Masu haɓaka Indie galibi dole ne su haɗa ayyuka da yawa a lokaci ɗaya: mai tsara wasan, mai shirya shirye-shirye, mawaki, mai fasaha. Kuma idan yazo ga abubuwan gani, mutane da yawa suna zaɓar fasahar pixel - a kallon farko, yana da sauƙi. Amma don yin kyan gani, kuna buƙatar ƙwarewa mai yawa da wasu ƙwarewa. Na sami koyawa ga waɗanda suka fara fahimtar tushen wannan salon: tare da bayanin software na musamman da dabarun zane ta amfani da sprite biyu a matsayin misali.
Bayan Fage
Hoton Pixel wani nau'i ne na fasaha na dijital wanda ake yin canje-canje a matakin pixel. Yawancin yana da alaƙa da zane-zanen wasan bidiyo daga 80s da 90s. Sa'an nan kuma masu zane-zane sun yi la'akari da iyakokin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ƙananan ƙuduri. Yanzu fasahar pixel har yanzu sananne ne a cikin wasanni kuma azaman salon fasaha gabaɗaya, duk da yuwuwar ƙirƙirar zane na 3D na gaske. Me yasa? Ko da ban da son rai, ƙirƙirar aiki mai sanyi a cikin irin wannan tsayayyen tsarin ƙalubale ne mai kyau da lada.
Shamakin shiga cikin fasahar pixel ba shi da ɗan ƙaranci idan aka kwatanta da fasahar gargajiya da zane-zane na 3D, wanda ke jan hankalin masu haɓaka indie. Amma wannan ba yana nufin cewa zai yi sauƙi ba gama wasa a wannan salon. Na ga masu haɓaka indie da yawa tare da pixel art metroidvanias akan dandamalin taron jama'a. Sun yi tsammanin za su gama komai a cikin shekara, amma a gaskiya suna bukatar wasu shekaru shida.
Karfe Slug 3 (Arcade). SNK, shekara ta 2000
Fasahar Pixel a matakin da yawancin mutane ke son ƙirƙira yana ɗaukar lokaci, kuma gajerun koyaswar ba su da nisa tsakanin su. Lokacin aiki tare da ƙirar 3D, zaku iya juya shi, lalata shi, motsa sassansa ɗaya, kwafi rayarwa daga wannan ƙirar zuwa wani, da sauransu. Babban fasahar pixel kusan koyaushe yana ɗaukar ƙoƙari sosai don sanya pixels sosai akan kowane firam.
Gabaɗaya, na yi gargaɗi.
Kuma yanzu kadan game da salona: Na fi zana zane-zanen pixel don wasannin bidiyo kuma na sami wahayi a cikinsu. Musamman, ni mai son Famicom/NES, 16-bit consoles, da 90's arcade games. Za a iya kwatanta fasahar pixel na wasannin da na fi so na zamanin a matsayin mai haske, mai ƙarfin zuciya da tsabta (amma ba mai tsabta ba), maimakon maɗaukaki da ƙarancin ƙima. Wannan shine salon da nake aiki a cikin kaina, amma zaka iya amfani da dabaru da dabaru daga wannan koyawa cikin sauƙi don ƙirƙirar abubuwa daban-daban. Bincika aikin masu fasaha daban-daban kuma ƙirƙirar fasahar pixel da kuke so!
Software
Kayan aikin dijital na asali don fasahar pixel - Zuƙowa (Zoom) da Fensir (Pencil) don sanya pixels. Hakanan zaka buƙaci Layi (Layi), Siffa (Siffa), Zaɓi (Zaɓi), Matsar (Matsar) da Cika (Bucket). Akwai software masu kyauta da yawa da aka biya tare da irin wannan saitin kayan aikin. Zan yi magana game da mafi mashahuri da waɗanda nake amfani da kaina.
Fenti (Kyauta)
Idan kuna da Windows, an gina Paint a ciki - shirin na farko, amma yana da duk kayan aikin fasaha na pixel.
(shi kyauta)
Editan fasahar pixel mai aiki ba zato ba tsammani wanda ke gudana ta cikin mai lilo. Kuna iya fitar da aikinku zuwa PNG ko GIF mai rai. Babban zaɓi don masu farawa.
(shi kyauta)
GraphicsGale shine kawai editan da na ji an tsara shi musamman don fasahar pixel wanda ya haɗa da kayan aikin rayarwa. Kamfanin HUMANBALANCE na kasar Japan ne ya kirkiro shi. Tun daga 2017, an rarraba shi kyauta kuma har yanzu ana buƙata, duk da karuwar shaharar Aseprite. Abin takaici, yana aiki akan Windows kawai.
($)
Wataƙila mafi mashahuri edita a halin yanzu. , ton na fasali, tallafi mai aiki, nau'ikan Windows, Mac da Linux. Idan kuna da gaske game da fasahar pixel kuma har yanzu ba ku sami editan da ya dace ba, wannan na iya zama ɗaya gare ku.
($$+)
GameMaker Studio 2 kyakkyawan kayan aikin 2D ne tare da ingantaccen Editan Sprite. Idan kuna son ƙirƙirar fasahar pixel don wasannin ku, yana da matukar dacewa don yin komai a cikin shiri ɗaya. Yanzu ina amfani da wannan software a cikin aikina , tarin 50 retro games: Ina ƙirƙirar sprites da rayarwa a cikin GameMaker, da tilesets a Photoshop.
($$$+)
Photoshop software ce mai tsada, wanda aka rarraba ta hanyar biyan kuɗi, ba a tsara shi don fasahar pixel ba. Ba na ba da shawarar siyan wannan ba sai dai idan kuna cikin zane-zane masu tsayi ko kuma ba kwa buƙatar yin magudin hoto kamar na yi. Kuna iya ƙirƙirar sprites na tsaye da fasahar pixel a ciki, amma yana da wahala sosai idan aka kwatanta da software na musamman (kamar GraphicsGale ko Aseprite).
Wasu
Kit ɗin fasaha na pixel. Komai baki ne, kawai na lura.
Kwamfutar hoto ($$+)
Ina ba da shawarar allunan zane-zane don kowane aikin kwatancen dijital don guje wa ciwo na rami na carpal. Yana da sauƙin hanawa fiye da warkewa. Wata rana za ku ji zafi kuma zai kara tsananta - ku kula da kanku tun farkon farawa. Saboda yadda nake yin zane da linzamin kwamfuta, yanzu ina da wahalar yin wasannin da ke buƙatar danna maɓalli. A halin yanzu ina amfani da Wacom Intuos Pro S.
Tallafin hannu ($)
Idan ba za ku iya samun kwamfutar hannu ba, aƙalla siyan caliper na wuyan hannu. Abin da na fi so shine Mueller Green Fitted Wrist Brace. Sauran ko dai sun matse ko kuma ba da isasshen tallafi. Ana iya yin oda calipers akan layi ba tare da wata matsala ba.
96 × 96 pixels
fadan karshe. Capcom, 1989
Bari mu fara! Bari mu fara da 96x96 px hali sprite. A matsayin misali, na zana orc kuma na sanya shi a kan hoton allo daga Ƙarshen Ƙarshe (hoton da ke sama) don haka ku sami sikelin. Wannan большой sprite don yawancin wasanni na baya, girman hoton: 384×224 pixels.
A kan irin wannan babban sprite, zai zama sauƙi don nuna fasahar da nake so in yi magana akai. Hakanan, ma'anar pixel-by-pixel ya fi kama da nau'ikan fasaha na gargajiya (kamar zane ko zane) waɗanda ƙila kun saba da su. Bayan mun ƙware dabarun asali, za mu ci gaba zuwa ƙananan sprites.
1. Zabi palette
pixel ra'ayi ne mai zurfi a cikin fasahar pixel fiye da kowane daula na dijital. An bayyana fasahar Pixel ta iyakokinta, kamar launuka. Yana da mahimmanci don zaɓar palette mai dacewa, zai taimaka wajen ƙayyade salon ku. Amma a farkon, Ina ba da shawarar kada kuyi tunani game da palette da zabar ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ke wanzu (ko kawai wasu launuka bazuwar) - zaku iya canza shi cikin sauƙi a kowane mataki.
Don wannan koyawa, zan yi amfani da palette mai launi 32 da muka ƙirƙira don . Don fasahar pixel, galibi ana haɗa su daga launuka 32 ko 16. An tsara namu don wasan bidiyo na almara wanda zai iya bayyana wani wuri tsakanin Famicom da Injin PC. Kuna iya ɗauka ko wani - koyawa ba ta dogara da palette ɗin da aka zaɓa ba kwata-kwata.
2. M kwalaye
Bari mu fara zane da kayan aikin Fensir. Bari mu zana zanen kamar yadda muke yi da alkalami da takarda na yau da kullun. Tabbas, fasahar pixel da fasahar al'ada sun yi karo da juna, musamman idan aka zo ga irin wadannan manyan sprites. Abubuwan da na gani sun nuna cewa ƙwararrun masu fasaha na pixel sun fi kyau a zanen hannu da akasin haka. Don haka haɓaka ƙwarewar zane yana da amfani koyaushe.
3. Contouring
Muna kammala kwandon shara: cire ƙarin pixels kuma rage kaurin kowane layi zuwa pixel ɗaya. Amma mene ne ainihin rashin aiki? Don amsa wannan tambayar, kuna buƙatar fahimtar layin pixel da bumps.
kumbura
Kuna buƙatar koyon yadda ake zana layi na asali guda biyu a cikin fasahar pixel: madaidaiciya da mai lankwasa. Tare da alƙalami da takarda duk game da sarrafa tsoka ne, amma muna aiki tare da ƙananan tubalan launi.
Makullin zana layukan pixel masu dacewa shine rashin ƙarfi. Waɗannan pixels ɗaya ne ko ƙananan sassa waɗanda ke lalata santsin layin. Kamar yadda na fada a baya, pixel guda yana da matukar mahimmanci a cikin fasahar pixel, don haka rashin daidaituwa na iya lalata dukkan kyawawan abubuwa. Ka yi tunanin kana zana layi madaidaiciya akan takarda kuma ba zato ba tsammani wani ya bugi tebur: bumps a cikin fasahar pixel yayi kama da squiggle bazuwar.
misalai:
Lines na tsaye
Lanƙwasa
Jaggedness yana bayyana akan masu lanƙwasa lokacin da tsayin sassan layi baya karuwa ko raguwa a hankali.
Ba shi yiwuwa a kauce wa gabaɗaya - duk wasannin retro da kuka fi so suna da su (sai dai idan, ba shakka, fasahar pixel ta ƙunshi siffofi masu sauƙi kawai). Manufar: don rage rashin daidaituwa, yayin nuna duk abin da kuke buƙata.
4. Aiwatar da launuka na farko
Launi halin ku tare da cika ko wani kayan aiki da ya dace. palette zai sauƙaƙa wannan ɓangaren aikin. Idan software ɗin ba ta tanadar da amfani da palette ba, zaku iya saka ta kai tsaye cikin hoto, kamar yadda yake a cikin misalin da ke sama, kuma zaɓi launuka tare da gashin ido.
A kusurwar hagu na ƙasa, na zana abokinmu, ku saba, wannan shine Shar. Tare da shi, zai zama sauƙi don fahimtar ainihin abin da ke faruwa a kowane mataki.
5. Shading
Lokaci ya yi da za a ba da inuwa - kawai ƙara launuka masu duhu zuwa sprite. Don haka hoton zai duba mai girma uku. Bari mu ɗauka cewa muna da tushen haske ɗaya wanda yake sama da orc zuwa hagunsa. Wannan yana nufin cewa duk abin da ke sama da kuma gaban halayenmu za su haskaka. Ƙara inuwa zuwa ƙasan dama.
Siffai da girma
Idan wannan mataki yana da wuya a gare ku, yi tunanin zanenku a matsayin siffofi masu girma uku, kuma ba kawai layi da launi ba. Siffofin suna wanzu a sararin XNUMXD kuma suna iya samun ƙarar da muke ginawa tare da inuwa. Wannan zai taimaka ganin yanayin ba tare da cikakkun bayanai ba kuma ya sa ya zama kamar an yi shi da yumbu maimakon pixels. Shading ba kawai don ƙara sababbin launuka ba, yana game da gina siffar. A kan cikakkiyar hali, cikakkun bayanai ba su ɓoye ainihin siffofi ba: idan kun yi ƙwanƙwasa, za ku ga yawancin manyan gungu na haske da inuwa.
Smoothing (anti-aliasing, anti-aliasing)
Duk lokacin da na yi amfani da sabon launi, Ina amfani da anti-aliasing (AA). Yana taimakawa wajen santsin pixels ta ƙara matsakaicin launuka a sasanninta inda sassan layi biyu suka hadu:
pixels masu launin toka suna sassauta "karye" a cikin layi. Tsawon sashin layi, mafi tsayin sashin AA.
Wannan shine yadda AA ke kallon kafadar Orc. Ana buƙatar daidaita layin da ke wakiltar karkatar tsokoki.
Anti-aliasing bai kamata ya wuce sprite da za a yi amfani da shi a wasan ba ko kuma ba a san launinsa ba. Misali, idan kun yi amfani da AA zuwa bangon haske, anti-aliasing zai yi muni akan bangon duhu.
6. Zaɓaɓɓen kwane-kwane
A baya can, zane-zane sun kasance baki ɗaya, wanda ya sa sprite yayi kama da zane mai ban dariya. Hoton kamar an raba shi kashi-kashi. Misali, layukan baƙar fata a hannu suna nuna musculature sosai, kuma yanayin ya yi ƙasa da ƙarfi.
Idan sprite ya zama mafi dabi'a, kuma rarrabuwa ba a bayyane yake ba, to, ainihin siffofin halayen zai zama sauƙin karantawa. Don yin wannan, zaka iya amfani da zaɓaɓɓen zaɓe - maye gurbin ɓangaren baƙar fata tare da mai sauƙi. A kan ɓangaren haske na sprite, zaka iya amfani da launuka masu haske ko, inda sprite ke hulɗa da sararin samaniya, za ka iya cire gaba ɗaya jigon. Maimakon baƙar fata, kana buƙatar amfani da launi da aka zaɓa don inuwa - ta wannan hanyar za a kiyaye kashi (don rarrabe tsakanin tsokoki, Jawo, da sauransu).
Har ila yau, a wannan mataki na ƙara inuwa masu duhu. Ya zama nau'i uku na kore a kan fatar orc. Ana iya amfani da mafi duhu koren launi don zaɓaɓɓen kwane-kwane da AA.
7. Ƙarshen taɓawa
A ƙarshe, yana da daraja ƙara ƙarin haske (mafi ƙarancin spots akan sprite), cikakkun bayanai ('yan kunne, studs, scars) da sauran haɓakawa har sai halin ya shirya ko har sai kun matsa zuwa na gaba.
Akwai dabaru masu amfani da yawa waɗanda za a iya amfani da su a wannan matakin. Juya zane a kwance, wannan sau da yawa yana taimakawa wajen bayyana kurakurai a cikin ma'auni da shading. Hakanan zaka iya cire launi - saita jikewa zuwa sifili don fahimtar inda kake buƙatar canza inuwa.
Ƙirƙirar amo (hargitsi, dithering)
Ya zuwa yanzu, galibi mun yi amfani da manyan inuwa masu ƙarfi. Amma akwai wata dabara - dithering, wanda ke ba ka damar tafiya daga launi ɗaya zuwa wani ba tare da ƙara na uku ba. Dubi misalin da ke ƙasa.
Babban duhu zuwa haske gradient yana amfani da ɗaruruwan tabarau na shuɗi.
Matsakaicin gradient yana amfani da launuka tara kawai, amma har yanzu yana da inuwar launuka iri ɗaya. Akwai abin da ake kira banding (daga Turanci band - wani tsiri), wanda, saboda lokacin farin ciki uniform ratsi, ido mayar da hankali a kan maki lamba na launuka, maimakon launuka da kansu.
A kan gradient na ƙasa, mun yi amfani da dither wanda ke guje wa bandeji kuma yana amfani da launuka biyu kawai. Muna ƙirƙira amo na bambancin ƙarfi don kwaikwayi gradation launi. Wannan dabara ta yi kama da rabin sautin da ake amfani da shi wajen bugawa; da kuma stippling (stippling - grainy image) - a cikin kwatanci da ban dariya.
A kan orc, na ɗan ɗan yi ɗan ɗanɗano don isar da rubutun. Wasu masu fasahar pixel ba sa amfani da shi kwata-kwata, yayin da wasu ba sa jin kunya kuma suna yin shi da fasaha sosai. Na sami dithering ya fi kyau a kan manyan wuraren da ke cike da launi ɗaya (duba sararin sama a cikin hoton allo na Metal Slug a sama) ko wuraren da ya kamata suyi kama da rashin daidaituwa (kamar datti). Ka yanke shawara da kanka yadda zaka yi amfani da shi.
Idan kana son ganin misali na dithering mai girma da inganci, duba wasannin The Bitmap Brothers, ɗakin studio na Burtaniya daga 80s, ko wasanni akan kwamfutar PC-98. Kawai ka tuna cewa duk NSFW ne.
Kakyusei (PC-98). Elf, 1996
Akwai launuka 16 kawai a cikin wannan hoton!
8. Duban karshe
Ɗaya daga cikin hatsarori na fasaha na pixel shine cewa yana da haske da sauƙi (saboda tsarinsa da iyakokinsa). Amma a ƙarshe, za ku kashe lokaci mai yawa don daidaita abubuwan sprites. Yana kama da wuyar warwarewa wanda ke buƙatar warwarewa, wanda shine dalilin da yasa fasahar pixel ke jan hankalin masu son kamala. Ka tuna cewa sprite ɗaya bai kamata ya ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo ba - ƙaramin yanki ne na tarin guntu mai sarƙaƙƙiya. Yana da mahimmanci kada a rasa ganin babban hoto.
Ko da fasahar pixel ɗin ku ba don wasa ba ne, wani lokacin yana biya ku ce wa kanku, "Yana da kyau riga!" Kuma ci gaba. Hanya mafi kyau don haɓaka ƙwarewa ita ce ta hanyar gabaɗayan tsari daga farkon zuwa ƙarshe sau da yawa mai yiwuwa, ta amfani da batutuwa da yawa gwargwadon yiwuwa.
Kuma wani lokacin yana da amfani a bar sprite na ɗan lokaci don ku iya kallonsa da sabbin idanu kaɗan kaɗan.
32×32 pixels
Mun fara ƙirƙirar babban 96x96 pixel sprite, saboda a wannan girman ya fi kama da zane ko zane, amma pixelated. Ƙananan sprite, ƙananan kamannin abin da ya kamata ya nuna, kuma mafi mahimmancin kowane pixel shine.
A cikin Super Mario Bros. Idon Mario kawai pixels biyu ne da aka jera ɗaya sama da ɗayan. Shima kunnen sa. Mahaliccin hali Shigeru Miyamoto ya ce ana bukatar gashin baki don raba hanci da sauran fuska. Don haka daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da fuskar Mario ke da shi ba wai kawai zayyana hali ba ne, amma har ma da dabara. Wanda ke tabbatar da tsohuwar hikimar - "buƙata ita ce uwar basira."
Babban matakai na ƙirƙirar sprite 32x32 pixel sun riga sun saba mana: zane, launi, inuwa, ƙarin gyare-gyare. Amma a irin waɗannan yanayi, a matsayin zane na farko, na zaɓi siffofi masu launi maimakon zana zane saboda ƙananan girman. Launi yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a ma'anar hali fiye da zayyana. Kalli Mario kuma, ba shi da wani faci ko kaɗan. Ba gashin baki kawai ke da ban sha'awa ba. Ƙunƙarar gefensa yana bayyana siffar kunnuwansa, hannayensa suna nuna hannayensa, kuma gaba ɗaya siffarsa ko žasa yana zayyana dukkan jikinsa.
Ƙirƙirar ƙananan sprites shine kullun ciniki. Idan ka ƙara bugun jini, za ka iya rasa sarari don inuwa. Idan halinka yana da ma'anar hannaye da ƙafafu a sarari, kai bazai yi girma sosai ba. Yin amfani da launi, bugun jini mai zaɓe, da anti-aliasing yadda ya kamata zai sa abin da aka fassara ya yi girma fiye da yadda yake.
Don ƙananan sprites, Ina son salon chibi: haruffa suna da kyau sosai, suna da manyan kai da idanu. Hanya mai kyau don ƙirƙirar hali mai haske a cikin iyakataccen sarari, kuma a gaba ɗaya, salo mai dadi sosai. Amma watakila kana buƙatar nuna motsi ko ƙarfin hali, to, za ka iya ba da ƙananan sarari ga kai don sa jiki ya fi ƙarfin. Duk ya dogara da abubuwan da kuke so da burin ku.
Duk ƙungiyar tana nan!
Tsarin fayil
Irin wannan sakamakon zai iya sa kowane mai fasaha na pixel ya firgita
Hoton da kuke gani shine sakamakon adana hoton azaman JPG. Wani ɓangare na bayanan ya ɓace saboda algorithms na matsa fayil. Fasahar pixel mai inganci za ta ƙare da kyau, kuma mayar da shi zuwa palette na ainihi ba zai zama da sauƙi ba.
Don adana hoto a tsaye ba tare da rasa inganci ba, yi amfani da tsarin PNG. Don rayarwa - GIF.
Yadda ake raba fasahar pixel ta hanyar da ta dace
Raba fasahar pixel akan kafofin watsa labarun babbar hanya ce don samun ra'ayi da saduwa da sauran masu fasaha waɗanda ke aiki a cikin salo iri ɗaya. Kar a manta da amfani da hashtag #pixelart. Abin takaici, cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a sukan canza PNG zuwa JPG ba tare da tambaya ba, suna kara tsananta aikin ku. Kuma ba a koyaushe a bayyana dalilin da yasa aka canza hoton ku ba.
Akwai wasu nasihu kan yadda ake adana fasahar pixel a cikin ingantacciyar ingancin hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa daban-daban.
Don kiyaye fayil ɗin PNG baya canzawa akan Twitter, yi amfani da ƙasa da launuka 256, ko cewa fayil ɗin ku bai fi tsayin pixels 900 ba. Zan ƙara girman fayil ɗin zuwa aƙalla 512x512 pixels. Don haka sikelin ya zama nau'i na 100 (200%, ba 250%) kuma ana kiyaye gefuna masu kaifi (Neaest Deighbor in Photoshop).
GIF masu rai don abubuwan Twitter nauyi bai wuce 15 MB ba. Hoton dole ne ya kasance aƙalla 800x800 pixels, ƙirar madauki dole ne a maimaita sau uku, kuma firam na ƙarshe dole ne ya zama rabin lokacin sauran sauran - mafi mashahuri ka'idar. Duk da haka, ba a bayyana ko menene ya kamata a cika waɗannan buƙatun ba, ganin cewa Twitter yana ci gaba da canza algorithms nunin hoto.
Kamar yadda na sani, ba zai yiwu a buga hoto a Instagram ba tare da asarar inganci ba. Amma tabbas zai fi kyau idan kun ƙara shi zuwa aƙalla 512x512 pixels.
source: www.habr.com