"Wata rana a cikin rayuwar squirrel" ko daga tsarin ƙirar ƙira zuwa tsara tsarin sarrafa kansa don lissafin kadarorin kayan "Belka-1.0" (Sashe na 1)
Menene alakar "squirrel" da ita?
Nan da nan zan bayyana abin da "squirrel" ya yi da shi. Ci karo da ayyukan nishadi akan Intanet don koyan UML dangane da wani yanki da aka aro daga tatsuniyoyi (misali, [1]), Na kuma yanke shawarar shirya irin wannan misali ga ɗalibai na don su iya nazarin zane-zane iri uku kawai don farawa da: Zane-zane na Ayyuka, Tsarin Amfani da Tsarin Aji. Ba na fassara sunayen zane-zanen zuwa Rashanci da gangan don guje wa jayayya game da "matsalolin fassara." Zan bayyana abin da yake na ɗan lokaci kaɗan. A cikin wannan misalin ina amfani da tsarin Architect Enterprise daga wani kamfani na Australiya [2] - kayan aiki mai kyau don farashi mai kyau. Kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na horo na da nake amfani da su [3], kayan aikin ƙira mai kyau na kyauta wanda ke goyan bayan ka'idodin UML2.0 da BPMN, ba tare da karrarawa da whistles mara amfani ba dangane da damar gani, amma isa sosai don koyan tushen harshe.
Za mu yi aiki da kai da aiki na lissafin kuɗi don dukiya, wanda ya taso a cikin waɗannan matakai.
...
Tsibiri a cikin teku yana kwance, (E1, E2)
Hail a kan tsibirin (E3, E1)
Tare da majami'u masu launin zinari, (E4)
Tare da hasumiyai da lambuna; (E5, E6)
Spruce girma a gaban fadar, (E7, E8)
Kuma a ƙarƙashinsa akwai wani gida na crystal; (E9)
squirrel yana zaune a can, tame, (A1)
Haka ne, abin nishadantarwa! (A1)
Squirrel yana rera waƙoƙi, (P1, A1)
Ee, yana tsinke goro, (P2)
Kuma goro ba sauki ba ne, (C1)
Duk harsashi zinare ne, (C2)
Kernels zalla emerald; (C3)
Bayi suna gadin squirrel, (P3, A2)
Ku yi mata hidima a matsayin bayi iri-iri (P4)
Kuma an sanya magatakarda (A3)
Takaitaccen lissafi na labaran goro; (P5, C1)
Yana ba ta daraja ga sojoji; (P6, A4)
Ana zuba tsabar kuɗi daga harsashi, (P7, C2, C4)
Bari su yi iyo a cikin duniya; (P8)
'Yan mata suna jefa emerald (P9, A5, C3)
A cikin kantin kayan abinci, amma a ƙarƙashin bushel; (E10, E11)
...
(A.S. Pushkin "Tale of Tsar Saltan, na maɗaukaki kuma mai girma jarumi Yarima Guidon Saltanovich da kyakkyawar Gimbiya Swan", - Shekaru 10 daga ra'ayi zuwa bugawa, ta hanyar!)
Kadan game da lambobin da aka rubuta zuwa dama na layin. "A" (daga "Actor") yana nufin cewa layin ya ƙunshi bayani game da ɗan takara a cikin tsari. "C" (daga "Class") - bayani game da abubuwan aji waɗanda ake sarrafa su yayin aiwatar da matakai. "E" (daga "Muhalli") - bayani game da abubuwan aji waɗanda ke nuna yanayin aiwatar da matakai. "P" (daga "Tsarin") - bayanai game da hanyoyin da kansu.
Af, ainihin ma'anar tsari kuma yana da'awar cewa shi ne dalilin rikice-rikice na hanyoyin, idan kawai saboda gaskiyar cewa akwai matakai daban-daban: kasuwanci, samarwa, fasaha, da dai sauransu. da sauransu. (zaka iya gano, misali, [4] kuma [5]). Don guje wa jayayya, bari mu yarda da hakan Muna sha'awar tsarin daga ra'ayi na maimaitawa a kan lokaci da kuma buƙatar aiki da kai, i.e. canja wurin aiwatar da kowane bangare na ayyukan tsari zuwa tsarin sarrafa kansa.
Bayanan kula akan amfani da zanen Ayyukan
Bari mu fara yin ƙirar tsarinmu kuma mu yi amfani da zanen Ayyukan don wannan. Da farko, bari in bayyana yadda za a yi amfani da lambobin da ke sama a cikin samfurin. Yana da sauƙin yin bayani tare da misali mai hoto, amma a lokaci guda za mu bincika wasu (kusan duk waɗanda muke buƙata) abubuwan zane na Ayyukan.
Bari mu yi nazarin guntu mai zuwa:
...
Squirrel yana rera waƙoƙi, (P1, A1)
Ee, yana tsinke goro, (P2)
Kuma goro ba sauki ba ne, (C1)
Duk harsashi zinare ne, (C2)
Kernels zalla emerald; (C3)
...
Muna da matakai biyu na tsari P1 da P2, ɗan takara A1, da abubuwa na nau'o'i daban-daban guda uku: wani abu na C1 shine shigarwa zuwa mataki, abubuwa na C2 da C3 suna fitowa a sakamakon aikin wannan mataki P2 na mu. tsari. Don zane muna amfani da abubuwan ƙirar ƙira masu zuwa.
Ana iya wakilta guntuwar tsarin mu wani abu kamar haka (Hoto 1).
Hoto 1. Gutsure zane na ayyuka
Don tsara sararin samaniya da tsara zanen Ayyukan, za mu yi amfani da hanyar da ba ta dace ba, daga mahangar amfani na gargajiya na UML. Amma akwai dalilai da yawa na wannan. Da fari dai, kafin fara samfurin za mu tattara abin da ake kira yarjejeniyar yin tallan kayan kawa, wanda muke yin rikodin duk fasalulluka na amfani da bayanin kula. Na biyu, an yi amfani da wannan tsarin akai-akai a matakin ƙirar kasuwanci a cikin ayyukan gaske don ƙirƙirar tsarin software; 6]. Don zanen Ayyukan, mun ayyana cewa an tsara filin zane ta amfani da "hanyoyin iyo". Sunan waƙar zai dace da nau'in abubuwan ginshiƙi waɗanda za'a sanya akan waccan waƙar.
"Input and fitarwa kayan tarihi": Wannan waƙar za ta ƙunshi abubuwan abubuwa - abubuwan da ake amfani da su ko sakamakon aiwatar da wasu matakai.
"Tsarin matakai": Anan za mu sanya abubuwan ayyuka - ayyukan mahalarta tsari.
"Masu halarta": Hanyar abubuwan da za su nuna matsayin masu yin aiki a cikin tsarinmu, za mu yi amfani da nau'in samfurin abu iri ɗaya - abu, amma za mu ƙara ma'anar "Actor" a ciki.
Ana kiran waƙa ta gaba "Dokokin Kasuwanci" kuma a kan wannan waƙa za mu sanya ƙa'idodin aiwatar da matakan aiwatarwa a cikin tsarin rubutu, kuma don wannan za mu yi amfani da ƙirar ƙirar bayanin kula - bayanin kula.
Za mu tsaya a nan, kodayake muna iya amfani da hanyar "Kayan aiki" don tattara bayanai game da matakin sarrafa kansa. Hanya kuma na iya zuwa da amfani "Mataki da rarrabuwa na mahalarta", ana iya amfani da shi don haɗa matsayi zuwa matsayi da sassan mahalarta aiwatarwa.
Duk abin da na bayyana shi guntu ne al'adun gargajiya, wannan ɓangaren yarjejeniyar ya shafi ƙa'idodin tsara zane ɗaya da kuma, bisa ga ƙa'idodin rubutu da karanta shi.
"Recipe"
Yanzu bari mu yi la'akari da zaɓi na ƙirar tsarin musamman daga zanen Ayyuka. Wannan zaɓi ɗaya ne kawai, na lura cewa shine, ba shakka, ba shine kaɗai ba. Zane-zanen Ayyukan zai ba mu sha'awar daga ra'ayi na rawar da yake takawa a sauye-sauye daga ƙirar tsari zuwa ƙirar tsarin mai sarrafa kansa. Don yin wannan, za mu bi shawarwarin hanyoyin - wani nau'i na girke-girke wanda ya ƙunshi matakai biyar kawai da kuma samar da ci gaba na nau'i nau'i uku kawai. Yin amfani da wannan girke-girke zai taimaka mana samun cikakken bayanin tsarin da muke son sarrafa kai da tattara bayanai don ƙirar tsarin. Kuma ga dalibai a farkon karatun UML, wannan nau'i ne na ceton rai wanda ba zai ba su damar nutsewa a cikin kowane nau'i na hanyoyi da dabaru da ake samu a UML da kayan aikin ƙirar zamani ba.
Anan, a zahiri, shine girke-girke da kansa, sannan ku bi zane-zane da aka gina don yankin batun mu na “tatsuniya”.
Mataki na 1. Mun bayyana tsari a cikin nau'i na zane-zane na Ayyuka. Don tsari mai matakai sama da 10, yana da ma'ana a yi amfani da ƙa'idar rushewar matakin mataki don inganta iya karanta zanen.
Mataki na 2. Zaɓi abin da za a iya sarrafa kansa (ana iya haskaka matakan akan zane, alal misali).
Mataki na 3. Dole ne a sanya matakin mai sarrafa kansa aiki ko ayyuka na tsarin (dangantakar na iya zama da yawa-zuwa-da yawa), zana zane-zane mai amfani. Waɗannan su ne ayyukan tsarin mu.
Mataki na 4. Bari mu kwatanta tsarin cikin gida na AS ta amfani da zane-zane - Class. Hanyar "Input and Output Objects (Takardu)" hanyar ninkaya a cikin zane-zanen Ayyuka shine tushen gina samfurin abu da samfurin haɗin kai.
Mataki na 5. Bari mu bincika bayanin kula akan waƙar "Dokokin Kasuwanci"., suna ba da nau'ikan hani da yanayi daban-daban, waɗanda sannu a hankali ke canzawa zuwa buƙatun marasa aiki.
Sakamakon zane na zane (Ayyukan, Harka-Amfani, Class) yana ba mu kwatancen tsari a cikin ingantaccen bayani, watau. yana da karatu maras tabbas. Yanzu zaku iya haɓaka ƙayyadaddun fasaha, bayyana ƙayyadaddun buƙatu, da sauransu.
Bari mu fara yin samfuri.
Mataki na 1. Bayyana tsari a cikin sigar zanen Ayyuka
Bari in tunatar da ku cewa mun tsara filin zane ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin "swimming"; Baya ga abubuwan da aka kwatanta a sama, za mu yi amfani da ƙarin abubuwa, bari mu kwatanta su.
Yanke shawara (yanke shawara) yana nuna wurin reshen tsarin mu a cikin zane, da kuma haɗa zaren (Haɗa) - maƙasudin haɗuwarsu. An rubuta sharuɗɗan canja wuri a madaidaicin madauri akan sauyi.
Tsakanin masu aiki tare guda biyu (cokali mai yatsa) za mu nuna rassan tsari iri ɗaya.
Tsarin mu zai iya samun farawa ɗaya kawai - wurin shigarwa ɗaya (Farko). Amma ana iya samun kammalawa da yawa (Na ƙarshe), amma ba don takamaiman zanenmu ba.
Akwai kibiyoyi masu yawa tare da adadi mai yawa na abubuwa da haɗin kai, za ku iya fara gano matakan tsari, sannan ku yi bazuwar waɗannan matakan. Amma don tsabta, Ina so in nuna tsarin mu na "tatsuniya" gaba ɗaya a kan zane ɗaya, yayin da, ba shakka, muna buƙatar tabbatar da cewa kiban "ba su manne tare", zai yiwu a bi diddigin abin da aka haɗa daidai. ga me.
Hoto 2. Zane-zane na ayyuka - ra'ayi na gaba ɗaya na tsari
Domin a cikin layukan wakoki, an bar wasu bayanai game da tsarin, dole ne a dawo da su, an nuna su ta hanyar abubuwan da ke da launin fari. Waɗannan cikakkun bayanai sun haɗa da Canjawa/Maraba don Ma'ajiya da Matakin sarrafawa da shigarwa da kayan aiki da yawa. Yana da kyau a lura cewa wannan mataki kuma bai cika bayyana tsarin ba, saboda za mu buƙaci ware matakan watsawa da matakin liyafar, har ma da ƙara wani mataki daban don harsashi, kuma muna tunanin cewa da farko duk waɗannan ƙimar kayan abu yakamata a adana su na ɗan lokaci a wani wuri, da sauransu. da sauransu.
Bari mu kuma lura cewa tambayar asalin goro ba a amsa ba - daga ina suka fito kuma ta yaya suke zuwa squirrel? Kuma wannan tambaya (an yi alama a cikin rubutun ja a cikin bayanin kula - ɓangaren bayanin kula) yana buƙatar nazarin daban! Wannan shine yadda manazarci ke aiki - tattara bayanai bita-bi-bi-bi-bi-bi-bi-bi-bi-bi-bi-bi-bi-zata-da karɓar “lafiya” ko “no-okay” daga ƙwararrun batutuwan-mahimmanci kuma kawai mutanen da ba za a iya maye gurbinsu ba a matakin ƙirar kasuwanci lokacin ƙirƙirar tsarin.
Lura kuma cewa mataki na P5 ya ƙunshi sassa biyu.
Kuma za mu lalata kowane bangare kuma mu yi la’akari da shi dalla-dalla (Hoto na 3, Hoto na 4), saboda ayyukan da aka yi a cikin waɗannan matakai na musamman za a sarrafa su ta atomatik.
Hoto 3. Jadawalin ayyuka - dalla-dalla (sashe na 1)
Hoto 4. Jadawalin ayyuka - dalla-dalla (sashe na 2)
Mataki na 2. Zaɓi abin da za a iya sarrafa kansa
Matakan da za a sarrafa su suna da haske a launi akan zane-zane (duba Hoto 3, Hoto 4).
Mahalarta guda ɗaya ne ke aiwatar da su duka - magatakarda:
- Yana shigar da bayanai game da nauyin goro a cikin bayanin;
- Yana shigar da bayanai game da canja wurin goro a cikin sanarwa;
- Ya rubuta gaskiyar canjin goro zuwa harsashi da kwaya;
- Yana shigar da bayanai game da kwaya a cikin bayanin;
- Yana shigar da bayanai game da harsashi na goro cikin lissafin.
Binciken aikin da aka yi. Menene na gaba?
Don haka, mun yi aikin shiri da yawa: mun tattara bayanai game da tsarin da za mu sarrafa ta atomatik; ya fara ƙulla yarjejeniya kan ƙirar ƙira (har ya zuwa yanzu kawai dangane da amfani da zanen Ayyukan); ya yi siminti na tsari har ma ya lalata matakai da yawa; Mun gano matakan aiwatar da za mu sarrafa ta atomatik. Yanzu muna shirye don ci gaba zuwa matakai na gaba kuma mu fara zayyana ayyukan tsarin da tsarin ciki.
Kamar yadda ka sani, ka'idar ba tare da aiki ba ba kome ba ne. Ya kamata ku gwada "samfurin" tare da hannuwanku, wannan kuma yana da amfani don fahimtar tsarin da aka tsara. Misali, zaku iya aiki a cikin yanayin ƙirar ƙira [3]. Mun lalata wani ɓangare na matakan tsarin tsarin gaba ɗaya kawai (duba Hoto 2). A matsayin aiki mai amfani, ana iya tambayarka ka maimaita duk zane-zane a cikin yanayin Modelio kuma aiwatar da bazuwar matakin “Cikin Canjawa/Maraba don Adana da Sarrafawa”.
Har yanzu ba mu yi la'akari da yin aiki a takamaiman yanayin ƙirar ƙira ba, amma wannan na iya zama batun labarai da sake dubawa masu zaman kansu.
A cikin kashi na biyu na labarin, za mu bincika ƙirar ƙira da dabarun ƙira waɗanda ake buƙata a matakai na 3-5; A ci gaba.
Jerin kafofin
- Yanar Gizo "UML2.ru". Dandalin Manazarta Al'umma. Babban sashe. Misalai. Misalan tatsuniyoyi a cikin sigar zanen UML. [Electronic albarkatun] Yanayin shiga: Intanet:
- Shafin yanar gizon Sparx Systems. [Electronic albarkatun] Yanayin shiga: Intanet:
- Gidan yanar gizon Modelio. [Electronic albarkatun] Yanayin shiga: Intanet:
- Babban Kamus na Encyclopedic. Tsari (fassarar). [Electronic albarkatun] Yanayin shiga: Intanet:
- Yanar Gizo "Kungiyar Gudanarwa mai tasiri". Blog. Taken "Gudanar da Tsarin Kasuwanci". Ma'anar tsarin kasuwanci. [Electronic albarkatun] Yanayin shiga: Intanet:
- Takaddun shaida No. 18249 kan rajista da ajiya na samfur na sakamakon aikin hankali. Alfimov R.V., Zolotukhina E.B., Krasnikova S.A. Rubutun taimakon koyarwa mai taken "Tsarin yankin batun ta amfani da Architect Enterprise" // 2011.
- Zolotukhina E.B., Vishnya A.S., Krasnikova S.A. Samfuran hanyoyin kasuwanci. - M .: KURS, NITs INFRA-M, EBS Znanium.com. - 2017.
source: www.habr.com