ba. Ga hanyar haɗi zuwa ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda na fi so kwanan nan. , inda na ari misalan daga.
Kamarar Plenoptic - yana zuwa nan ba da jimawa ba
An ƙirƙira a cikin 1994, wanda aka tattara a Stanford a cikin 2004. An saki kyamarar mabukaci ta farko, Lytro, a cikin 2012. Masana'antar VR yanzu tana yin gwaji sosai tare da irin wannan fasaha.
Kyamarar plenoptic ta bambanta da kamara ta al'ada a cikin gyare-gyare guda ɗaya kawai - matrix ɗin sa an rufe shi da grid na ruwan tabarau, kowannensu yana rufe pixels da yawa. Wani abu kamar haka:
Idan ka ƙididdige nisa daidai daga grid zuwa matrix da girman buɗewar, hoton ƙarshe zai sami cikakkun gungu na pixels - nau'ikan ƙananan nau'ikan hoton asali.
Ya zama cewa idan ka ɗauka, ka ce, pixel tsakiya ɗaya daga kowane gungu kuma ka haɗa hoton tare kawai ta amfani da su, ba zai bambanta da wanda aka ɗauka tare da kyamarar yau da kullum ba. Ee, mun ɗan yi asara kaɗan a ƙuduri, amma kawai za mu nemi Sony don ƙara ƙarin megapixels a cikin sabbin matrices.
Nishaɗin yana farawa ne kawai. idan kun ɗauki wani pixel daga kowane gungu kuma ku sake haɗa hoton tare, za ku sake samun hoto na yau da kullun, kawai kamar an ɗauka tare da motsi na pixel ɗaya. Don haka, samun gungu na 10 × 10 pixels, za mu sami hotuna 100 na abu daga "dan kadan" maki daban-daban.
Girman gungu mafi girma yana nufin ƙarin hotuna, amma ƙananan ƙuduri. A cikin duniyar wayowin komai da ruwan tare da matrix 41-megapixel, kodayake muna iya yin watsi da ƙuduri kaɗan, akwai iyaka ga komai. Dole ne ku kiyaye daidaito.
To, mun harhada kyamarar plenoptic, to menene hakan ke bamu?
Maimaita gaskiya
Siffar da duk 'yan jarida ke ta yawo a cikin labarai game da Lytro shine ikon daidaita hankali da gaskiya a bayan samarwa. A gaskiya muna nufin cewa ba ma amfani da kowane algorithms masu ɓarnawa, amma muna amfani da pixels ɗin da ke hannunmu kawai, zaɓi ko matsakaicin su daga gungu a cikin tsarin da ake buƙata.
Hoton RAW daga kyamarar plenoptic yayi kama da ban mamaki. Don fitar da jeep mai kaifi na yau da kullun, dole ne ku fara haɗa ta. Don yin wannan, kuna buƙatar zaɓar kowane pixel na jeep daga ɗayan gungun RAW. Dangane da yadda muka zaba su, sakamakon zai canza.
Misali, yayin da gungu ya kasance daga wurin abin da ya faru na katako na asali, mafi ƙarancin mayar da hankali wannan katako. Domin optics. Don samun hoton da aka canjawa hankali, kawai muna buƙatar zaɓar pixels a nisan da ake so daga ainihin ɗaya - ko dai kusa ko gaba.
Ya kasance mafi wahala don matsawa kanku hankali - a zahiri kawai, akwai ƙarancin irin waɗannan pixels a cikin gungu. Da farko, masu haɓakawa ba su ma so su ba mai amfani damar mayar da hankali da hannayensu - kyamarar kanta ta yanke shawarar wannan a cikin software. Masu amfani ba sa son wannan gaba, don haka sun ƙara wani fasali a cikin firmware daga baya da ake kira "yanayin ƙirƙira," amma sun sake mayar da hankali a ciki sosai saboda wannan dalili.
Taswira mai zurfi da 3D daga kyamara ɗaya
Ɗayan aiki mafi sauƙi a cikin plenoptics shine samun taswirar zurfin. Don yin wannan, kawai kuna buƙatar tattara firam guda biyu daban-daban kuma ku lissafta adadin abubuwan da ke cikin su. Ƙarin motsi yana nufin nesa da kyamara.
Google kwanan nan ya saya ya kashe Lytro, amma sun yi amfani da fasahar su don VR da ... don kyamarar Pixel. An fara da Pixel 2, kyamarar ta zama "dan kadan" plenoptic a karon farko, kodayake tare da gungu na pixels biyu kawai. Wannan ya bai wa Google damar kada ya sanya kyamara ta biyu, kamar sauran mutane, amma don lissafin taswirar zurfin daga hoto ɗaya kawai.
An gina taswirar zurfin ta amfani da firam guda biyu da aka canza ta da ƙaramin pixel ɗaya. Wannan ya isa sosai don ƙididdige taswirar zurfin binary da raba gaba daga bango da blur na ƙarshen a cikin bokeh na zamani na zamani. Sakamakon irin wannan yadudduka kuma an daidaita shi da kuma "inganta" ta hanyar cibiyoyin sadarwar jijiyoyi waɗanda aka horar da su don inganta taswirar zurfin (kuma ba blur ba, kamar yadda mutane da yawa suke tunani).
Dabarar ita ce, mun sami plenoptics a cikin wayoyin hannu kusan kyauta. Mun riga mun sanya ruwan tabarau a kan waɗannan ƙananan matrices don ko ta yaya ƙara haske mai haske. A cikin Pixel na gaba, Google yana shirin ci gaba da rufe photodiodes guda huɗu tare da ruwan tabarau.
source: 3dnews.ru