Sannu %username%.
Kamar yadda aka yi alkawari, ga labarin-labari game da sinadarin phosphorus mai launin rawaya da kuma yadda ya kone da ɗaukaka kusa da Lvov a Ukraine kwanan nan.
Ee, na sani - Google yana ba da bayanai da yawa game da wannan hatsarin. Abin takaici, yawancin abin da yake bayarwa ba gaskiya ba ne, ko kuma, kamar yadda shaidun gani da ido suka ce, shirme.
Bari mu gano!
To, a farkon - babu wanda ya fi so kayan abu, amma ta hanyar yana da mahimmanci!
Bisa ga Wikipedia mai ban sha'awa, phosphorus yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan gama gari na ɓawon burodi na duniya: abun ciki shine 0,08-0,09% na adadinsa. Ba a samun shi a cikin 'yanci saboda yawan ayyukan sinadarai. Yana samar da kusan ma'adanai 190, mafi mahimmancin su shine apatite Ca5 (PO4) 3 (F, Cl, OH), phosphorite Ca3 (PO4) 2 da sauransu. Phosphorus wani bangare ne na mafi mahimmancin mahaɗan halittu - phospholipids. Kunshe a cikin kyallen jikin dabba, wani bangare ne na sunadaran da sauran muhimman abubuwan gina jiki (ATP, DNA), wani bangare ne na rayuwa. Ka tuna da wannan, % username%, kuma za mu ci gaba.
Phosphorus a cikin tsantsar siffarsa fari ne, ja, baki da ƙarfe. Ana kiran wannan gyare-gyare na allotropic - mafi raunin jima'i yana da masaniya sosai a cikinsu, saboda ta hanyar taɓawa za su iya bambanta lu'u-lu'u daga graphite - kuma waɗannan su ne gyare-gyare na allotropic, kawai don carbon. Gabaɗaya, phosphorus iri ɗaya ne.
Jarumin labarinmu - rawaya phosphorus - a zahiri fari ne wanda ba shi da kyau. Sau da yawa, "marasa ladabi" yana nufin haɗuwa da jan phosphorus, kuma ba wasu abubuwa masu ban tsoro ba.
Yellow phosphorus (duk da haka, kamar fari) shine ainihin jahannama: mai guba mai guba (mafi girman iyakar maida hankali a cikin iska shine 0,0005 mg / m³), wani abu mai flammable crystalline daga haske rawaya zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Musamman nauyi 1,83 g/cm³, yana narkewa a +43,1 °C, yana tafasa a +280 °C. Ba ya narke cikin ruwa, cikin sauƙi oxidizes a cikin iska kuma yana ƙonewa ba tare da bata lokaci ba. Yana ƙonewa tare da harshen wuta mai haske mai haske tare da sakin farin hayaki mai kauri - ƙananan barbashi na tetraphosphorus decaoxide P4O10. Wannan ya sake ban sha'awa Wikipedia, amma don Allah, % sunan mai amfani% - tuna wannan bayanin kuma.
Yanzu za mu gane.
To, da farko, duk da guba na phosphorus, yana da matukar wahala a guba su don wani dalili mai sauƙi: yana ƙonewa a cikin iska. Da sauri sosai. Kuma yana ƙonewa, kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, tare da harshen wuta mai haske mai launin shuɗi. A aikace, yana kama da haka: kun sanya wani yanki a kan tebur - kuma a hankali ya fara shan taba kamar haka. Sai sauri. Sannan ƙari. Sannan yana walƙiya yana ƙonewa. Lokacin walƙiya ya dogara da girman yanki: ƙarami, mafi sauri. Abin da ya sa yana da wahala a gare ni in yi tunanin ƙura mai launin rawaya na phosphorus a cikin iska - kawai za ta kama wuta.
Ko da yake, za ku iya ƙin yarda, sun rubuta a nan: kashi mai kisa na rawaya phosphorus ga mutum shine 0,05-0,15 grams, yana narkewa da kyau a cikin ruwan jiki kuma yana da sauri lokacin da aka sha (a hanya, jan phosphorus ba zai iya narkewa ba saboda haka yana da ƙananan ƙananan). -mai guba). Mummunan guba yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka shakar tururin phosphorus mai launin rawaya da / ko lokacin da suka shiga sashin gastrointestinal. Guba yana da zafi a cikin ciki, amai, kyakkyawan haske a cikin duhu mai duhu wanda ke fitar da warin tafarnuwa, da gudawa. Wani alama na mummunan guba na phosphorus mai launin rawaya shine gazawar zuciya.
Bayan karanta wannan, saboda wasu dalilai na tuna game da guba na phosphine (alamomin suna kama da juna) kuma na yi tunani sosai - amma ba game da kasancewar tururin phosphorus mai launin rawaya ba, amma game da wadatar mutum wanda ya ga wani abu wanda ba a sani ba yana shan taba. haske a cikin duhu - kuma nan da nan ya ci. To, shi ke nan.
Af, don samun bayani na phosphorus a cikin ruwa na 3 mg / l - kuma wannan cikakken bayani ne, ba ya sake narkewa - kuna buƙatar girgiza wani yanki na phosphorus a cikin ruwa na mako guda. To, ban zo da wannan ba, GOST 32459-2013 ya ce haka - kuma wannan ba kowane irin Intanet ba ne a gare ku!
Gabaɗaya, a ra'ayi na, an wuce gona da iri da yawa na sinadarin phosphorus. Amma yana da wasu nuances. Game da su - a kasa.
Phosphorus yana ƙonewa, kamar yadda masana waɗanda ke aiki da shi suke faɗi, bisa ga ka'idar gimlet: wato, yanki mai ƙonewa yana ci a saman da ya ƙone. Zuwa tebur. A cikin karfe. A cikin boot. A hannu. Dalilin yana da sauƙi: samfurin konewa - phosphorus oxide - shine ainihin acidic oxide, wanda nan da nan ya jawo ruwa, ya samar da phosphoric acid. Phosphoric acid, ko da yake ba a matsayin mai dadi kamar sulfuric ko hydrofluoric acid, yana son ci ba kasa - sabili da haka lalata komai. Af, a wasu lokuta ana ƙara shi zuwa ruwa don tsaftace bayan gida. Kyakkyawan haɗuwa mai zafi mai zafi (har zuwa 1300 ° C) da acid mai zafi kuma yana ba da ƙarin ramuka zuwa teburin ku, kuma idan ba ku da sa'a, jikin ku. Kuma a, % username% yana da zafi sosai.
Na riga na bayyana sau da yawa kuma zan ci gaba da tabbatar da cewa babu wani abokin gaba mafi girma na mutum fiye da kansa: ba shakka, kadarorin rawaya phosphorus ba a lura da su ba - kuma mutanen kirki sun zo da ra'ayin ƙara shi zuwa wuta. harsashi, domin yana da matukar dacewa lokacin da wani abu ya kama wuta a iska kwatsam!
Yayi kyau sosai - zaku iya sha'awar
Amma mutane bayan irin wadannan hare-haren ba su da kyau sosai - don haka kada ku dubi
Tun da yake duk wannan yana da ban sha'awa sosai, ana aiwatar da haɓakawa, gwaji, sufuri, kasuwanci, amfani da zubar da kayan aikin phosphorus, la'akari da wasu yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, gami da:
- Sanarwa na St.
- Ƙarin ka'idoji na 1977 zuwa Yarjejeniyar Geneva don Kare Wadanda Yaƙi Yaƙi, 1949, da ke haramta amfani da fararen fararen fararen fata idan sun kasance cikin haɗari. Amurka da Isra'ila ba su rattaba hannu ba, ta hanyar.
- Dangane da yarjejeniya ta uku ga yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan wasu makamai na 1980, ba dole ba ne a yi amfani da makamai masu ƙonewa a kan fararen hula, haka kuma, ba dole ba ne a yi amfani da su a kan manufar soji da ke cikin yanki na tattara fararen hula.
Gabaɗaya, akwai takardu da yawa, amma suna da matsayi kusa da bayan gida, saboda ana amfani da waɗannan harsashi koyaushe - Palestine da Donbass za su tabbatar.
Tun lokacin da phosphorus ke amsawa da ruwa kawai a yanayin zafi sama da digiri 500, ana amfani da ruwa mai yawa don kashe phosphorus (don rage zafin wuta da canja wurin phosphorus zuwa ƙasa mai ƙarfi) ko maganin jan karfe sulfate (sulfate jan karfe), bayan haka. quenching, phosphorus ana zuba rigar yashi. Don hana konewa ba tare da bata lokaci ba, ana adana phosphorus mai launin rawaya kuma ana jigilar shi a ƙarƙashin ruwan ruwa (maganin alli chloride, don zama daidai, amma ruwa kuma zai fito). Wannan kuma yana da mahimmanci!
Wanene ke samar da phosphorus? Kuma a nan,% sunan mai amfani%, wani zai cika da girman kai: babban mai samar da phosphorus, abinci phosphoric acid, sodium hexaphosphate da tripolyphosphate yana alfahari da Kazakhstan!
A gaskiya ma, tun lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet, a cikin daukaka birnin Dzhambul (a, sunan daya Dzhambul Dzhabaev), Kazphosphate sha'anin da aka gina. Daga nan Dzhambul aka sake masa suna Taraz - to, kada mu tattauna abin da ya dace, Kazakhs sun fi sani - amma kasuwancin ya kasance. Kasancewar tushen tushen albarkatun ƙasa da iya aiki, da ƙarancin tsadar aiki (kuma a zahiri, babu inda za a yi aiki a Taraz / Dzhambul) an ƙaddara cewa an yi phosphorus mai rawaya a nan.
Lokacin da nake wannan kasuwancin - yana da kyau a can! Kudancin Kazakhstan, kilomita 300 zuwa Uzbekistan - dumi! Tsuntsaye suna waƙa! Komai kore ne! Duwatsu a sararin sama! Kyakkyawan!
Af, Kazphosphate shuka ba ya dame wannan idyll ta kowace hanya: duk a cikin greenery, furanni, a kan gangaren wani karamin dutse.
Yana da kyau a can
Dalilin kyau yana da sauƙi - kayan albarkatun kasa, samfurori da kayan sharar gida sune abubuwa masu dauke da phosphorus, wanda shine ainihin takin mai magani. A nan ne yake girma da furanni.
Af, manyan hukumomi na shuka ba sa son dandelions sosai. Babu wanda ya san dalili. Sabili da haka, kafin ziyarar manyan hukumomi, ma'aikata sun shirya wani subbotnik don ciyawar dandelion. To, yadda yake - don yin yaki tare da dandelions - kowa ya san daga dacha / lambun kayan lambu, a cikin tsarin rashin bin doka na phosphoric, wannan ba shi da ma'ana: isa ga rana, matsakaicin - biyu. Amma jagoranci shine abin da yake.
Aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na kamfani ya burge ni musamman. Akwai wasu manya-manyan ƙwaƙƙwaran gaske a wajen. Kuma don ku gane, % username%, 'yan gaskiya.
A cikin rawaya phosphorus, yana da mahimmanci don sarrafa ƙazanta - musamman arsenic, antimony, selenium, nickel, jan karfe, zinc, aluminum, cadmium, chromium, mercury, gubar, baƙin ƙarfe. Domin sarrafa duk wannan, dole ne a narkar da phosphorus, kuma a lokaci guda, duk abin da aka sarrafa kada ya tashi.
Matsala ta daya: yadda za a auna wani abu da ya kama wuta a cikin iska? Suna yin haka: suna guduma wani ingot na phosphorus a ƙarƙashin ruwan ruwa, suna kwashe manyan guda - ƙanana suna fushi da sauri - a tura su zuwa gilashin ruwa. Daga nan sai a auna wani gilashin ruwa, a dauki phosphorus daga farko, a shafe shi da barasa, jira har sai ya bushe - a jefa shi cikin gilashin ruwa mai auna. An ƙayyade yawan adadin phosphorus ta hanyar bambancin nauyi.
Tun da yana iya kama wuta - akwai maganin sulfate na jan karfe a kusa - idan ya kama wuta, sai su jefa shi a ciki.
Sa'an nan kuma an narkar da phosphorus. Yana narkewa a cikin nitric acid cike da tururin bromine - abu ne mai daɗi da ƙamshi. Ina ba da shawara a cikin tattalin arziki. Wajibi ne a jefa phosphorus a cikin wannan cakuda, sa'an nan kuma zafi shi kadan, kuma lokacin da amsawar ta fara, canza shi zuwa wani kwano tare da ruwan sanyi, saboda dumama yana da girma. Kuma motsawa, motsawa, motsawa - idan ba ku tsoma baki ba, to, sassan za su yi tsalle kawai daga miya mai kumfa - sakamakon zai zama kuskure! Suna tsoma baki tare da hannun, akwai mittens guda biyu akan shi: roba daga acid - kuma suna jin daga zafin jiki (kawai roba yana narkewa, amma kawai ji - baya ajiyewa daga saukad da acid. Duk da haka, idan phosphorus ya shiga, duka biyu ba za su ajiye ba. .
Ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa na rushewar rawaya phosphorus
A lokaci guda, nitrogen oxides da bromine suna tashi - wannan bayanin kula ne. 'Yan mata suna jin tsoron waɗannan jajayen wutsiyoyi da guntu na phosphorus, wanda zai iya shiga tufafi ko mitten. Guba "nau'i-nau'i" ko "maganin" na phosphorus baya tunawa.
Af, albashin 'yan matan da ke yin wannan bai wuce $ 200 ba (kuma amsar ita ce mai sauƙi: babu wani wuri da za a yi aiki a Taraz, na riga na faɗi wannan). Don haka lokaci na gaba,% sunan mai amfani%, lokacin da kuka yi kuka game da ƙarancin albashi da cutarwar aiki, tuna Kazphosphate!
To, yanzu da aka tattara ainihin ilimin, bari mu matsa zuwa ainihin haɗari a Lviv.
Tunda ana buƙatar phosphorus a Turai, Kazphosphate yana fitar da samfuran ta hanyar abokan hulɗar Czech. Ta hau a cikin tankuna cike da ruwa, kuma a bayyane yake cewa ta jirgin kasa.
A ranar Litinin, Yuli 16, 2007, da karfe 16:55 a gundumar Busk na yankin Lviv na Ukraine a kan matakin Krasne-Ozhidiv, tankuna 15 tare da rawaya phosphorus na jirgin ƙasa mai lamba 2005 sun ɓace kuma suka kife. Akwai kekunan kekuna 58 gabaɗaya. Tankunan sun biyo baya daga tashar Kazakhstan Asa (Taraz, Kazakhstan) zuwa tashar Oklesa (Jamhuriyar Poland). Zubar da sinadarin phosphorus daga tanki daya ya haifar da konewar wasu tankunan guda shida kwatsam.
Ya yi kama da almara
Kuma a sa'an nan - cakuda firgita, inflated da kafofin watsa labarai, rashin kwarewa da rawaya phosphorus da kuma cikakken jahilci ilmin sunadarai.
A lokacin da ake kashe gobarar, wani gajimare na kayayyakin kone-kone ya samu wuri mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 90 da abin ya shafa. Wannan shiyya ta ƙunshi ƙauyuka 14 na gundumar Busk, inda mutane 11 ke zaune, da kuma yankuna daban-daban na gundumomin Radekhiv da Brodiv na yankin. Ma’aikatar Kula da Gaggawa ta Ukraine ta ba mazauna ƙauyuka da ke kusa da su ƙaura kuma ta aika musu da motocin bas kusan goma, amma mutane da yawa sun ƙi barin gidajensu. Hukumomin Lviv sun ba da tabbacin cewa ba za a kori kowa da karfi ba, ko da yake sun yi gargadin rashin hasashen sakamakon hatsarin. Gabaɗaya, an sake tsugunar da mazauna kusan 6 na ɗan lokaci daga ƙauyuka 800 a yankin Bus na dare.
Ya zuwa ranar Talata, mutane 20 ne suka jikkata ( kwararru 6 na Ma’aikatar Harkokin Gaggawa, Wakilan Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida 2, Ma’aikatan Jiragen Sama 2 da kuma mutane 10 daga mazauna yankin), wadanda 13 daga cikinsu na kwance a asibiti a cikin wani yanayi mai tsanani da matsakaici. a cibiyar kula da lafiya na soja na rundunar Western Operational Command a Lviv. Bakwai da ke kwance a asibiti ma’aikatan ma’aikatar agajin gaggawa ne, biyu ma’aikatan hukumar binciken ababan hawa ta jihar ne, hudu mazauna yankin ne.
A lokaci guda kuma, mafi zalunci da kururuwa sun tashi a kafafen yada labarai. Wasu daga cikin lu'ulu'u:
- ...
Karanta duk wannan yana ba ni baƙin ciki. Domin yana nuna cikakken jahilcin ilmin sunadarai a cikin taro. Har ila yau, - yadda sauƙi yake amfani da talakawa marasa ilimi (ta hanyar,% sunan mai amfani%, kuma kun san cewa masu mallakar bayi a Amurka sun yi imani da cewa bayi ya kamata su kasance marasa ilimi - don haka ba za su iya ƙirƙira takaddun hutu ba, wasu takardu, daidaita tare da sauran ƙauyuka, daidaita tashin hankali da sauransu - kadan ya canza).
Ana nuna abubuwa da yawa ko žasa na haƙiƙa a cikin tarihin tarihin (a hankali - Ukrainian, idan ba ku san abin kunya ba - Google Translate):
Menene za a iya fahimta daga wannan tarihin?
- Babu wanda ya san komai.
- Kowa ya so a kara masa girma.
- Ma'aikatan kashe gobara/Ma'aikatar Gaggawa sun tsorata.
- Sojoji kuma.
- A cikin mazauna wurin an yi ta da ɗumi.
- Har sai da wakilan Kazphosphate sun isa ranar 18 ga Yuli, babu wanda ya fahimci abin da zai yi.
- Babu wanda ya so ya biya komai.
Bayan tattaunawa da wasu ma'aikatan Kazphosphate, wadanda ke da hannu kai tsaye wajen kawar da sakamakon hatsarin, zan iya faɗi haka.
Babu wani fashewa / konewa ba tare da bata lokaci ba / fashewar phosphorus - ya hau kansa cikin nutsuwa a karkashin ruwa. Ee, kuma rawaya phosphorus ba zai iya fashewa da kanta ba! Sai dai an samu lalacewar titin jirgin, lamarin da ya sa tankunan suka karkace. Lokacin da tankuna suka buge, fashewa ya samo asali, ruwa yana gudana ta cikinsa - da kyau, phosphorus ya kunna lafiya. Zazzabi da fasali na konewa a ƙarshe sun lalata tankin.
- Farin hayaki yana da fahimta - yana da nau'i biyu na phosphoric acid, amma ba phosphorus ba. Idan kun numfasa su - a, tari mai karfi zai fara kuma a gaba ɗaya ba shi da amfani musamman. Duk da haka, ba mai mutuwa ba ne. Yawancin raunukan da mutanen yankin suka samu sun faru ne saboda yadda mutane suka gudu don tattara guntun taba mai ban sha'awa a cikin kwalabe na ruwa, amma ba a kafa igiyar nan da nan ba - kowa ya ji tsoro.
- Tsoron masu kashe gobara da ake zaton "wannan shara tana kan wuta daga ruwa!" saboda gaskiyar cewa jet mai ƙarfi na ruwa ya karya phosphorus cikin ƙananan guda - da kyau, sai suka tashi suka kama wuta. Ya zama dole ko dai tare da rafi mai rauni, ko tare da kumfa, wanda aka yi daga baya.
- Af, lokacin da duk abin da aka kashe kuma kawai guda ya rage a cikin tanki, Kazakhs sun kashe shi. To, yadda suka kashe shi - sai suka tattara shi suka jefar da shi cikin bokitin ruwa da yawa. Ɗayan su shine babban masanin fasaha na shuka, mai sha'awar shan taba. Don haka - ya fitar da hayaki. A wasu wurare, har da hotuna na “mahaukacin Kazakh da ke shan taba a cikin wata mummunar gobara mai guba!” To me?
- Akwai kuma ba zai iya zama wani bala'i na muhalli da kuma "Chernobyl na biyu" - a gaskiya, yanayi ya sami kashi na takin mai magani phosphate.
- Mutumin da kawai ya nuna hali mai kyau, ya saurari Kazakhs kuma ya yi abin da ya dace shine Vladimir Antonets, Mataimakin Ministan Farko na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Gaggawa. Wataƙila saboda Kanar Janar tare da tarin kyaututtuka.
Bayan ya bayyana cewa abin mamaki bai yi tasiri ba: babu wani harin ta'addanci, babu barazanar bala'in muhalli - kuma, babu wanda ya mutu kuma ba za a ba da kudi ba - sun yi sauri sun rasa sha'awar bala'in. Abin da ya haddasa hatsarin a hukumance shi ne:
- Rashin isassun yanayin hanyoyin da ke wannan sashin layin dogo.
- Ketare dokokin aminci daga ma'aikatan ma'aikatan locomotive.
- Sakaci (wanda aka yi watsi da umarnin akan tsarin zafin jiki don jigilar kayayyaki na musamman masu haɗari).
- Rashin isasshen yanayin fasaha na tankuna.
Hasali ma wanda ya fi kowa gaskiya a cikin wadannan shi ne na farko. An kara da sauran don kada a biya Kazakhs na asarar kaya. To, yana kama da inshora ya biya shi.
Don haka kowa ya zauna da kansa.
Halin hali, % sunan mai amfani%: koyi ilmin sunadarai. Tana ko'ina. Zai taimake ka ka rayu, da tsira, da fahimtar wani abu da kanka.
Kuma a karshe ...
Ba duk sinadarai bane ke da illa. Idan ba tare da hydrogen da oxygen ba, alal misali, ruwa, babban bangaren giya, ba zai yiwu ba.
- Dave Barry, bai taba yin chemist ba
source: www.habr.com