Fassara labarin marubuta daga Binciken IBM.
Wani muhimmin ci gaba a ilimin kimiyyar lissafi zai ba mu damar yin nazarin halaye na zahiri na semiconductor daki-daki. Wannan na iya taimakawa haɓaka haɓaka fasahar semiconductor na gaba.
Mawallafa:
- Memba na Ma'aikata, Binciken IBM
Doug Bishop - Injiniya Halaye, Bincike na IBM
Semiconductors sune tushen ginin zamani na zamani na zamani na zamani, suna samar mana da na'urori iri-iri masu amfani da rayuwarmu ta zamani, kamar kwamfutoci, wayoyin hannu da sauran na'urorin hannu. Haɓakawa a cikin ayyukan semiconductor da aiki kuma suna ba da damar aikace-aikacen semiconductor na gaba na gaba a cikin kwamfuta, ji, da canjin makamashi. Masu bincike sun daɗe suna kokawa don shawo kan iyakoki a cikin ikonmu na fahimtar cikakken cajin lantarki a cikin na'urorin semiconductor da ci-gaba na semiconductor waɗanda ke hana mu ikon ci gaba.
A cikin sabon binciken a cikin jarida Haɗin gwiwar bincike wanda IBM Research ke jagoranta ya bayyana wani ci gaba mai ban sha'awa wajen warware wani sirri mai shekaru 140 a cikin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, wanda zai ba mu damar yin nazarin halaye na zahiri na semiconductor daki-daki da ba da damar haɓaka sabbin abubuwa da ingantattun semiconductor.
Don fahimtar ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na semiconductor da gaske, dole ne mu fara fahimtar mahimman kaddarorin masu ɗaukar kaya a cikin kayan, ko barbashi ne mara kyau ko tabbatacce, saurin su a cikin filin lantarki da aka yi amfani da su, da kuma yadda aka cika su cikin kayan. Masanin kimiyyar lissafi Edwin Hall ya sami wata hanya ta tantance waɗannan kaddarorin a cikin 1879 lokacin da ya gano cewa filin maganadisu zai karkatar da motsin cajin lantarki a cikin madugu, kuma ana iya auna adadin jujjuyawar a matsayin yuwuwar bambancin madaidaicin daidai gwargwado ga hanyar caji. barbashi, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 1a. Wannan irin ƙarfin lantarki, wanda aka sani da ƙarfin lantarki na Hall, yana bayyana mahimman bayanai game da masu ɗaukar kaya a cikin semiconductor, gami da ko su ne electrons korau ko ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da ake kira "ramuka," yadda sauri suke motsawa a filin lantarki, ko "motsi" (µ , da kuma maida hankali (n) a cikin semiconductor.
Sirrin shekaru 140
Shekaru goma bayan binciken Hall, masu bincike kuma sun gano cewa za su iya yin ma'auni na tasirin Hall da haske-gwaji da ake kira photo-Hall, duba Hoto 1b. A irin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen, hasken haske yana haifar da dillalai da yawa, ko nau'ikan ramukan lantarki, a cikin na'urori masu kama da juna. Abin takaici, fahimtarmu game da ainihin tasirin Hall ɗin ya ba da haske ga mafi yawan (ko mafi rinjaye) masu ɗaukar kaya. Masu binciken sun kasa fitar da sigogi daga kafofin watsa labarai biyu (manyan da wadanda ba babba) a lokaci guda. Irin wannan bayanin shine mabuɗin don aikace-aikacen da ke da alaƙa da haske da yawa, kamar hasken rana da sauran na'urorin optoelectronic.
Binciken mujallar IBM Research ya bayyana daya daga cikin sirrin da aka dade ana kiyayewa na tasirin Hall. Masu bincike daga Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Jami'ar Duke, da IBM sun gano wata sabuwar dabara da fasaha da ke ba mu damar fitar da bayanai a lokaci guda game da asali da kuma wadanda ba na asali ba. masu ɗaukar kaya, kamar su maida hankali da motsi, da kuma samun ƙarin bayani game da rayuwar mai ɗaukar kaya, tsayin yaduwa da tsarin sake haɗuwa.
Musamman musamman, a cikin gwajin hoto-Hall, duka masu ɗaukar hoto suna ba da gudummawa ga canje-canje a cikin haɓaka aiki (σ) da Hall Coefficient (H, gwargwadon gwargwadon ƙarfin wutar lantarki zuwa filin maganadisu). Mahimman bayanai sun fito ne daga auna ƙarfin aiki da ƙimar Hall a matsayin aikin ƙarfin haske. Boye a cikin sifar gudanarwa-Hall coefficient curve (σ-H) yana nuna ainihin sabbin bayanai: bambanci a cikin motsin duka biyun. Kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin labarin, wannan dangantaka za a iya bayyana da kyau:
$$ nuni$$ Δµ = d (σ²H)/dσ$$ nuni $$
Farawa da sanannen rinjayen dillali daga ma'aunin zauren gargajiya a cikin duhu, za mu iya bayyanawa duka biyun mafiya yawa da marasa rinjaye motsi da yawa a matsayin aikin ƙarfin haske. Tawagar ta sanyawa sabuwar hanyar aunawa suna: Zauren Hoto-Yanke Resolved (CRPH). Tare da sanannen ƙarfin hasken haske, za'a iya kafa rayuwar mai ɗauka ta irin wannan hanya. Wannan haɗin gwiwa da hanyoyin magance su sun kasance a ɓoye kusan kusan karni da rabi tun lokacin da aka gano tasirin Hall.
Baya ga ci gaban da aka samu a wannan fahimtar ka'idar, ci gaban hanyoyin gwaji kuma suna da mahimmanci don ba da damar wannan sabuwar hanyar. Hanyar tana buƙatar ma'auni mai tsabta na siginar Hall, wanda zai iya zama da wahala ga kayan aiki inda siginar Hall ɗin ya kasance mai rauni (misali, saboda ƙananan motsi) ko kuma lokacin da ƙarin siginar da ba a so ba, kamar yadda tare da hasken haske mai ƙarfi. Don yin wannan, dole ne a yi ma'aunin Hall ta amfani da filin maganadisu na oscillating. Kamar dai lokacin sauraron rediyo, kuna buƙatar zaɓar mitar tashar da ake so, tare da watsar da duk wasu mitocin da ke aiki azaman hayaniya. Hanyar CRPH tana tafiya mataki ɗaya gaba kuma ta zaɓi ba kawai mitar da ake so ba amma har ma da yanayin filin maganadisu ta hanyar amfani da hanyar da ake kira synchronous sensing. An dade da sanin wannan ra'ayi na ma'aunin oscillating Hall, amma hanyar gargajiya ta yin amfani da tsarin na'urorin lantarki don samar da filin maganadisu mai girgiza ba ta da tasiri.
Binciken da ya gabata
Kamar yadda sau da yawa yakan faru a kimiyya, ci gaba a wani yanki yana haifar da bincike a wani. A cikin 2015, Binciken IBM ya ba da rahoton wani abin da ba a san shi ba a baya a cikin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi wanda ke da alaƙa da sabon tasirin yanayin yanayin maganadisu da ake kira tasirin "raƙumi hump", wanda ke faruwa tsakanin layi biyu na dipoles masu jujjuyawa lokacin da suka wuce tsayi mai mahimmanci, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 2a. Tasirin siffa ce mai mahimmanci wacce ke ba da damar sabon nau'in tarkon maganadisu na halitta da ake kira tarkon layi na dipole (PDL trap), kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto 2b. Ana iya amfani da tarkon Magnetic PDL azaman dandalin labari don aikace-aikace iri-iri kamar tiltmeter, seismometer ( firikwensin girgizar ƙasa). Irin waɗannan sabbin na'urori masu auna firikwensin, haɗe da manyan fasahohin bayanai, na iya buɗe sabbin aikace-aikace da yawa, kuma ƙungiyar bincike ta IBM suna bincikar da ke haɓaka babban dandamalin nazarin bayanan da ake kira IBM Physical Analytics Integrated Repository Service (PAIRS), wanda ya ƙunshi wadataccen geospatial. da bayanan Intanet na Abubuwa (IoT).
Abin mamaki, nau'in PDL ɗaya yana da wani aikace-aikace na musamman. Lokacin da aka juya, yana aiki azaman kyakkyawan tsarin gwaji na hoto-Hall don samun juzu'i mara jagora da tsantsa mai jituwa na filin maganadisu (Hoto 2c). Mafi mahimmanci, tsarin yana ba da isasshen sarari don ba da damar haskaka sararin samfurin, wanda ke da mahimmanci a cikin gwaje-gwajen Hoto-Hall.
Impact
Sabuwar hanyar zauren hoto da muka haɓaka tana ba mu damar fitar da bayanai masu ban mamaki daga masu sarrafa na'urori. Ya bambanta da sigogi uku kawai da aka samu a ma'aunin Hall na gargajiya, wannan sabuwar hanyar tana haifar da sigogi har guda bakwai a kowane ƙarfin hasken da aka gwada. Wannan ya haɗa da motsi na duka electrons da ramuka; ƙaddamar da mai ɗaukar su a ƙarƙashin rinjayar haske; sake haduwa rayuwa; da tsayin yaduwa don electrons, ramuka da nau'ikan ambipolar. Duk waɗannan ana iya maimaita su sau N (watau adadin ma'aunin ƙarfin haske da aka yi amfani da su a cikin gwaji).
Wannan sabon ganowa da fasaha za su taimaka ci gaban ci gaban semiconductor a cikin fasahohin da suke da su da masu tasowa. Yanzu muna da ilimi da kayan aikin da ake buƙata don fitar da halaye na zahiri na kayan semiconductor daki-daki. Misali, zai taimaka wajen haɓaka haɓaka fasahar semiconductor na gaba mai zuwa, kamar mafi kyawun hasken rana, ingantattun na'urorin optoelectronic, da sabbin kayayyaki da na'urori don fasahar fasaha ta wucin gadi.
An buga labarin Oktoba 7, 2019 in .
Translation: Nikolai Marin (), Babban Jami'in Fasaha na IBM a Rasha da kasashen CIS.
source: www.habr.com