Ƙarfin motsi na Sapsan a matsakaicin saurin ya wuce megajoules 1500. Domin tsayawa gabaki ɗaya, duk dole ne a tarwatse da na'urorin birki.
Akwai wani abu nan kan Habre. Ana buga labarai da yawa na bita kan batutuwan layin dogo a nan, amma har yanzu ba a fayyace wannan batu dalla-dalla ba. Ina tsammanin zai zama abin ban sha'awa sosai don rubuta labarin game da wannan, kuma watakila fiye da ɗaya. Don haka, ina tambayar cat na waɗanda ke da sha'awar yadda aka tsara tsarin birki na sufurin jirgin ƙasa, kuma ga waɗanne dalilai aka tsara su ta wannan hanyar.
1. Tarihin birki na iska
Aikin sarrafa kowace abin hawa ya haɗa da daidaita saurinta. Harkokin sufurin jirgin ƙasa ba banda bane; haka kuma, fasalulluka na ƙirar sa suna gabatar da mahimman nuances cikin wannan tsari. Jirgin ƙasa ya ƙunshi manyan karusai masu alaƙa da juna, kuma tsarin da ya haifar yana da tsayi mai tsayi da nauyi a cikin sauri mai kyau.
A-priory, birki jerin na'urori ne da aka ƙera don ƙirƙirar ƙarfin juriya na wucin gadi da ake amfani da su don rage saurin abin hawa.
Mafi bayyananne, akan saman, hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙarfin birki shine amfani da gogayya. Tun daga farko har zuwa yau, an yi amfani da birki na takalmi. Na'urori na musamman - ƙwanƙwasa birki, waɗanda aka yi da wani abu tare da ƙimar juzu'i mai ƙarfi, ana matse su da injina akan saman mirgina na dabaran (ko a kan fayafai na musamman waɗanda aka ɗora akan axle na wheelset). Ƙarfin jujjuyawar ya taso tsakanin mashin da dabaran, yana haifar da juzu'in birki.
Ana daidaita ƙarfin birki ta hanyar canza ƙarfin danna pads akan dabaran - matsa lamba birki. Tambayar kawai ita ce abin da ake amfani da motar don danna pads, kuma, a wani ɓangare, tarihin birki shine tarihin ci gaban wannan tuƙi.
Birkin layin dogo na farko na inji ne kuma an yi amfani da shi da hannu, daban-daban akan kowane abin hawa ta mutane na musamman - birki ko madugu. Direbobin sun kasance a kan abin da ake kira dandali na birki da kowace mota ke da su, kuma sun yi birki a siginar direban. An yi musayar sigina tsakanin direban da masu gudanarwa ta hanyar amfani da igiya na sigina na musamman da aka shimfida tare da dukkan jirgin, wanda ya kunna busa na musamman.
Wagon na vintage biyu mai ɗaukar nauyi tare da kushin birki. Ganuwa ƙullin birki na hannu
Ita kanta birkin da ke tukawa da injina tana da ɗan ƙarfi. Adadin matsi na birki ya dogara ne da ƙarfi da ƙaƙƙarfan mai gudanarwa. Bugu da ƙari, yanayin ɗan adam ya tsoma baki tare da aiki na irin wannan tsarin birki - masu gudanarwa ba koyaushe suna yin aikinsu daidai ba. Ba a buƙatar yin magana game da ingancin irin wannan birki, da kuma karuwar saurin jiragen da aka yi amfani da su.
Ci gaba da ci gaba da birki da ake buƙata, na farko, karuwa a cikin matsa lamba, kuma abu na biyu, yiwuwar sarrafa nesa akan duk motoci daga wurin aikin direba.
Motar ruwa da ake amfani da ita a cikin birki na mota ya zama tartsatsi saboda yana ba da babban matsin lamba tare da ƙananan injina. Duk da haka, lokacin amfani da irin wannan tsarin a kan jirgin kasa, babban koma bayansa zai bayyana: buƙatar ruwa mai aiki na musamman - ruwan birki, wanda ba a yarda da shi ba. Tsawon tsayin layukan hydraulic birki a cikin jirgin ƙasa, tare da manyan buƙatu don matsawarsu, yana sa ba zai yiwu ba da rashin hankali don ƙirƙirar birkin jirgin ƙasa na ruwa.
Wani abu kuma shine tuƙin pneumatic. Yin amfani da iska mai ƙarfi yana sa ya yiwu a sami babban ƙarfin birki tare da ma'auni mai karɓa na masu kunnawa - silinda birki. Babu ƙarancin ruwa mai aiki - iska tana kewaye da mu, kuma ko da akwai ɗigon ruwa mai aiki daga tsarin birki (kuma tabbas yana yi), ana iya sake cika shi cikin sauƙi.
Mafi sauƙin tsarin birki ta amfani da matsewar makamashin iska shine kai tsaye birki ba na atomatik ba
Hoto na birki mai sarrafa kai tsaye: 1 - compressor; 2 - babban tanki; 3 - layin wadata; 4 - crane na jirgin kasa; 5 - layin birki; 6 - silinda birki; 7 - saki spring; 8, 9 - watsa birki na inji; 10- birki.
Don sarrafa irin wannan birki, ana buƙatar samar da iska mai matsewa, wanda aka adana a kan locomotive a cikin wani tanki na musamman da ake kira. babban tafki (2). Ana yin allurar iska a cikin babban tanki da kiyaye matsa lamba a ciki compressor (1), mai sarrafa wutar lantarki. Ana isar da iskar da aka matsa zuwa na'urorin sarrafa birki ta wani bututu na musamman da ake kira abinci mai gina jiki (NM) ko matsa lamba babbar hanya (3).
Ana sarrafa birkin motocin kuma ana ba su iskar matse ta hanyar dogon bututun da ke ratsa cikin jirgin gaba ɗaya kuma ana kiransa. layin birki (TM) (5). Lokacin da aka ba da iska mai matsa lamba ta TM, yana cika birki cylinders (TC) (6) an haɗa kai tsaye zuwa TM. Matsanancin iska yana danna piston, yana danna mashinan birki 10 akan ƙafafun, duka akan locomotive da kan motoci. Birki yana faruwa.
Don tsayawa birki, wato hutu birki, wajibi ne don sakin iska daga layin birki zuwa cikin yanayi, wanda zai haifar da komawar hanyoyin birki zuwa matsayinsu na asali saboda ƙarfin maɓuɓɓugan fitarwa da aka sanya a cikin TC.
Don birki, wajibi ne a haɗa layin birki (TM) tare da layin ciyarwa (PM). Don hutu, haɗa layin birki zuwa yanayi. Ana yin waɗannan ayyuka ta na'ura ta musamman - crane jirgin kasa direba (4) - Lokacin da ake birki, yana haɗa PM da PM, idan aka sake shi, yana cire haɗin waɗannan bututun, a lokaci guda yana fitar da iska daga PM zuwa sararin samaniya.
A cikin irin wannan tsarin, akwai matsayi na uku, matsakaici na crane direba - rufin rufin lokacin da PM da TM suka rabu, amma sakin iska daga TM zuwa cikin yanayi bai faru ba, kullun direba ya ware shi gaba daya. Matsin da aka tara a cikin TM da TC ana kiyaye shi kuma lokacin da aka kiyaye shi a matakin da aka saita yana ƙayyade yawan yawan zubar da iska ta hanyar leaks daban-daban, da kuma juriya na thermal na birki, wanda ke zafi a lokacin rikici. tayar motar. Sanya shi a cikin rufi duka yayin birki da lokacin saki yana ba ku damar daidaita ƙarfin birki a cikin matakai. Wannan nau'in birki yana ba da birkin mataki biyu da sakin mataki.
Duk da sauƙin irin wannan tsarin birki, yana da aibi mai muni - lokacin da jirgin ƙasa ba a haɗa shi ba, layin birki ya tsage, iska ta fita daga gare ta kuma jirgin yana barin ba tare da birki ba. Don haka ne ba za a iya amfani da irin wannan birki ba a cikin harkokin sufurin jiragen ƙasa, farashin gazawarsa ya yi yawa. Ko da ba tare da fashewar jirgin kasa ba, idan an sami ruwan sama mai yawa, aikin birki zai ragu.
Dangane da abin da ke sama, abin da ake buƙata ya taso cewa an fara birkin jirgin ƙasa ba ta karuwa ba, amma ta raguwar matsa lamba a cikin TM. Amma yadda za a cika birki cylinders? Wannan yana haifar da buƙatu na biyu - kowace naúrar motsi a cikin jirgin dole ne ta adana iskar da aka matsa, wanda dole ne a cika shi da sauri bayan kowace birki.
Tunanin injiniya a ƙarshen karni na 1872 ya zo ga irin wannan ƙarshe, wanda ya bayyana a cikin halittar George Westinghouse a XNUMX na farko na birki na jirgin ƙasa mai atomatik.
Na'urar birki ta Westinghouse: 1 - compressor; 2 - babban tanki; 3 - layin wadata; 4 - crane na jirgin kasa; 5 - layin birki; 6 - mai rarraba iska (bawul uku) na tsarin Westinghouse; 7 - silinda birki; 8 - tankin kayan abinci; 9- bawul tasha.
Hoton yana nuna tsarin wannan birki (Hoto a - aiki na birki yayin saki; b - aiki na birki a lokacin birki). Babban abin birki na Westigauze shine mai rarraba iska birki ko kuma, kamar yadda ake cewa wani lokaci. bawul uku. Wannan mai rarraba iska (6) yana da gaɓa mai mahimmanci - fistan da ke aiki akan bambanci tsakanin matsi guda biyu - a layin birki (TM) da tafki mai ajiya (R). Idan matsa lamba a cikin TM ya zama ƙasa da TC, to piston yana motsawa zuwa hagu, yana buɗe hanyar iska daga CM zuwa TC. Idan matsa lamba a cikin TM ya zama mafi girma fiye da matsa lamba a cikin SZ, piston yana motsawa zuwa dama, yana sadarwa da TC tare da yanayi, kuma a lokaci guda yana sadarwa da TM da SZ, tabbatar da cewa ƙarshen ya cika da iska mai matsawa daga. da TM.
Don haka, idan matsin lamba a cikin TM ya ragu saboda kowane dalili, ko ayyukan direba ne, zubar da iska mai yawa daga TM, ko fashewar jirgin ƙasa, birki zai yi aiki. Wato irin wannan birki suna da atomatik aiki. Wannan dukiya na birki ya ba da damar ƙara wani yiwuwar sarrafa birki na jirgin kasa, wanda ake amfani da shi a kan jiragen kasa na fasinja har zuwa yau - tasha ta gaggawa ta jirgin da fasinja ta hanyar sadarwa da layin birki tare da yanayi ta hanyar bawul na musamman - birki na gaggawa (9).
Ga wadanda suka saba da wannan fasalin na tsarin birki na jirgin, yana da ban dariya kallon fina-finai inda barayi-kaboyi suka shahara wajen kwance wani karusa da zinare daga cikin jirgin kasa. Domin yin hakan, dole ne ’yan kawayen, kafin su rabu, su rufe bawul ɗin ƙarshen da ke kan layin birki da ke raba layin birki da igiyoyin haɗin mota tsakanin motoci. Amma ba su taba yin hakan ba. A daya hannun, rufaffiyar bawuloli sun fi sau daya haifar da mugun bala'i hade da birki gazawar, duka a nan (Kamensk a 1987, Eral-Simskaya a 2011) da kuma kasashen waje.
Saboda gaskiyar cewa cikawar silinda na birki yana faruwa daga wani tushe na biyu na iskar da aka matsa (takar da ta dace), ba tare da yuwuwar sake cika shi ba, ana kiran irin wannan birki. yin aiki a kaikaice. Yin cajin birki tare da iska mai matsewa yana faruwa ne kawai lokacin da aka saki birki, wanda ke haifar da gaskiyar cewa tare da birki akai-akai tare da sakewa, idan babu isasshen lokaci bayan sakin, birki ba zai sami lokacin cajin da ake buƙata ba. Wannan na iya haifar da gajiyawar birki da kuma asarar sarrafa birkin jirgin.
Har ila yau, birki na pneumatic yana da wani matsala mai alaka da gaskiyar cewa raguwar matsa lamba a cikin layin birki, kamar duk wani tashin hankali, yana yaduwa a cikin iska a matsayi mai girma, amma har yanzu yana da iyaka, gudun - ba fiye da 340 m / s ba. Me yasa ba ƙari ba? Domin saurin sauti ya dace. Amma a cikin tsarin jirgin kasa na pneumatic akwai matsaloli masu yawa waɗanda ke rage saurin yaduwa na raguwar matsa lamba da ke hade da juriya ga iska. Sabili da haka, sai dai idan ba a ɗauki matakan musamman ba, ƙimar rage matsa lamba a cikin TM zai kasance ƙasa, ƙarar motar ta kasance daga locomotive. Game da birki na Westinghouse, saurin abin da ake kira igiyar birki ba ya wuce 180 - 200 m / s.
Sai dai kuma zuwan birki na pneumatic ya ba da damar kara karfin birki da kuma yadda ake sarrafa su kai tsaye daga wurin aikin direban.Wannan ya zama wani karfi mai karfi wajen bunkasa sufurin jirgin kasa, yana kara sauri da nauyi. jiragen kasa, kuma a sakamakon haka, an samu gagarumin karuwar jigilar kayayyaki a kan layin dogo, da karuwar tsawon layin dogo a duniya.
George Westinghouse ba kawai mai ƙirƙira ba ne, amma har ma ɗan kasuwa ne. Ya ba da izinin ƙirƙirar da ya ƙirƙira a cikin 1869, wanda ya ba shi damar ƙaddamar da yawan samar da kayan birki. Da sauri, birki na Westinghouse ya yaɗu a cikin Amurka, Yammacin Turai da Daular Rasha.
A Rasha, birki na Westinghouse ya yi mulki har zuwa juyin juya halin Oktoba, kuma na dogon lokaci bayan haka. Kamfanin na Westinghouse ya gina nasa birki a St. Koyaya, birki na Westinghouse yana da ɓangarorin asali masu yawa.
Da fari dai, wannan birki ya samar da yanayin aiki guda biyu kawai: braking har sai da birki ya cika gaba daya, kuma hutu - emptying da birki cylinders. Ba shi yiwuwa a ƙirƙiri matsakaicin adadin matsa lamba tare da kulawa na dogon lokaci, wato, birkin Westinghouse ba shi da wani yanayi. rufin rufin. Wannan bai ba da damar sarrafa saurin jirgin ƙasa daidai ba.
Na biyu, birki na Westinghouse bai yi aiki sosai a dogayen jiragen kasa ba, kuma yayin da za a iya jure hakan a cikin zirga-zirgar fasinja, matsalolin sun taso a cikin zirga-zirgar jigilar kayayyaki. Kun tuna da birki? Don haka, birki na Westinghouse ba shi da hanyar da za ta ƙara saurinsa, kuma a cikin dogon jirgin ƙasa, raguwar matsin lamba a cikin ruwan birki a cikin motar ta ƙarshe na iya farawa da latti, kuma a cikin ƙimar ƙasa da ƙasa fiye da shugaban motar. jirgin kasa, wanda ya haifar da rashin daidaito aiki na na'urorin birki a cikin jirgin.
Dole ne a ce duk ayyukan kamfanin na Westinghouse, na Rasha a wancan lokacin da kuma ko'ina cikin duniya, sun cika sosai tare da kamshin jari-hujja na yaƙe-yaƙe da rashin adalci. Wannan shi ne abin da ya tabbatar da irin wannan tsarin ajizi irin wannan tsawon rai, aƙalla a wancan lokacin na tarihi.
Tare da wannan duka, ya kamata a san cewa birki na Westinghouse ya aza harsashin kimiyyar birki kuma ka'idar aikinta ba ta canza ba a cikin birki na birki na zamani.
2. Daga Westinghouse birki zuwa Matrosov birki - samuwar gida birki kimiyya.
Kusan nan da nan bayan bayyanar birki na Westinghouse da fahimtar gazawarsa, an yi ƙoƙari don inganta wannan tsarin, ko ƙirƙirar wani, sabo ne. Kasarmu ba ta kasance togiya ba. A farkon karni na XNUMX, kasar Rasha ta sami ci gaba na hanyoyin sadarwa na jiragen kasa, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da ci gaban tattalin arziki da tsaron kasar. Haɓaka ingancin sufuri yana da alaƙa da haɓakar saurin motsinsa da kuma yawan kayan jigilar kayayyaki lokaci guda, wanda ke nufin cewa an ɗaga batutuwan inganta tsarin birki cikin gaggawa.
Muhimmiyar rawar gani ga ci gaban kimiyyar birki a cikin RSFSR kuma daga baya USSR shine raguwar tasirin babban babban birnin Yamma, musamman kamfanin Westinghouse, kan ci gaban masana'antar layin dogo na cikin gida bayan Oktoba 1917.
F.P. Kazantsev (hagu) da kuma I.K. Sailors (dama) - masu yin birki na cikin gida
Alamar farko, babban nasara na farko na matasa na kimiyyar birki na gida, shine ci gaban injiniya Florenty Pimenovich Kazantsev. A 1921, Kazantsev ya ba da shawarar tsarin kai tsaye birki ta atomatik. Hoton da ke ƙasa yana kwatanta duk manyan ra'ayoyin da aka gabatar ba kawai ta Kazantsev ba, kuma manufarsa ita ce bayyana ainihin ka'idodin aiki na ingantaccen birki ta atomatik.
Birki mai sarrafa kai tsaye: 1 - compressor; 2 - babban tanki; 3 - layin wadata; 4 - crane na jirgin kasa; 5 - na'urar samar da layin birki; 6 - layin birki; 7 - haɗin igiyoyin birki; 8 - bawul na ƙarshe; 9 - bawul tasha; 10 - duba bawul; 11 - tanki mai amfani; 12 - mai rarraba iska; 13 - silinda birki; 14 - birki lever watsa.
Don haka, babban ra'ayi na farko shine cewa ana sarrafa matsa lamba a cikin TM a kaikaice - ta hanyar raguwa / karuwa a matsa lamba a cikin tafki na musamman da ake kira. tankin karuwa (UR). Ana nuna shi a cikin hoton da ke hannun dama na fam ɗin direba (4) da kuma saman na'urar samar da wutar lantarki don ɗigogi daga TM (5). Girman wannan tafki ya fi sauƙi a zahiri don tabbatarwa fiye da girman layin birki - bututun da ya kai tsawon kilomita da yawa kuma yana bi ta cikin dukkan jirgin. Matsakaicin kwanciyar hankali na matsa lamba a cikin UR ya sa ya yiwu a kula da matsa lamba a cikin TM, ta yin amfani da matsa lamba a cikin UR a matsayin mai tunani. Tabbas, piston a cikin na'urar (5) lokacin da matsa lamba a cikin TM ya ragu, yana buɗe bawul ɗin da ke cika TM daga layin samarwa, don haka yana riƙe da matsa lamba a cikin TM daidai da matsa lamba a cikin UR. Wannan ra'ayin har yanzu yana da hanya mai tsawo don ci gaba, amma yanzu matsa lamba a cikin TM bai dogara da kasancewar leaks na waje daga gare ta ba (har zuwa wasu iyakoki). Na'urar 5 ta yi ƙaura zuwa crane na ma'aikacin kuma ta kasance a can, a cikin ingantaccen tsari, har wa yau.
Wani muhimmin ra'ayi da ke tattare da ƙirar irin wannan nau'in birki shine wutar lantarki daga ruwan birki ta hanyar duba bawul 10. Lokacin da matsa lamba a cikin bawul ɗin birki ya wuce matsa lamba a cikin bawul ɗin birki, wannan bawul ɗin yana buɗewa, yana cika bawul ɗin daga birki. ruwa. Ta wannan hanyar, ana ci gaba da cika magudanar ruwa daga tafkin ajiyar kuma birki baya ƙarewa.
Mahimman ra'ayi na uku da Kazantsev ya ba da shawara shine zane na mai rarraba iska wanda ke aiki akan bambanci ba matsi biyu ba, amma uku - matsa lamba a cikin layin birki, matsa lamba a cikin silinda, da matsa lamba a cikin ɗakin aiki na musamman (WC). wanda, a lokacin saki, ana ciyar da shi ta hanyar matsa lamba daga layin birki , tare da tanki mai dacewa. A cikin yanayin birki, ana cire haɗin cajin daga wurin ajiyar ajiya da layin birki, yana kiyaye ƙimar matsi na caji na farko. Ana amfani da wannan kadarorin sosai a cikin birki na hannun jari duka don samar da sakin layi da kuma sarrafa daidaiton cika TC tare da jirgin ƙasa a cikin jiragen ƙasa masu ɗaukar kaya, tunda ɗakin aiki yana zama ma'auni don matsin caji na farko. Dangane da darajarta, yana yiwuwa a samar da sakin layi na mataki da kuma shirya cikawa a baya na wuraren cin kasuwa a cikin motocin wutsiya. Zan bar cikakken bayanin waɗannan abubuwa don wasu labaran kan wannan batu, amma a yanzu zan ce kawai aikin Kazantsev ya zama abin ƙarfafawa ga ci gaban makarantar kimiyya a ƙasarmu, wanda ya haifar da ci gaba na asali. tsarin birki na hannun jari.
Wani mai ƙirƙira Soviet wanda ya yi tasiri sosai kan haɓakar birki na cikin gida shine Ivan Konstantinovich Matrosov. Ra'ayoyinsa ba su bambanta da ra'ayoyin Kazantsev ba, duk da haka, gwaje-gwajen aiki na baya-bayan nan na tsarin birki na Kazantsev da Matrosov (tare da sauran tsarin birki) sun nuna mahimmancin fifiko na tsarin na biyu dangane da halayen wasan kwaikwayon lokacin da aka yi amfani da su da farko a kan jiragen dakon kaya. Don haka, birki na Matrosov tare da mai rarraba iska yana da sharadi. No. 320 ya zama tushen ci gaba da haɓakawa da ƙira na kayan aikin birki don 1520 mm ma'aunin layin dogo. Birki na atomatik na zamani da aka yi amfani da shi a Rasha da ƙasashen CIS na iya ɗaukar sunan birki na Matrosov, tun lokacin da ya mamaye, a farkon matakin ci gabansa, ra'ayoyi da mafita na Ivan Konstantinovich.
Maimakon a ƙarshe
Menene ƙarshe? Yin aiki a kan wannan labarin ya gamsar da ni cewa batun ya cancanci jerin labaran. A cikin wannan labarin matukin jirgi, mun tabo tarihin ci gaban birki na hannun jari. A cikin masu zuwa za mu shiga cikin cikakkun bayanai masu ban sha'awa, ba wai kawai a kan birki na gida ba, har ma game da ci gaban abokan aiki daga yammacin Turai, yana nuna ƙirar birki na nau'i daban-daban da nau'o'in sabis na mirgina. Don haka, ina fata batun zai zama mai ban sha'awa, kuma in sake ganin ku a kan cibiya!
Na gode da kulawar ku!
source: www.habr.com