– Waɗannan wawayen sun sanya kwandon kwandon shara tare da “jelly” a cikin ɗaki na musamman, keɓantacce sosai... Wato, sun yi tunanin cewa ɗakin ya keɓe sosai, amma lokacin da suka buɗe akwati tare da ma’aikata, “jelly” ya bi ta cikin ƙarfe. da kuma robobi, kamar ruwa ta cikin ƙulli, kuma ya tsere waje, kuma duk abin da ya sake haɗuwa da shi ya koma "jelly." Mutane XNUMX ne suka mutu, sama da dari sun jikkata, kuma ginin dakin gwaje-gwaje gaba daya ba a yi amfani da shi ba. Shin kun taɓa zuwa wurin? Babban gini! Kuma yanzu "jelly" ya kwarara a cikin ginshiƙai da ƙananan benaye ... Anan shine farkon tuntuɓar.
- A. Strugatsky, B. Strugatsky "Picnic Roadside"
Sannu %% sunan mai amfani%!
Laifi da cewa har yanzu ina rubuta wani abu . Ya ba ni ra'ayin.
Bayan wasu tunani, na yanke shawarar cewa ɗan gajeren balaguron balaguro cikin abubuwan caustic zai yi sauri. Wataƙila wani zai yi sha'awar. Kuma ga wasu yana da amfani.
Mu tafi.
Bari mu bayyana ma'anar nan da nan.
Lalata - 1. Chemically lalata. 2. Kaifi, yana haifar da haushi, zafi. 3. Sargent, caustic.
Ozhegov S.I. girma Kamus na harshen Rashanci. - M.: Rus.yaz., 1990. - 921 p.
Don haka, nan da nan muka watsar da ma'anoni biyu na ƙarshe na kalmar. Muna kuma watsar da lachrymators na "caustic" - waɗanda ba su da yawa kamar yadda suke haifar da lacrimation, da sternites - waɗanda ke haifar da tari. Ee, a ƙasa za a sami abubuwan da ke da waɗannan kaddarorin, amma su ne abin da ke da mahimmanci! - gaske lalata kayan, da kuma wani lokacin nama.
Ba za mu yi la'akari da abubuwan da ke da haɗari kawai ga mutane da makamantansu ba - saboda ƙayyadaddun lalata ƙwayoyin sel. Don haka, gas ɗin mustard ba zai kasance da amfani ba.
Za mu yi la'akari da mahadi masu ruwa a yanayin ɗaki. Saboda haka, ba za mu yi la'akari da ruwa oxygen da nitrogen, da kuma iskar gas kamar fluorine, ko da yake ana iya la'akari da caustic, a.
Kamar koyaushe, ra'ayi zai kasance na zahiri ne kawai, bisa gogewar mutum. Kuma a - yana yiwuwa ba zan tuna da wani ba - rubuta sharhi,% sunan mai amfani%, a cikin kwanaki uku daga ranar da aka buga, zan ƙara labarin da abin da aka manta daga farkon!
Kuma a - Ba ni da lokaci da kuzari don gina "farati mai bugawa", don haka zai zama hodgepodge. Kuma tare da duk keɓantacce, ya zama gajere.
Caustic alkalis
Musamman, alkali karfe hydroxides: lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, francium, thallium (I) hydroxide da barium hydroxide. Amma:
- Lithium, cesium, rubidium da barium ana watsar da su - masu tsada da tsada
- Idan ku,% sunan mai amfani%, ku ci karo da francium hydroxide, to, abu na ƙarshe da zaku damu dashi shine causticity - yana da munin rediyoaktif.
- Haka yake da thallium - yana da mugun guba.
Saboda haka, sodium da potassium sun kasance. Amma bari mu kasance masu gaskiya - kaddarorin duk caustic alkalis suna kama da juna.
Sodium hydroxide - wanda aka sani da caustic soda - sananne ne ga kowa. Potassium hydroxide a matsayin ƙari na abinci E525 kuma. Dukansu suna kama da kaddarorin: suna da hygroscopic sosai, wato, suna jawo ruwa da "narke" a cikin iska. Suna narke da kyau a cikin ruwa kuma suna sakin zafi mai yawa.
"Yaduwa" a cikin iska shine ainihin samuwar mafita mai mahimmanci na alkalis. Don haka, idan kun sanya wani yanki na caustic alkali akan takarda, fata, wasu karafa (aluminum iri ɗaya) - to bayan ɗan lokaci za ku ga cewa kayan sun ci sosai! Abin da aka nuna a cikin "Fight Club" yana kama da gaskiya: hakika, hannayen gumi - da alkali - za su ji rauni! Da kaina, na same shi ya fi zafi fiye da hydrochloric acid (fiye da abin da ke ƙasa).
Koyaya, idan hannayenku sun bushe sosai, wataƙila ba za ku ji komai ba a cikin busassun alkali.
Caustic alkalis suna da kyau a wargaza kitse cikin glycerin da gishiri na fatty acid - wannan shine yadda ake yin sabulu (sannu, "Fight Club!") Ya ɗan daɗe, amma kamar yadda ya kamata, sunadaran suna rushewa - wato, bisa manufa. , alkalis narke nama, musamman magunguna masu karfi - kuma lokacin zafi. Rashin hasara idan aka kwatanta da wannan perchloric acid (ƙari akan abin da ke ƙasa) shine cewa duk alkalis suna zana carbon dioxide daga yanayi, sabili da haka ƙarfin zai ragu a hankali. Bugu da ƙari, alkalis kuma yana amsawa tare da abubuwan gilashi - gilashin ya zama girgije, ko da yake don narkar da shi duka - a nan, ba shakka, dole ne ku gwada.
Tetraalkylammonium hydroxides wani lokaci ana rarraba su azaman caustic alkalis, misali
Tetramethylammonium hydroxide
A gaskiya ma, waɗannan abubuwa sun haɗa da kaddarorin cationic surfactants (da kyau, yana kama da sabulu na yau da kullun - kawai cationic: a nan ɓangaren da ke aiki shine ƙwayar diphilic - tare da cajin "+", kuma a cikin sabulu - tare da cajin "-") kuma in mun gwada da high asali. Idan ya hau hannunki, kina iya tanka shi a ruwa ki wanke shi kamar sabulu, idan kika dumama gashinki, fata ko farce a cikin ruwa mai ruwa, za su narke. The "causticity" a kan bango na sodium da potassium hydroxides haka-haka.
Sulfuric acid
H2SO4
Mafi shahara, mai yiwuwa, a cikin duk labarun. Ba mafi yawan caustic ba, amma yana da ban sha'awa: sulfuric acid mai mahimmanci (wanda shine 98%) shine ruwa mai laushi wanda ke son ruwa sosai, sabili da haka yana dauke da shi daga kowa. Ta hanyar cire ruwa daga cellulose da sukari, yana kama su. Haka kuma cikin farin ciki za ta kwashe ruwan daga gare ka, %username%, musamman idan ka zuba shi a kan lallausan fatar fuskarka ko cikin idonka (to a gaskiya komai zai shiga cikin idanunka tare da kasala). . Musamman masu kirki suna haɗa sulfuric acid tare da mai don yin wahalar wankewa kuma ya fi dacewa cikin fata.
A hanyar, ta hanyar shan ruwa, sulfuric acid yana zafi, wanda ya sa hoton ya fi dacewa. Don haka, wanke shi da ruwa mummunan tunani ne. Zai fi kyau a yi amfani da man fetur (kurkure, kada a shafa, sa'an nan kuma kurkura da ruwa). To, ko kuma ruwa mai yawa don kwantar da shi nan da nan.
"Ruwa na farko, sannan acid - in ba haka ba babban matsala zai faru!" - wannan shi ne musamman game da sulfuric acid, ko da yake saboda wasu dalilai kowa yana tunanin cewa game da kowane acid ne.
Da yake kasancewa wakili na oxidizing, sulfuric acid yana oxidizes saman karafa zuwa oxides. Kuma tun lokacin da hulɗar oxides tare da acid ya faru tare da sa hannu na ruwa a matsayin mai kara kuzari - kuma sulfuric acid ba ya saki ruwa - wani sakamako da ake kira passivation yana faruwa: fim mai yawa, wanda ba a iya narkewa da kuma impenetrable na karfe oxide yana kare shi daga ƙarin rushewa.
Dangane da wannan tsarin, ana aika da sinadarin sulfuric acid zuwa nisa ta ƙarfe da aluminum. Yana da mahimmanci cewa idan acid ya diluted, ruwa ya bayyana, kuma ba shi yiwuwa a aika - karafa narke.
Af, sulfur oxide SO3 yana narkewa a cikin sulfuric acid kuma yana samar da oleum - wanda a wasu lokuta akan rubuta kuskuren H2S2O7, amma wannan ba daidai ba ne. Oleum yana da ma fi girma jan hankali ga ruwa.
Ji na kaina lokacin da sulfuric acid ya kama hannuna: yana da ɗan dumi, sannan ya ɗan kone - Na wanke shi a ƙarƙashin famfo, ba babban abu ba. Kar ku yarda da fina-finai, amma ban ba da shawarar sanya su a fuskar ku ba.
Organics sau da yawa amfani da chromium ko "chromic cakuda" - wannan shi ne potassium dichromate narkar da a cikin sulfuric acid. Ainihin wannan shine maganin chromic acid, yana da kyau don wanke jita-jita daga ragowar kwayoyin halitta. Idan ya kama hannunka, shima yana ƙonewa, amma ainihin sulfuric acid ne tare da chromium hexavalent mai guba. Ba za ku sami ramuka a hannunku ba, sai dai a kan tufafinku.
Marubucin wadannan layi ya san wani wawa wanda yayi amfani da potassium permanganate maimakon potassium dichromate. Bayan da aka tuntuɓar kwayoyin halitta, ya ɗan yi rauni. Waɗanda suke wurin sun yi wa kansu asiri, suka tsere da ɗan tsoro.
Hydrochloric acid
HCI
Babu sama da 38% a cikin ruwa. Daya daga cikin shahararrun acid don rushewa - a cikin wannan yana da sanyi fiye da sauran, saboda fasaha yana iya zama mai tsabta sosai, kuma ban da yin aiki a matsayin acid, yana samar da hadaddun chlorides waɗanda ke ƙara narkewa. Af, saboda wannan dalili ne cewa insoluble azurfa chloride ne sosai mai narkewa a cikin mayar da hankali hydrochloric acid.
Wannan, lokacin da ya shiga cikin fata, yana ƙonewa kaɗan, a zahiri, yana ƙonawa, kuma yana wari: idan kun yi aiki da yawa tare da acid hydrochloric mai yawa a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje tare da kaho mara kyau, likitan likitan ku zai gode muku: za ku sa shi mai arziki a kan cikawa. Af, cingam yana taimakawa. Amma ba yawa. Mafi kyau - kaho.
Tun da yake ba mai mai ba ne kuma baya zafi da ruwa da yawa, yana da haɗari ga karafa kawai, kuma ba duka ba. Af, karfe a cikin hydrochloric acid mai tattarawa yana wucewa kuma ya ce "nope!" Wannan shi ne abin da suke amfani da su yayin sufuri.
Nitric acid
HNO3
Ita ma ta shahara sosai, saboda wasu dalilai ma mutane suna tsoronta - amma a banza. Mai da hankali - wannan shine har zuwa 70% - shine mafi mashahuri, mafi girma - shine "shan taba", mafi yawan lokuta babu wanda yake buƙatar shi. Akwai kuma wanda ba shi da ruwa - shi ma yana fashe.
Da yake shi ne oxidizing wakili, shi passivates da yawa karafa da aka rufe da wani insoluble fim da kuma ce "lafiya" - shi ne chromium, baƙin ƙarfe, aluminum, cobalt, nickel da sauransu.
Nan take yana amsawa tare da fata bisa ga ka'idar amsawar xanthoprotein - za a sami tabo rawaya, wanda ke nufin cewa ku,% sunan mai amfani%, har yanzu kuna da furotin! Bayan wani lokaci, fatar launin rawaya za ta bashe, kamar an ƙone. A lokaci guda kuma, ya yi ƙasa da gishiri, ko da yake ba ya wari - kuma a wannan lokacin ya fi guba: nitrogen oxides masu tashi ba su da kyau ga jiki.
A cikin ilmin sunadarai, suna amfani da abin da ake kira "cakuda nitrating" - mafi mashahuri wanda ya ƙunshi sulfuric da nitric acid. Ana amfani dashi a cikin haɗin gwiwa, musamman a cikin samar da wani abu mai farin ciki - pyroxylin. Dangane da causticity - chromium iri ɗaya tare da kyakkyawar fata mai launin rawaya.
Akwai kuma "ruwa na sarauta" - wannan wani bangare ne na nitric acid zuwa sassa uku hydrochloric acid. Ana amfani da shi don narkar da wasu karafa, galibi masu daraja. Hanyar drip na duba samfurin samfurori na zinariya ya dogara ne akan nau'i daban-daban da kuma ƙara ruwa - ta hanyar, yana da wuyar gaske ga ƙwararrun masu amfani da wannan hanya don yaudara da karya. Dangane da causticity ga fata - iri ɗaya "cakuda nitrating" tare da ƙanshi mai girma, ƙanshi ba za a iya rikita shi da wani abu ba, kuma yana da guba sosai.
Har ila yau, akwai "reverse aqua regia" - lokacin da aka juya rabon, amma wannan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abu ne.
Phosphoric acid
Bayanin H3PO4
A gaskiya ma, na ba da tsari na orthophosphoric acid, wanda ya fi kowa. Kuma akwai kuma metaphosphoric, polyphosphoric, ultraphosphoric - a takaice, ya isa, amma ba kome.
Mahimmancin orthophosphoric acid (85%) shine irin wannan syrup. Acid kanta yana da matsakaici, ana amfani dashi sau da yawa a cikin masana'antar abinci, ta hanyar - lokacin da kuka sami cikawa, an fara haƙon haƙori tare da phosphoric acid.
Its lalata Properties ne don haka-haka, amma akwai m nuance: wannan syrup ne da tunawa. Don haka, idan ya digo akan abubuwa, sai a tsotse, sannan a hankali ya lalace. Kuma idan akwai tabo ko rami daga nitric da hydrochloric acid, to daga phosphorus abin zai ragu, wannan yana da launi musamman akan takalma, lokacin da ramin ya yi kamar ya rushe har sai ya juya daidai.
To, a gaba ɗaya yana da wuya a kira shi caustic.
Hydrofluoric acid
HF
Mahimmancin hydrofluoric acid shine kusan 38%, kodayake akwai ban mamaki.
Acid mai rauni wanda ke ɗaukar zafin soyayyar ions fluoride don samar da ma'auni na dindindin tare da duk wanda zai iya tare da shi. Saboda haka, abin mamaki yana narkar da abin da wasu, abokai masu ƙarfi ba za su iya ba, sabili da haka ana amfani da su sosai a cikin gauraye daban-daban don rushewa. Lokacin da kuka samo shi a hannunku, abubuwan jin daɗi za su fi girma daga sauran sassan irin waɗannan gaurayawan, amma akwai nuance.
Hydrofluoric acid yana narkar da SiO2. Wato yashi. Gilashi kenan. Wato quartz. Da sauransu. A'a, idan kun watsar da wannan acid akan taga, ba zai narke ba, amma tabo mai hazo zai kasance. Don narke, kuna buƙatar riƙe shi na dogon lokaci, ko ma mafi kyau, zafi shi. Lokacin da aka narkar da, an saki SiF4, wanda ke da amfani ga lafiyar jiki wanda ya fi kyau a yi shi a karkashin kaho.
Ƙaramar yanayi amma mai daɗi: ku,% sunan mai amfani%, yana ɗauke da silicon a cikin kusoshi. Don haka, idan acid hydrofluoric ya shiga ƙarƙashin kusoshi, ba za ku lura da wani abu ba. Amma ba za ku iya yin barci da dare ba - zai yi zafi sosai har wani lokacin kuna son yaga yatsan ku. Ka yarda da ni, abokina, na sani.
Kuma gaba ɗaya, hydrofluoric acid yana da guba, carcinogenic, shafe ta cikin fata da sauran abubuwa da yawa - amma a yau muna magana ne game da causticity, daidai?
Kuna tuna yadda muka yarda a farkon cewa ba za a sami fluoride ba? Ba zai kasance ba. Amma za su...
Fluorides na inert gas
A gaskiya ma, fluorine mutum ne mai tauri, ba za ku iya nunawa da gaske ba, sabili da haka wasu iskar gas marasa amfani suna samar da fluorides tare da shi. Ana san waɗannan bargayen fluorides: KrF2, XeF2, XeF4, XeF6. Duk waɗannan lu'ulu'u ne, waɗanda a cikin iska a cikin sauri daban-daban kuma suna bazuwa tare da danshi zuwa acid hydrofluoric. Causticity ya dace.
Hydroiodic acid
HI
Mafi ƙarfi (dangane da matakin rarraba cikin ruwa) binary acid. Wani wakili mai ƙarfi mai ragewa, wanda masana kimiyyar kwayoyin ke amfani da su. A cikin iska yana yin oxidize kuma ya zama launin ruwan kasa, wanda ke haifar da tabo yayin haɗuwa. Abin da ake ji akan hulɗa yana kama da ruwan gishiri. Duka.
Perchloric acid
HClO4
Daya daga cikin mafi karfi (dangane da matakin dissociation a cikin ruwa) acid a general (super acid gasa tare da shi - ƙarin game da su a kasa) - da Hammett acidity aiki (launi lambobi na iyawar matsakaici don zama mai ba da gudummawar proton). dangane da tushen sabani, ƙananan lambar, mafi ƙarfi acid) shine - 13. Anhydrous wakili ne mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, yana son fashewa, kuma gabaɗaya ba shi da kwanciyar hankali. Mai da hankali (70% -72%) shine wakili mai oxidizing ba mafi muni ba, sau da yawa ana amfani dashi a cikin bazuwar abubuwan halitta. Rushewa yana da ban sha'awa kuma mai ban sha'awa saboda yana iya fashewa a cikin tsari: kana buƙatar tabbatar da cewa babu ƙwayoyin kwal, cewa ba ya tafasa da ƙarfi, da dai sauransu. Perchloric acid kuma yana da datti - ba za a iya tsarkake shi ta hanyar rarrabawa ba, kamuwa da cuta ya fashe! Saboda haka, ba a amfani da shi sau da yawa.
Idan ya hadu da fata, yana konewa kuma yana jin kamar gishiri. Yana wari. Lokacin da ka ga a cikin fina-finai cewa wani ya jefa gawa a cikin akwati da perchloric acid kuma ta narkar da, to, eh, wannan yana yiwuwa - amma zai dauki lokaci mai tsawo ko dumi. Idan kun zafi shi, yana iya fashewa (duba sama). Don haka ku kasance masu mahimmanci ga cinema (Ina tsammanin na ga wannan a cikin 10 Cloverfield Lane).
Af, causticity na chlorine oxide (VII) Cl2O7 da chlorine oxide (VI) Cl2O6 ne sakamakon gaskiyar cewa wadannan oxides samar perchloric acid da ruwa.
Yanzu bari mu yi tunanin cewa mun yanke shawarar hada karfi da acidity da causticity na fluorine a cikin wani fili: dauki kwayoyin perchloric ko sulfuric acid da maye gurbin duk hydroxyl kungiyoyin da fluorine! Sharar ba za ta zama mai wuya ba: za ta yi hulɗa da ruwa da makamantansu - kuma a wurin da abin ya faru za a sami acid mai karfi da hydrofluoric acid nan da nan. A?
Fluorides na sulfur, bromine da aidin
Ka tuna mun yarda muyi la'akari da ruwa kawai? Saboda wannan dalili, ba a haɗa shi a cikin labarinmu ba. chlorine trifluoride ClF3, wanda ke tafasa a + 12 ° C, ko da yake duk labarun ban tsoro cewa yana da mummunar guba, yana kunna gilashi, abin rufe fuska, kuma lokacin da ya zubar da kilo 900, yana cin 30 cm na siminti da mita na tsakuwa - duk wannan gaskiya ne. Amma mun yarda - ruwaye.
Duk da haka, akwai ruwan rawaya - Iodine pentafluoride IF5, ruwa mara launi - Bromine trifluoride BrF3, rawaya mai haske - Bromine pentafluoride BrF5, wanda ba su da muni. BrF5, alal misali, yana narkar da gilashi, karafa da siminti.
Hakazalika, a tsakanin dukkan sulfur fluorides, kawai Disulfur decafluoride (wani lokaci kuma ana kiransa sulfur pentafluoride) ruwa ne mara launi tare da dabarar S2F10.. Amma wannan fili yana da kwanciyar hankali a yanayin zafi na yau da kullun, ba ya lalata da ruwa - sabili da haka ba musamman caustic ba. Gaskiya ne, sau 4 ya fi mai guba fiye da phosgene tare da irin wannan tsarin aiki.
Af, aidin pentafluoride an ce ya kasance "gas na musamman" da aka yi amfani da shi don cika yanayi a cikin motar tserewa a cikin al'amuran karshe na fim din Alien na 1979. To, ban tuna ba, gaskiya.
Super acid
Kalmar "super acid" James Conant ne ya kirkiro shi a cikin 1927 don rarraba acid ɗin da ya fi karfi fiye da ma'adinai na yau da kullum. A wasu kafofin, ana rarraba acid perchloric a matsayin super acid, kodayake wannan ba haka bane - ma'adinai ne na yau da kullun.
Yawancin superacids sune ma'adinan acid waɗanda aka haɗa halogen: halogen yana jan electrons akan kansa, duk atom suna fushi sosai, kuma komai yana zuwa hydrogen kamar yadda aka saba: yana faɗuwa a cikin sigar H + - boom: don haka acid ya kara karfi.
Misalai - fluorosulfuric da chlorosulfuric acid
Fluorosulfuric acid yana da aikin Hammett na -15,1; ta hanyar, godiya ga fluorine, wannan acid a hankali yana narkar da bututun gwajin da aka adana shi.
Sai wani mai hankali ya yi tunani: bari mu ɗauki Lewis acid (wani abu da zai iya karɓar electrons biyu daga wani abu) mu haxa shi da Brønsted acid (wani abu da zai iya ba da proton)! Mun hada antimony pentafluoride da hydrofluoric acid muka samu hexafluorantimony acid HSbF6. A cikin wannan tsarin, hydrofluoric acid yana fitar da proton (H+), kuma tushen haɗin gwiwa (F-) ya keɓe ta hanyar haɗin kai tare da antimony pentafluoride. Wannan yana haifar da babban octahedral anion (SbF6-), wanda shine ƙananan nucleophile mai rauni da tushe mai rauni sosai. Bayan ya zama "kyauta", proton yana ƙayyade hyperacidity na tsarin - aikin Hammett -28!
Sai wasu suka zo suka ce dalilin da ya sa suka ɗauki acid mai rauni na Bernstead suka fito da wannan.
Tetrafluoromethanesulfonic acid
- a cikin kanta ya riga ya zama super acid (Hammett aikin - 14,1). Don haka, sun sake ƙara antimony pentafluoride zuwa gare ta - sun sami raguwa zuwa -16,8! Dabarar guda tare da fluorosulfuric acid ya ba da raguwa zuwa -23.
Sannan kuma wata gungun masana kimiyya daga sashen ilmin sinadarai na Jami’ar Amurka ta California, karkashin jagorancin Farfesa Christopher Reed, sun rataye tare da takwarorinsu na Cibiyar Catalysis na Sashen Siberiya na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha (Novosibirsk) inda suka fito da carborane. Acid H (CHB11Cl11). To, sun kira shi "carborane" ga talakawa, amma idan kana so ka ji kamar masanin kimiyya, ka ce "2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12-undecachlor-1- carba-closo-dodecaborane (12)” sau uku da sauri.
Wannan shine yadda wannan kyawun yayi kama
Wannan busasshiyar foda ce mai narkewa a cikin ruwa. Wannan shine Mafi Qarfin Acid a halin yanzu. Acid Carborane yana da ƙarfi kusan sau miliyan fiye da sulfuric acid da aka tattara. Ba zai yiwu a auna ƙarfin acid a kan ma'auni na al'ada ba, tun da acid yana haɓaka duk sansanonin raunin da aka sani da duk abubuwan da ke narkewa a ciki, ciki har da ruwa, benzene, fullerene-60, da sulfur dioxide.
Daga baya, Christopher Reed ya gaya wa sabis ɗin labarai na Nature: “An haifi ra’ayin haɗar acid na carborane daga zato game da “kwayoyin da ba a taɓa yin su ba.” Tare da abokan aikinsa, yana so ya yi amfani da acid carborane don oxidize atom na inert gas xenon - kawai saboda babu wanda ya yi haka a baya. Asali, me zan iya cewa.
To, tun da yake super acid acid ne na yau da kullun, suna aiki akai-akai, dan kadan ne kawai. A bayyane yake cewa fata za ta ƙone, amma wannan ba yana nufin cewa za ta narke ba. Fluorosulfonic acid wani lamari ne daban, amma duk godiya ce ga fluorine, kamar a cikin fluoride.
Trihaloacetic acid
Musamman, trifluoroacetic da trichloroacetic acid
Cute kuma mai daɗi saboda haɗuwa da kaddarorin wani kaushi na polar Organic da ingantaccen acid mai ƙarfi. Suna wari-kamar vinegar.
Mafi kyawun abu shine trifluoroacetic acid: bayani na 20% yana lalata karafa, abin toshe kwalaba, roba, bakelite, polyethylene. Fatar tana konewa kuma ta haifar da busassun gyambon da ya kai ga Layer na tsoka.
Trichloroacetic acid shine kanin kanin a wannan bangaren, amma hakan ma yayi kyau. Af, tafi ga mafi raunin jima'i: don neman kyakkyawa, wasu suna zuwa hanyar da ake kira TCA peeling hanya (TCA shine TetraChloroAcetate) - lokacin da ake amfani da wannan tetrachloroacetic acid don narkar da saman, m Layer na fata.
Gaskiya ne, idan likitan kwalliya yayi hira akan wayar, gazawar zai yiwu
To, wani abu kamar wannan, idan muka yi magana game da ruwa da causticity. Shin za a sami ƙarin ƙari?
source: www.habr.com