Lokaci na gaba, idan kun sami kanku a tashar, ku ɗauki hankalinku na minti daya, ku ba da shi ga rubutun, daidai a tsakiyar kasan motar jirgin ƙasa, wanda za a tura ku zuwa na gaba da kuke jira. hutu. Wannan rubutun ba kwatsam yake ba, yana gaya mana ainihin lambar al'ada ta masu rarraba iska da aka saka akan wannan motar.
Ana ganin rubutun ko da jirgin yana tsaye a wani babban dandamali, don haka kar a rasa shi.

A kan wannan mota - "Ammendorf", wanda aka yi babban gyaran gyare-gyare (KVR) a Tver Carriage Works, mai rarraba iska (VR) conv. Nau'in fasinja na 242. Yanzu an shigar da shi akan duk sabbin motoci da “mara rufi”, maye gurbin VR na 292 na farko. Waɗannan na'urori ne na dangin na'urorin birki waɗanda za mu yi magana game da su a yau.

1. Magada Westinghouse

Masu rarraba iska irin nau'in fasinja da ake amfani da su akan titin dogo na ma'aunin mm 1520 wani nau'i ne na sasantawa tsakanin sauƙin ƙira da aka gada daga bawul uku na Westinghouse da buƙatun amincin zirga-zirga. Ba su bi ta hanyar ci gaba mai tsayi da ban mamaki kamar takwarorinsu na kaya ba.

A halin yanzu, ana amfani da samfura biyu: mai rarraba iska. No. 292 da kuma mai rarraba iska conv., wanda ke maye gurbinsa da sauri (akalla a cikin jiragen ruwa na Railways na Rasha). Na 242.

Waɗannan na'urori sun bambanta da ƙira, amma kusan kusan iri ɗaya ne a cikin kayan aikinsu, duka na'urorin biyu suna aiki da bambancin matsi guda biyu - a layin birki (TM) da tafki (R). Dukansu suna ba da ƙarin fitarwa na layin birki yayin birki: na 292 na fitar da TM a cikin ɗaki na musamman da aka rufe (ƙarin ɗakin fitarwa), tare da ƙarar lita 1, da na 242 - kai tsaye zuwa cikin yanayi. Dukansu na'urorin suna sanye da na'urar gaggawa ta birki. Duk na'urorin biyu ba su da sakin mataki-mataki - suna fitowa nan da nan lokacin da matsa lamba a cikin TM ya tashi sama da matsa lamba a cikin kunnawa, an kafa a can bayan birki na ƙarshe; kamar yadda suke faɗa, suna da sakin "laushi".

Rashin sakin mataki na gaba yana samun diyya ta gaskiyar cewa na'urorin biyu ba sa aiki su kaɗai akan motar (ko da yake suna iya), amma tare da masu rarraba iska na lantarki. No. 305, wanda ke gabatar da sarrafa birki na lantarki, da ɗakin aiki tare da relay na pneumatic, yana ba da damar ƙaddamar da sakin layi.

A matsayin misali, la'akari da VR 242, a matsayin mafi zamani, kazalika da EVR 305.

Sabuwar VR 242 akan sashin pneumatic a cikin dakin injin na EP20 locomotive na lantarki


Haka wanda aka sanya akan motar fasinja


Yanzu bari mu juya zuwa ga ƙira da tsarin aiki na wannan na'urar.

Jadawalin bayanin na'urar VR 242: 1, 3, 6, 16 - ramukan calibrated; 2,4 - tacewa; 5 - piston na ƙarin iyakar fitarwa TM;
7, 10, 13, 21, 22 - maɓuɓɓugan ruwa; 8 - shaye-shaye bawul; 9 - sanduna mara kyau; 11 - babban fistan; 12 - ƙarin bawul ɗin fitarwa; 14 - dakatar da canjin yanayin aiki; 15 - fistan canza yanayin aiki; 17. 28 - sanduna; 18 - bawul ɗin birki; 19 - bawul mai rumfa; 20 - dakatar da maɓallin birki na gaggawa; 23, 26 - bawuloli; 24 - rami; 25 - fistan gaggawa birki; 27 - bawul don iyakance ƙarin fitarwa; Birtaniya - ɗakin gaggawa; ZK - ɗakin spool; MK - babban ɗakin; TM - layin birki, ZR - tanki mai amfani; TC - silinda birki


A ina za a fara rarraba iska? Yana farawa da caji, wato, cika ɗakunan da ke rarraba iska da kanta da tankin ajiyar tare da matse iska daga layin birki. Wadannan matakai suna faruwa a lokacin da aka fara locomotive a cikin ma'ajiyar, lokacin da yake tsaye ba tare da iska ba, da kuma a kan dukkan motoci, lokacin da aka haɗa su zuwa locomotive, kuma an buɗe bawul na ƙarshe - an dauki jirgin "don iska". Bari mu dubi wannan tsari sosai

Ayyukan BP 242 lokacin caji


Don haka, iska daga layin birki, a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na 0,5 MPa, ya shiga cikin na'urar, ya cika ɗakin U4 a ƙarƙashin fistan mai haɓaka, sannan ya hau tashar (wanda aka nuna a ja), ta hanyar tace 4, ta hanyar tashar A cikin babban ɗakin. (MK), yana goyan bayansa daga ƙasan babban fistan 11, ya tashi sama, tare da ramin sandarsa 9 yana buɗe buɗaɗɗen shaye-shaye 8, wanda ke sadar da rami na silinda na birki tare da yanayi. A lokaci guda, iska daga tacewa, tare da tashar axial na sanda 28, ta hanyar ramin calibrated 3, yana shiga cikin tanki na ajiyar (wanda aka nuna a cikin rawaya), kuma daga can ta hanyar tashar zuwa ɗakin spool (SC) a sama. babban piston 11.

Wannan tsari yana ci gaba har sai matsa lamba a cikin tankin ajiyar, babban da ɗakunan spool daidai yake da matsa lamba na caji a cikin layin birki. Babban piston zai koma matsayi na tsaka tsaki, yana rufe bawul ɗin shayewa. Mai rarraba iska yana shirye don aiki.

Zan sake rubutawa - matsin lamba a cikin TM ba shi da kwanciyar hankali, akwai raguwa a ciki, ƙananan leaks, amma koyaushe suna wanzu. Wato, matsa lamba a cikin TM na iya raguwa. Idan matsa lamba ya ragu a ƙasa da ƙimar sabis, to, iska daga ɗakin spool yana da lokaci don gudana zuwa cikin babban ɗakin ta hanyar ma'auni 3, babban fistan ya kasance a wurin kuma birki ba ya faruwa.

Lokacin da matsa lamba a cikin layin birki ya ragu a ƙimar sabis na birki, matsa lamba a cikin bawul ɗin birki yana raguwa da sauri don babban fistan ya matsa ƙasa, ƙarƙashin rinjayar matsa lamba mafi girma a cikin ɗakin spool. Motsawa ƙasa, yana buɗe ƙarin bawul ɗin fitarwa 12.

Ayyukan BP 242 yayin birki: lokaci na ƙarin fitarwa na TM


Iska daga babban ɗakin, ta hanyar bawul 12 ta hanyar tashar K, ta hanyar tashar axial na sanda 28, yana fita cikin yanayi. Matsin lamba a cikin layin birki da babban ɗakin yana raguwa har ma da sauri kuma piston 11 yana ci gaba da motsi zuwa ƙasa.

Ayyukan BP 242 yayin birki: cikawar farko na silinda birki


Sanda mara kyau na babban piston 9 yana motsawa daga hatimi akan bawul ɗin shayewa, don haka buɗe hanyar don iska daga tankin ajiyar, wanda ke gudana ta tashar B a cikin ɗakin spool, tashar axial na sandar 9, tashar D da canjin yanayin yana shiga cikin silinda birki ta tashar L. A lokaci guda iska ɗaya ta ratsa ta tashar D zuwa cikin ɗakin U2, danna kan piston 6, wanda ke yanke ƙarin tashar fitarwa daga yanayi. Ƙarin fitarwa yana tsayawa. A lokaci guda, sandar 28 na piston 6 ta sauka, tashoshi na radial a cikinta an katange su ta hanyar rubber cuffs, wanda ke haifar da rabuwa na manyan da spool chambers. Wannan yana ƙaruwa da hankali na mai rarraba iska zuwa birki - yanzu rage matsin lamba a layin birki a kowane nau'i zai haifar da raguwar babban fistan da kuma cika silinda ta birki.

Ayyukan BP 242 yayin birki: canza canjin ciko na cibiyar siyayya


Da farko, silinda na birki yana cike da sauri, ta hanyar tashar mai fadi, ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen birki 18. Yayin da aka cika silinda na birki, ɗakin U16 na yanayin sauya yana cike ta hanyar ramin calibrated 1. Lokacin da matsa lamba ya isa ya damfara bazara a ƙarƙashin piston 15, bawul ɗin birki yana rufewa kuma TC yana cika ta cikin rami mai ƙima a cikin bawul ɗin birki a hankali. Wannan yana faruwa idan an juya madaidaicin yanayin sauyawa 14 zuwa matsayi "D" (tsawon haɗin gwiwa). Ana amfani da wannan yanayin idan adadin motocin da ke cikin jirgin ya zarce 15. Ana yin hakan ne domin rage cikar wuraren sayayya a kan motocin, tare da tabbatar da daidaiton birki a cikin jirgin.

A kan gajerun jiragen ƙasa, ana sanya hannu 14 a matsayin “K” (gajeren jirgin ƙasa). A lokaci guda kuma, yana buɗe bawul ɗin birki 18 da injiniyanci, kuma cikawar cibiyar kasuwanci yana faruwa a cikin sauri koyaushe.

Lokacin da direba ya sanya bawul a cikin wurin rufewa, raguwar matsa lamba a layin birki yana tsayawa. Cike da silinda na birki zai faru har sai, saboda iska mai gudana don cikawa, matsa lamba a cikin tanki na ajiya, sabili da haka a cikin ɗakin spool, ya sauke, ya zama daidai da matsa lamba a cikin babban ɗakin, sabili da haka a cikin layin birki. Babban fistan zai koma matsayi na tsaka tsaki. Cikewar cibiyar siyayya ta tsaya, kuma akwai toshewa.

Don sakin birki, direban ya sanya hannun crane a matsayi I. Iska daga manyan tafkunan tafkunan tana shiga cikin layin birki, yana ƙara matsa lamba a ciki sosai (har zuwa 0,7 - 0,9 MPa, dangane da tsawon jirgin). Matsin lamba a cikin babban ɗakin BP kuma yana ƙaruwa, wanda ke kaiwa ga babban fistan yana motsawa zuwa sama, yana buɗe bawul ɗin shaye-shaye 8, ta inda iska daga silinda na birki, da kuma daga ɗakin U2, ke tserewa cikin yanayi. Sautin matsin lamba a cikin ɗakin U2 yana sa piston 6 da sanda 28 su tashi, layin birki da tafki na ajiyar suna sake sadarwa ta hanyar maƙura 3 - ana cajin tafki.

Lokacin da matsa lamba a cikin tanki mai tasowa (UR) ya kai daidai da matsa lamba na caji, direba yana sanya bawul a matsayi na II (matsayin jirgin kasa). An dawo da matsa lamba a cikin TM da sauri zuwa matakin matsa lamba a cikin UR. A lokaci guda, saboda maƙura 3, matsa lamba a cikin tankin ajiyar bai riga ya sami lokaci don tashi zuwa cajin ba, cajin tsaro na iska yana ci gaba, amma a hankali. A hankali, an saita matsa lamba a cikin tanki na ajiya, babba da ɗakunan spool daidai da caji ɗaya. Mai rarraba iska yana shirye don ƙarin birki.

Daga ra'ayi na direba, hanyoyin da aka bayyana sun kasance kamar haka:

Wani nau'i na daban na VR 242 shine mai saurin birki na gaggawa; a cikin zane yana gefen hagu na na'urar. Lokacin caji, tare da cika babban ɓangaren mai rarraba iska, ana kuma cajin mai haɓakawa - rami a ƙarƙashin piston 25 da rami da ke sama da piston suna cike da iska ta hanyar ɗakin totur (AC). Layin birki da ɗakin da ke haɓaka suna sadarwa ta hanyar rami na 1, diamita wanda shine lokacin da ake yin birki na sabis, matsa lamba a cikin ɗakin haɓaka yana sarrafa daidai da matsi na layin birki kuma mai haɓaka ba ya aiki.

Aiki na gaggawar birki na gaggawa


Duk da haka, lokacin da matsa lamba ya faɗi a cikin gaggawa - iska ta tashi daga layin birki a cikin 3 - 4 seconds, matsalolin ba su da lokaci don zama daidai, iska daga ɗakin da ke haɓakawa yana danna piston 25, kuma yana buɗewa. da rumfar bawul 19, bude wani faffadan rami a cikin birki line daga abin da iska ke shiga cikin yanayi, ta'azzara tsari. Don haka, yayin taka birki na gaggawa, lokacin da abin totur ke aiki, taga a layin birki yana buɗewa akan kowace mota.

Don kashe abin totur (misali, idan ya yi kuskure), yi amfani da maɓalli na musamman don kunna tasha 20, wanda ke toshe piston accelerator a matsayi na sama.

Duk da yawan rubutattun kalmomi da haruffa, a zahiri wannan na'urar tana da tsari mai sauƙi kuma abin dogaro. Idan aka kwatanta da wanda ya gabace shi, BP 292, wannan ba ya ƙunshi spools, waɗanda har yanzu suna da ƙarfi a cikin aiki, suna buƙatar niƙa ga madubi da lubrication, kuma ana iya sawa.

Mai rarraba iska 242 na'ura ce mai zaman kanta kuma tana iya aiki ba tare da mataimaka ba. A haƙiƙa, akan motocin fasinja da na'urori masu saukar ungulu, yana aiki tare da wata na'ura da ake kira

2. Wutar lantarki mai rarraba iska (EVR). Na 305

An ƙera wannan na'urar don yin aiki a cikin tsarin birki na huhu na lantarki a kan jujjuyawar fasinja. An sanya shi akan karusai da locomotives tare da VR 242 ko VR 292. Wannan shine yadda sashin kayan aikin birki yayi kama da jigilar fasinja

A gaba akwai silinda birki. A ɗan gaba kaɗan, ɗakin aiki na EVR 305 yana murƙushe bangon baya na cibiyar kasuwanci, ɓangaren wutar lantarki na EVR tare da maɓallin matsa lamba yana haɗe da shi ta hagu, kuma mai rarraba iska 292 yana makale a hannun dama. Ana haɗa hanyar fita daga layin birki (fantin ja) da shi ta hanyar bawul ɗin cire haɗin.

Na'urar EVR 305: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18 - tashoshin iska; 4 - bawul na saki; 5 - bawul ɗin birki; 7 - bawul na yanayi; 8 - bawul wadata; 11 - diaphragm; 13, 17 - cavities na canza bawul; 15 - bawul mai sauyawa; 16 - hatimin bawul ɗin canzawa; TC - silinda birki; RK - ɗakin aiki; OV - bawul ɗin saki; TV - birki bawul; ZR - tanki ajiya; VR - mai rarraba iska

EVR 305 ya ƙunshi manyan sassa uku: ɗakin aiki (RC), bawul mai sauyawa (PC) da maɓallin matsa lamba (RD). Gidan sauya matsa lamba yana ƙunshe da bawul ɗin saki 4 da bawul ɗin birki 5, masu sarrafa wutar lantarki.

Lokacin caji, ba a ba da wutar lantarki zuwa bawul ɗin ba, bawul ɗin saki yana buɗe rami na ɗakin aiki zuwa yanayi, kuma an rufe bawul ɗin birki. Air daga layin birki, ta hanyar mai rarraba iska ta hanyar tashoshi a cikin EVR, ya shiga cikin tanki mai caji, yana cajin shi, amma ba ya zuwa ko'ina, tunda hanyarsa zuwa cikin rami sama da diaphragm na maɓallin matsa lamba yana toshe ta rufaffiyar bawul ɗin birki.

Ayyukan EVR 305 lokacin caji


Lokacin da aka saita bawul ɗin direba zuwa matsayi Va, ana amfani da ingantaccen yuwuwar (dangane da dogo) zuwa wayar EPT kuma duka bawul ɗin suna karɓar iko. Bawul ɗin sakin ya keɓe ɗakin aiki daga yanayi, yayin da bawul ɗin birki yana buɗe hanyar iska zuwa cikin rami sama da diaphragm na RD kuma ya ƙara zuwa ɗakin aiki.

Ayyukan EVR 305 yayin birki


Matsalolin da ke cikin ɗakin aiki da kuma a cikin rami a sama da diaphragm yana ƙaruwa, diaphragm yana lanƙwasa ƙasa, buɗe bawul ɗin samarwa 8, ta hanyar da iska daga tankin ajiyar ajiya ya fara shiga cikin rami na dama na bawul ɗin sauyawa. Filogin bawul yana motsawa zuwa hagu, yana buɗe hanyar iskar zuwa cikin silinda birki.

Lokacin da aka sanya crane na direba a cikin silin, ƙarfin lantarki da aka kawo wa wayar EPT yana canza polarity, diode ɗin da aka kunna bawul ɗin birki yana kulle, bawul ɗin birki ya rasa wuta, kuma bawul ɗin birki yana rufe. Ƙara yawan matsa lamba a cikin ɗakin aiki yana tsayawa, kuma an cika silinda na birki har sai da matsa lamba a cikinsa daidai yake da matsa lamba a cikin ɗakin aiki. Bayan haka, membrane ya koma matsayi na tsaka tsaki kuma bawul ɗin ciyarwa yana rufe. Silin yana zuwa.

Tasirin EVR 305 lokacin haɗuwa


Bawul ɗin saki yana ci gaba da karɓar iko, yana kiyaye bawul ɗin saki a rufe, yana hana iska daga tserewa daga ɗakin dafa abinci.

Don saki, direba yana sanya hannun crane a matsayi na I don cikakken saki, kuma a matsayi na II don sakin mataki-mataki. A cikin lokuta biyu, bawuloli suna rasa iko, bawul ɗin saki yana buɗewa, sakin iska daga ɗakin aiki a cikin yanayi. Diaphragm, wanda aka goyan bayansa daga ƙasa ta matsa lamba a cikin silinda na birki, yana motsawa sama, yana buɗe bawul ɗin shaye-shaye wanda iska ta fita daga silinda ta birki.

Ayyukan EVR 305 yayin hutu


Idan, lokacin da aka sake shi a matsayi na biyu, an mayar da hannun a cikin rufi, iska za ta daina fita daga ɗakin aiki, kuma zubar da TC zai faru har sai matsa lamba a cikinsa daidai yake da matsa lamba da ya rage a cikin aikin. jam'iyya. Wannan yana kaiwa ga yuwuwar sakin mataki-mataki.

Wannan birki na electro-pneumatic yana da fasali da yawa. Da farko, idan layin EPT ya karye, birki zai saki. A wannan yanayin, direban, bayan yin wasu ayyuka na wajibi da aka tsara ta hanyar umarnin, ya canza zuwa yin amfani da birki na pneumatic. Wato EPT ba birki ba ce ta atomatik. Wannan shi ne koma baya na wannan tsarin.

Abu na biyu, lokacin da EPT ke aiki, mai rarraba iska na al'ada yana cikin matsayi na saki, ba tare da daina jinƙai ba daga tankin ajiya. Wannan ƙari ne, saboda yana tabbatar da rashin ƙarewar birki-nauyi na electro-pneumatic.

Na uku, wannan ƙirar ba ta tsoma baki tare da aikin mai rarraba iska na al'ada kwata-kwata. Idan an kashe EPT, to, BP, cike da silinda na birki, zai fara cika rami na hagu na bawul ɗin canzawa, yana matsar da filogi a cikinsa zuwa dama, buɗe hanyar iska daga tafki na ajiyar don shigar da silinda birki. .

Wannan shine abin da tsarin tsarin da aka kwatanta yayi kama da taksi na direba:

ƙarshe

Ina so in matse na'urorin birki na kaya a cikin labarin guda, amma a'a, wannan batu yana buƙatar tattaunawa ta daban, tunda na'urorin birki na kaya sun fi rikitarwa, suna amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin fasaha da dabaru, saboda ƙayyadaddun kayan aikin jujjuyawar kaya. .

Dangane da birki na fasinja, dangantakarsa da birkin Westinghouse yana ramawa ta ƙarin hanyoyin fasaha, wanda akan mirginawar gida yana ba da alamun aiki mai karɓuwa, matakin aminci da ƙirar ƙira da gyarawa. Zai zama mai ban sha'awa idan aka kwatanta da "yadda yake faruwa a can" a ƙasashen waje. Za mu kwatanta, amma kadan daga baya. Na gode da kulawar ku!

PS: Godiyata ga Roman Biryukov don kayan daukar hoto, da kuma shafin www.pomogala.ru, daga inda aka ɗauki kayan kwatanci.

source: www.habr.com