Zaɓin littattafai kan yadda ake koyo, tunani da yanke shawara masu inganci

A cikin shafinmu na Habré muna buga ba kawai labarai game da su ba ci gaba al'ummar Jami'ar ITMO, amma kuma yawon shakatawa na hoto - alal misali, bisa ga mu dakunan gwaje-gwaje na mutum-mutumi, dakin gwaje-gwaje na tsarin cyberphysical и DIY mai aiki tare Fablab.

A yau mun tattara zaɓaɓɓun littattafai waɗanda ke duba hanyoyin inganta aikinku da ingantaccen nazari daga mahangar tsarin tunani.

Hotuna: g_ku /flickr/ CC BY-SA

Dabi'un Tunani

Me yasa masu hankali zasu iya zama wawa

Robert Sternberg (Jaridar Jami'ar Yale, 2002)

Mutane masu wayo wani lokaci suna yin kuskuren wauta sosai. Wadanda suka yi imani da iyawarsu a makance, sukan fada cikin makafi wadanda su kansu ba su sani ba. Marubutan da ke cikin wannan littafi sun yi nazari kan munanan halaye na masu hankali, tun daga yin watsi da alakar da ke bayyana dalili-da-sakamako zuwa dabi’ar wuce gona da iri. Wannan littafin zai taimaka muku yin tunani mai zurfi game da yadda muke tunani, koyo, da kuma aiki.

Yadda Yara Ke Kasa

John Holt (1964, Pitman Publishing Corp.)

Wani malami dan kasar Amurka John Holt yana daya daga cikin fitattun masu sukar tsarin ilimi da aka kafa. Wannan littafi ya dogara ne akan abubuwan da ya faru a matsayinsa na malami da kuma yadda ya lura da yadda daliban aji biyar ke fuskantar gazawar koyo. Surori suna tunawa da shigarwar diary - sun shafi yanayin da marubucin ya yi nazari a hankali. Karatun hankali zai ba ku damar sake tunani kan abubuwan da kuka samu kuma ku fahimci menene halayen “ilimi” suka kasance cikin ku tun lokacin ƙuruciya. An buga littafin a cikin harshen Rashanci a cikin 90s, amma tun daga lokacin ya ƙare.

Koyarwa a Matsayin Ayyukan Karɓa

Neil Postman & Charles Weingartner (Delacorte Press, 1969)

A cewar mawallafa, matsaloli da dama na ɗan adam - kamar ɗumamar yanayi, rashin daidaito tsakanin al'umma da annoba ta tabin hankali - har yanzu ba a warware su ba saboda tsarin ilimin da aka shuka a cikin mu tun muna yara. Domin gudanar da rayuwa mai ma'ana da kuma canza duniya cikin ƙwazo, mataki na farko shine canza halin ku game da ilimi da kuma hanyar samunsa. Mawallafa suna jayayya don tunani mai mahimmanci da tsara tsarin ilimi a kusa da tambayoyi maimakon amsoshi.

Koyon koyo

Ka Sa Ya Tsaya: Kimiyyar Nasara Koyo

Peter C. Brown, Henry L. Roediger III, Mark A. McDaniel (2014)

A cikin littafin za ku sami duka bayanin tsarin ilimi daga ra'ayi na tunani da shawarwari masu amfani don inganta shi. Ana ba da kulawa ta musamman ga dabarun ilimi waɗanda ba sa aiki a aikace. Marubutan za su bayyana dalilin da ya sa hakan ya faru kuma su gaya muku abin da za a iya yi game da shi. Misali, suna jayayya cewa daidaitawa da abubuwan da ɗalibi ya zaɓa ba shi da amfani. Bincike ya nuna cewa wasu hanyoyin da ake bi na koyarwa ba su shafar tasirin karatu.

Yawo: Ilimin halin dan Adam na Mafi kyawun Kwarewa

Mihaly Cziksentmihalyi (Harper, 1990)

Shahararren aikin masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. A tsakiyar littafin shine manufar "zubawa." Marubucin ya ba da tabbacin cewa ikon a kai a kai "haɗa cikin kwarara" yana sa rayuwar ɗan adam ta fi ma'ana, farin ciki da wadata. Littafin yayi magana game da yadda wakilan sana'o'i daban-daban - daga mawaƙa zuwa masu hawan dutse - sami wannan jihar, da abin da za ku iya koya daga gare su. An rubuta aikin a cikin harshe mai sauƙi kuma sananne - kusa da wallafe-wallafen nau'in "taimakon kai". A wannan shekara an sake buga littafin a cikin harshen Rashanci.

Yadda Ake Magance shi: Wani Sabon Al'amari na Hanyar Lissafi

George Polya (Jaridar Jami'ar Princeton, 1945)

Aikin gargajiya na masanin lissafin Hungary Gyorgy Pólya shine gabatarwar aiki tare da hanyar ilimin lissafi. Ya ƙunshi dabarun amfani da dama waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don magance matsalolin ilimin lissafi da sauran nau'ikan matsaloli. Hanya mai mahimmanci ga waɗanda suke so su haɓaka horo na hankali da suka dace don nazarin ilimin kimiyya. A cikin Tarayyar Soviet, an buga littafin a baya a shekara ta 1959 a ƙarƙashin taken "Yadda za a Magance Matsalar."

Yi tunani kamar masanin lissafi: Yadda ake magance kowace matsala cikin sauri da inganci

Barbara Oakley (TarcherPerigee; 2014)

Ba duka mutane ne ke son yin nazarin ainihin ilimin kimiyya ba, amma wannan baya nufin cewa ba su da wani abu da za su koya daga masana lissafi. Barbara Oakley, farfesa a Jami'ar Oakland, injiniya, masanin ilimin kimiyya da fassara, yana tunanin haka. Yi Tunani Kamar Masanin Lissafi yana nazarin tsarin aiki na ƙwararrun STEM kuma yana raba wa masu karatu mahimman darussan da za su iya ɗauka daga gare su. Za mu yi magana game da sarrafa kayan aiki ba tare da kullun ba, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya - gajeren lokaci da dogon lokaci, ikon dawowa daga gazawar da kuma yaki da jinkirtawa.

Koyon tunani

Jigogi na Metamagic: Neman Jigon Hankali da Tsarin

Douglas Hofstadter (Littattafai na asali, 1985)

Jim kadan bayan masanin kimiyyar fahimi kuma wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Pulitzer littafin Douglas HofstaderGödel, Escher, Bach"An buga, marubucin ya fara bugawa akai-akai a cikin mujallar Scientific American. An ƙara ginshiƙan da ya rubuta wa mujallar daga baya da sharhi kuma an haɗa su zuwa wani littafi mai nauyi mai suna Metamagical Themas. Hofstader ya tabo batutuwa daban-daban da suka shafi yanayin tunanin ɗan adam, daga tunanin gani da kiɗan Chopin zuwa hankali na wucin gadi da shirye-shirye. An kwatanta ka'idodin marubucin tare da gwaje-gwajen tunani.

Labirun Dalili: Paradox, Puzzles, and the Railty of Knowledge

William Poundstone (Anchor Press, 1988)

Menene "hankali na kowa"? Ta yaya ake samun ilimi? Yaya ra'ayinmu game da duniya ya kwatanta da gaskiya? Ana amsa waɗannan da wasu tambayoyi ta hanyar aikin William Poundstone, masanin kimiyyar lissafi ta hanyar horarwa kuma marubuci ta hanyar sana'a. William yayi nazari da amsa tambayoyin ilmin halitta ta hanyar bayyana fassarori masu kamanceceniya na tunanin ɗan adam waɗanda ba a iya mantawa da su cikin sauƙi. Daga cikin masu sha'awar littafin akwai masanin kimiyya Douglas Hofstader, wanda aka ambata a baya, marubucin almarar kimiyya Isaac Asimov, da masanin lissafi Martin Gardner.

Yi tunani a hankali... yanke shawara da sauri

Daniel Kahneman (Farrar, Straus da Giroux, 2011)

Daniel Kahneman farfesa ne a Jami'ar Princeton, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel, kuma daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa tattalin arziki. Wannan shi ne littafi na biyar kuma na baya-bayan nan na marubucin, wanda galibi ya sake bayyana wasu bincikensa na kimiyya. Littafin ya kwatanta tunani iri biyu: a hankali da sauri, da tasirinsu a kan shawarar da muke yankewa. Ana mai da hankali sosai kan hanyoyin yaudarar kai da mutane ke bi domin saukaka rayuwarsu. Ba za ku iya yin ba tare da shawara kan yin aiki akan kanku ba.

PS Kuna iya samun ƙarin littattafai masu ban sha'awa akan batun a cikin wannan ma'ajiyar.

source: www.habr.com