Duk wanda bai saurari karfe ba to ba shi da ma'ana daga Allah!
- fasahar jama'a
Sannu %username%.
dawo a tuntuba. Yau zan yi takaitu, domin nan da awa shida in tashi in tafi.
Kuma a yau ina so in yi magana game da karfe. Amma ba game da kiɗa ba - za mu iya magana game da wannan wani lokaci a kan gilashin giya, kuma ba akan Habré ba. Kuma ba ma game da karfe - amma game da karafa! Kuma ina so in yi magana game da waɗannan karafa waɗanda a rayuwata wata hanya ta ba ni mamaki da dukiyoyinsu.
Tunda duk masu halartar faretin faretin an bambanta su da wani nau'in iko mai ƙarfi, ba za a sami wurare ko masu nasara ba. Za a yi karfe goma! Don haka serial number baya nufin komai.
Mu tafi.
1. Mercury
Mercury shine karfe mafi ruwa: inda yake narkewa shine -39 ° C. Cewa yana da guba - har ma da guba sosai - , don haka ba zan maimaita kaina ba.
Tun zamanin d ¯ a, mutane ba su yi addu'a ga mercury - ba shakka, "azurfa ruwa"! Alchemists sun yi imanin cewa a cikin mercury ne sanannen dutsen masanin falsafa ya ɓoye a wani wuri, alal misali, Jabir ibn Hayyan ya yi imanin cewa tun da mercury wani ƙarfe ne na ruwa, "cikakkiyar": ba shi da wani ƙazanta da ke cikin ƙananan ƙarfe. Sulfur wani batu ne na sha'awar Haiyan - kashi na wuta, yana da ikon samar da harshen wuta mai tsabta "cikakken", sabili da haka duk sauran karafa (kuma tun lokacin karni na XNUMX, akwai kawai kaɗan daga cikinsu: bakwai) samu daga mercury da sulfur.
Ko a cikin karni na XNUMX ko yanzu, idan kun haɗu da mercury da sulfur, za ku sami baƙar fata mercury sulfide (kuma wannan, ta hanyar, yana daya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a lalata mercury da aka zubar) - amma tabbas ba karfe ba. Haiyan ya bayyana wannan rashin nasara da cewa duk wawaye ba su da wani “maganin ripening” wanda zai haifar da samar da karfe daga bakin banza. Kuma ba shakka kowa ya garzaya don neman "ripener" don samun zinariya. An bayyana tarihin binciken dutsen masanin falsafa a hukumance a bude.
%username%, yanzu kuna dariya ga malaman alchem - amma a ƙarshe sun cimma burinsu! A cikin 1947, masana kimiyyar lissafi na Amurka sun sami isotope na zinare kawai, Au-197, daga lalatar beta na isotope Hg-197. Daga 100 MG na mercury, kamar 35 micrograms na zinariya aka hako - kuma yanzu an nuna su a Chicago Museum of Science and Industry. Don haka masana kimiyya sun yi gaskiya - yana yiwuwa! Yana da tsada kawai...
Af, kawai masanin kimiyyar da bai yarda da yuwuwar samun zinari daga wasu karafa ba, shi ne Abu Aliyi Hussein bn Abdullahi bn al-Haasan bn Aliyi bn Sina – da kuma kafirai masu duhu – kawai Avicenna.
Af, wani karfe, gallium, yana gogayya da mercury sosai a bayyanarsa. Yanayin narkewar sa shine 29 ° C, a makaranta sun nuna mini dabara mai ban sha'awa: an sanya wani karfe a hannunka ...
.. kuma wannan shi ne abin da ya faru
Af, yanzu ana iya siyan gallium a Alika don yin irin wannan dabarar. Ban sani ba, duk da haka, ko zai shiga kwastan.
2. Titanium
Harshen titan ba mercury ba ne! Wannan shine karfe mafi wuya! To, a lokacin ƙuruciyata da samartaka sun rubuta a cikin titanium akan duk waɗannan tagogi na jigilar jama'a. Domin ya zazzage shi ya fentin ta da ƙurar ƙura.
Kowa ya san cewa titanium, saboda taurinsa da sauƙi, ana amfani da shi a cikin jirgin sama. Zan gaya muku game da wasu aikace-aikace masu ban sha'awa.
Lokacin da mai zafi, titanium ya fara ɗaukar iskar gas iri-iri - oxygen, chlorine har ma da nitrogen. Ana amfani da wannan a cikin shigarwa don tsarkakewar iskar gas (argon, alal misali) - ana hura shi ta cikin bututu da aka cika da soso na titanium kuma mai tsanani zuwa 500-600 ° C. Af, a wannan zafin jiki soso titanium yana hulɗa da ruwa - oxygen yana sha, an saki hydrogen, amma yawanci hydrogen a cikin iskar gas ba ya damun kowa, ba kamar ruwa ba.
Ana amfani da White titanium dioxide TiO2 a cikin fenti (kamar titanium farin) da kuma wajen samar da takarda da robobi. Abincin ƙari E171. Af, a lokacin da samar da titanium dioxide dole ne a sarrafa ta elemental abun da ke ciki - amma ba ko kadan domin rage datti, amma don ƙara "farar fata": shi wajibi ne don canza launin abubuwa - baƙin ƙarfe, chromium, jan karfe, da dai sauransu. - ya kasance karami.
Titanium carbide, titanium diboride, titanium carbonitride sune masu fafatawa na tungsten carbide dangane da taurin. Rashin hasara shi ne cewa sun fi sauƙi.
Ana amfani da Titanium nitride don suturar kayan kida, ɗakunan coci da kuma samar da kayan ado na kayan ado, saboda yana da launi mai kama da zinariya. Duk waɗannan “alloys na likitanci” waɗanda suke kama da zinare an lulluɓe su da titanium nitride.
Af, masana kimiyya masu dagewa kwanan nan sun yi wani gami wanda ya fi titanium wuya! Don cimma wannan, dole ne in haxa palladium, silicon, phosphorus, germanium da azurfa. Abun ya juya ya zama tsada, sabili da haka titanium ya sake samun nasara.
3. Tungsten
Tungsten kuma kishiyar mercury ne: ƙarfe mafi ƙarancin ƙarfi tare da ma'aunin narkewar 3422 °C. An san shi tun karni na 200, duk da haka, ba karfen kansa ba ne aka sani, amma ma'adinan wolframite, wanda ya ƙunshi tungsten. Af, sunan Wolf Rahm a cikin harshen Jamusanci mai tsanani yana nufin "cream wolf": Jamusawa waɗanda suka narke tin ba sa son admixture na wolframite, wanda ya tsoma baki tare da narkewa, yana mai da tin a cikin kumfa na slag. "ya cinye kwano kamar kerkeci yana cinye tunkiya"). Karfe da kansa ya kebe daga baya, bayan shekaru XNUMX.
Abin da ke cikin hoton ba ainihin tungsten ba ne, amma tungsten carbide, don haka idan kuna da irin wannan zobe a hannun ku,% sunan mai amfani%, to, kada ku damu da yawa. Tungsten carbide wani abu ne mai nauyi kuma mai wuyar gaske - don haka ana amfani dashi a kowane nau'in sassan da ake amfani da su don dokewa; ta hanyar, "mai nasara" shine 90% tungsten carbide. Mutanen kirki kuma suna ƙara tungsten carbide a matsayin tukwici don harsashi masu huda sulke da harsasai. Amma ba wai kawai ba, zan ba ku labarin wani karfe daga baya.
Af, ko da yake tungsten yana da nauyi, duk da girmansa idan aka kwatanta da gubar gargajiya da mai rahusa, kariyar tungsten ya zama ƙasa da nauyi tare da daidaitattun kaddarorin kariya ko mafi inganci tare da daidaitaccen nauyi. Saboda refractoriness da taurin tungsten, wanda ya sa shi da wuya a aiwatar, a irin waɗannan lokuta ana amfani da ƙarin ductile tungsten gami da ƙari na wasu karafa ko dakatar da tungsten powdered (ko mahadi) a cikin wani polymer tushe. Ya zama mai sauƙi, mafi tasiri - amma kawai ya fi tsada. Don haka idan akwai ɓarna, % sunan mai amfani%, sami kanka wasu sulke na tungsten!
Af, na yi nasarar sanya tabo a kan "zobe na har abada" tare da wani nau'in sinadari - kuma ban ma san da menene ba. Don haka "madawwamiyar" ce kawai ga talakawa))))
4. Uranus
Karfe daya tilo da ake amfani da shi azaman mai. To - makamashin nukiliya.
Lokacin da nake har yanzu ɗan makaranta, amma an shigar da ni jami'a (Ba zan faɗi dalilin da ya sa ba!), Koyaushe ina jin daɗin abin da ɗaliban ƙasashen waje suka yi lokacin da aka nuna musu lu'ulu'u na sodium uranyl acetate a ƙarƙashin na'urar microscope. To, akwai irin wannan halayen halayen. Lokacin da suka ce kalmar "uranil" ga baƙi, an busa su daga bene. Kowa yayi dariya.
Yana da ban dariya da bakin ciki a gare ni cewa a yanzu yawancin mutanenmu sun yarda cewa uranium yana da muni, haɗari da muni. Tabarbarewar ilimi a bayyane take.
Hasali ma, ko da a zamanin da, ana amfani da uranium oxide na halitta don yin jita-jita na rawaya. Don haka, a kusa da Naples, an sami guntuwar gilashin rawaya mai ɗauke da 1% uranium oxide kuma tun daga 79 AD. e. Ba ya haskakawa a cikin duhu kuma baya fitar da haske. Na kasance a Zhovti Vody a Ukraine, inda ake hako ma'adinin uranium. Babu wanda ya haskaka ko yin hayaniya a wurin. Kuma amsar ita ce mai sauƙi: uranium na halitta yana da rauni na rediyoaktif - ba fiye da granites da basalt ba, da sharar gida da hanyoyin karkashin kasa. Uranium wanda shine URANIUM shine isotope U-235, wanda akwai kawai 0,7204% a cikin yanayi. Akwai kadan daga ciki cewa masana kimiyyar nukiliya suna buƙatar ware da kuma mayar da hankali ga wannan isotope ("wadatar da shi") - injin ba zai yi aiki da sauƙi ba.
Af, akwai ƙarin U-235 a cikin yanayi - kawai ya lalace akan lokaci. Kuma tun da akwai fiye da haka, ana iya yin reactor na nukiliya daidai a gwiwa. A zahiri. Wannan shi ne abin da ya faru a Gabon a ajiyar Oklo kimanin shekaru biliyan 2 da suka wuce: ruwa ya ratsa ta cikin ma'adinan, ruwa shine mai daidaitawa na dabi'a na neutrons wanda ake fitarwa a lokacin ruɓar uranium-235 - a cikin duka, akwai isasshen makamashin neutron don Uranium-235 tsakiya za a kama shi - kuma an fara amsa sarkar. Kuma Uranium yana ƙone shekaru da yawa har sai da ya ƙone ...
An gano wannan da yawa daga baya, a cikin 1972, lokacin da a masana'antar inganta uranium a Pierrelat (Faransa), yayin nazarin uranium daga Oklo, an sami sabani daga al'ada a cikin tsarin isotopic na uranium. Abubuwan da ke cikin U-235 isotope ya kasance 0,717% maimakon 0,720 na yau da kullun. Uranium ba tsiran alade ba ne, a nan ana azabtar da ƙarancin kiba: duk wuraren makaman nukiliya suna ƙarƙashin kulawa mai ƙarfi don hana yin amfani da kayan fissile ba bisa ka'ida ba don dalilai na soja. Don haka masana kimiyya sun fara bincike, sun sami wasu abubuwa guda biyu, irin su neodymium da ruthenium, kuma sun gane cewa an sace U-235 a gabanmu, kawai ya ƙone, kamar a cikin reactor. Wato dabi'a ita ce ta kirkiro makamashin nukiliya tun kafin mu. Duk da haka, kamar komai.
Ƙarƙashin uranium (wannan shine lokacin da aka cire 235 kuma aka ba wa masana kimiyyar nukiliya, kuma U-238 ya rage) yana da nauyi da wuya, dan kadan yana tunawa da tungsten a cikin kaddarorin, sabili da haka ana amfani dashi a cikin hanyar da ya kamata a buga. Akwai labari game da wannan daga tsohuwar Yugoslavia: sun yi amfani da harsashi masu sulke tare da fitilun harbe-harbe mai dauke da uranium. Yawan jama'a yana da matsaloli, amma ba ko kaɗan ba saboda radiation: ƙurar uranium mai kyau ta shiga cikin huhu, ta sha - kuma ta haifar da 'ya'ya: uranium yana da guba ga kodan. Shi ke nan - kuma babu abin da za ku ji tsoron uranyl acetate! Gaskiya ne, wannan ba doka ba bisa ga dokokin Tarayyar Rasha - sabili da haka akwai matsaloli na har abada tare da isowar sinadarai masu dauke da uranium - saboda wani jami'in uranium daya ne kawai.
Sannan akwai gilashin uranium: ƙaramin ƙari na uranium yana ba da kyakkyawan haske mai launin rawaya-kore.
Kuma yana da damn kyau!
Af, yana da matukar amfani don ba da baƙi apples ko salad, sa'an nan kuma kunna dan kadan ultraviolet haske da kuma nuna yadda yake da kyau. Lokacin da kowa ya gama sha'awar shi, a hankali jefa: "To, eh, ba shakka, wannan gilashin uranium ne..." Kuma ku ciji wani yanki na apple daga cikin gilashin ...
5. Osmium
To, tun da mun riga mun yi magana game da nauyi uranium-tungsten, lokaci ya yi da za a kira mafi nauyi karfe a general - osmium. Yawansa shine 22,62 g/cm3!
Duk da haka, osmium, kasancewa mafi nauyi, ba ya hana wani abu daga zama marar lahani: a cikin iska yana sannu-sannu oxidizes zuwa OsO4, wanda yake maras kyau kuma, a hanya, mai guba. Ee, sigar rukunin platinum ne, amma yana da iskar oxygen. Sunan "osmium" ya fito ne daga tsohuwar Girkanci ὀσμή - "ƙamshi" - daidai saboda wannan: halayen sinadaran narke osmiridium alkaline alloy (wani ragowar platinum a cikin ruwa mai ruwa) a cikin ruwa ko acid suna tare da sakin wani wari mara dadi, mai daurewa OsO4, yana fusata makogwaro, kama da warin chlorine ko ruɓaɓɓen radish. Smithson Tennant (karin shi daga baya), wanda ya yi aiki tare da osmiridium ya gane wannan warin - kuma ya sanya wa karfe suna haka. Kuma na san cewa osmium dole ne ya kasance a cikin foda kuma dole ne a yi zafi don aikin ya ci gaba sosai - amma a kowane hali, ban yi ƙoƙari na kasance kusa da wannan karfe na dogon lokaci ba.
Af, akwai kuma irin wannan isotope Os-187. Akwai kadan daga cikinsa a cikin yanayi, sabili da haka an raba shi da osmium a cikin centrifuges ta hanyar rabuwar taro - kamar uranium. Suna jira watanni 9 don rabuwa - a, a, yana yiwuwa a haihu. Saboda haka, Os-187 yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsada karafa; abun ciki ne ya ƙayyade farashin kasuwa na osmium na halitta. Amma ba shine mafi tsada ba, zan gaya muku game da shi a ƙasa.
6. Iridium
Tun da muna magana ne game da rukunin platinum, yana da daraja tunawa da iridium. Osmium ya cire lakabin ƙarfe mafi nauyi daga iridium - amma bambancin yana cikin pennies: yawan iridium shine 22,53 g/cm3. Har ila yau, Osmium da iridium an gano su tare a cikin 1803 ta masanin kimiyyar sinadarai na Ingila S. Tennant - dukansu sun kasance a matsayin ƙazanta a cikin platinum na halitta da aka fitar daga Kudancin Amirka. Tennant shi ne na farko a cikin masana kimiyya da yawa waɗanda suka yi nasarar samun isassun adadin abubuwan da ba za a iya narkewa ba bayan fallasa platinum zuwa aqua regia da gano karafan da ba a san su ba a cikinsa.
Amma ba kamar osmium ba, iridium shine mafi ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarfe: a cikin nau'in ingot ba ya narke a cikin kowane acid ko gaurayawan su! Kwata-kwata! Ko da maɗaukakin fluorine yana ɗaukar shi kawai a 400-450 ° C. Don har yanzu narkar da iridium, dole ne a haɗa shi da alkalis - kuma zai fi dacewa a cikin rafi na oxygen.
Ana amfani da ƙarfin injina da sinadarai na iridium a cikin ɗakin Ma'auni da Ma'auni - an yi ma'aunin kilogiram daga allurar platinum-iridium.
A halin yanzu, iridium ba karfen banki ba ne, amma an riga an sami sauye-sauye a cikin wannan: a cikin 2013, an yi amfani da iridium a karon farko a duniya wajen samar da tsabar kudi a hukumance ta Babban Bankin Ruwanda, wanda ya fitar da tsabar kudin da aka yi. na tsantsar ƙarfe na 999 tsarki. An fitar da tsabar iridium a cikin adadin frans Rwandan 10. Kuma tsine - Ina son irin wannan tsabar kudin!
A hanyar, a cikin matashi mai zurfi na taba karanta wani labari mai ban sha'awa a cikin "Young Technician", lokacin da wani mutum ya kasance a kan hanyarsa ta samun nasara kuma ya sami damar musayar yashi don iridium a cikin 1: 1 tare da wasu baki a cikin ginshiki. . To, kun ga, suna buƙatar silicon! Ba na ma tuna take da marubucin labarin. na gode - V. Shibaev. Kebul ɗin yana daga can.
7. ZinariyaTaho kowa ya ganshi
A rayuwa sau da yawa yakan faru cewa akwai ainihin zakara kuma na yau da kullun. Idan iridium shine ainihin zakara a cikin juriya na sinadarai, to zinari shine na yau da kullun: shine mafi girman ƙarfe na lantarki, 2,54 akan ma'aunin Pauling. Amma wannan baya hana zinari daga narkewa a cikin gaurayawan acid, don haka, kamar yadda aka saba, laurels sun tafi ga waɗanda ke da wadata.
Kuma hakika, a halin yanzu, godiya ga gaskiyar cewa Sin da Tarayyar Rasha sun kawar da manufar tara zinariya da kudaden waje a cikin dalar Amurka, zuwa manufar tara zinariya da kanta, zinariya ita ce mafi tsada a banki: a cikin Farashin ya dade ya zarce platinum - kuma hakika duka rukunin platinum. Don haka ajiye kuɗin ku a bankin ajiyar zinari, % username%!
Tunda hanyar alchemical na hako zinare ya nuna yana da tsada, ana samun wannan ƙarfe a matatun mai. Kuma an riga an yi tsabar kuɗi a mints. Don haka, a matsayina na mutumin da ya kasance a can da can, zan iya cewa: idan ma'aikatan irin waɗannan kamfanoni suka ziyarci wurin da akwai ƙarfe mai daraja, ko dai su canza tufafi - kuma babu fil ko takarda guda ɗaya a cikin kayan aikinsu. - Firam ɗin da ke wurin binciken ba kwata-kwata iri ɗaya ne da na filayen jirgin sama, komai yana ƙara ƙarfi a can. Ko kuma akwai abin da ake kira "yanayin tsirara" - eh, kun fahimci daidai: wurin binciken yara maza da wuraren bincike na 'yan mata - za ku yi sutura a ciki. Idan ana dasa karfen, akwai takaddun shaida da yawa, izini da yawa, duk lokacin da akayi daban-daban su duba cewa dashen yana wurin da ya kamata ya kasance.
Af, ta yaya kuke ganin an tsara wuraren binciken ababen hawa a farfajiyar banki? Takardu ba sa ringa!
Amsar tana nan, amma ka yi tunani kaɗan da kankaBayan aiki, ba a yarda kowa ya fita, gami da gudanarwa, har sai an ƙidaya duk samfuran. Ee - komai yana da tsauri. Amma babu wanda ya damu lokacin da, a lokuta masu wahala, an biya albashi a cikin samfurori.
8. Lithium
Ba kamar nauyi osmium-iridium ba, lithium shine ƙarfe mafi sauƙi, yawancinsa shine kawai 0,534 g/cm3. Karfe ne na alkali, amma mafi yawan aiki a cikin duka rukuni: ba ya fashewa a cikin ruwa, amma yana amsawa cikin nutsuwa, a cikin iska kuma ba ya da yawa, kuma ba shi da sauƙi a kunna shi: bayan 100 ° C. yana da kyau a rufe shi da oxide wanda ba zai kara yin oxidize ba. Saboda haka, lithium ne kawai alkali karfe cewa ba a adana a cikin kananzir - me ya sa, idan shi ne quite inert? Kuma wannan yana da sa'a - saboda ƙarancin ƙarancinsa, lithium zai iya iyo a cikin kananzir.
Lithium na halitta ya ƙunshi isotopes guda biyu: Li-6 da Li-7. Tun da atom da kansa yana da ƙananan, ƙarin neutron yana tasiri sosai akan radius na orbital da kuzarin kuzari na electron, sabili da haka nau'in atomic bakan na waɗannan isotopes guda biyu ya bambanta - saboda haka, yana yiwuwa a ƙayyade su ko da ba tare da wani nau'i mai yawa ba. - kuma wannan shine kawai togiya a cikin yanayi! Dukansu isotopes suna da mahimmanci a cikin makamashin nukiliya; ta hanyar, ana amfani da Li-6 deuteride azaman fowder na thermonuclear a cikin makaman thermal - kuma ba zan ƙara cewa komai akan wannan batu ba!
Lithium kuma likitocin masu tabin hankali suna amfani da shi azaman al'ada don magani da rigakafin mania. Sa’ad da nake aiki na ɗan lokaci a sashen sa’ad da nake ɗalibi, wata ’yar’uwa ta zo mana da plasma na jini wanda a ciki ya zama dole a tantance lithium. A wani lokaci, na je na duba wallafe-wallafen (babu Intanet har yanzu) don fahimtar dalilin da yasa za a ƙayyade lithium a can kwata-kwata? Sai na gano...Daga ziyara ta gaba, a hankali na tambayi goggo, ko dai jinin wane ne? Da ta amsa da cewa nata ne, sai na kara yunkura don kada in hadu da ita a zahiri.
To, don haka - lithium da lithium, wani lokaci ana gano shi ko da a cikin ruwa. Af, yana da yawa a cikin ruwa a Lviv.
9. Faranci
Faransa tana da duka jerin lakabi. To, da farko, francium shine mafi ƙarancin ƙarfe. Duk abin da ke cikinsa gabaɗaya radiogenic ne: yana wanzuwa azaman matsakaicin samfur na lalata uranium-235 da thorium-232. An kiyasta jimlar adadin francium a cikin ɓawon ƙasa a gram 340. Don haka tabo a cikin hoton da ke sama ba hoton gaban rami ba ne, amma kusan 200 francium atom a cikin tarkon maganadisu-optical. Duk isotopes na francium suna rediyoaktif; isotope mafi dadewa, Fr-000, yana da rabin rayuwar mintuna 223. Shi ya sa Faransa ba ta da yawa.
Koyaya, francium yana da mafi ƙarancin electronegativity na kowane nau'in da aka sani a halin yanzu, a 0,7 akan ma'aunin Pauling. Saboda haka, francium kuma shine mafi ƙarancin ƙarfe na alkali mai aiki da sinadarai kuma yana samar da alkali mafi ƙarfi - francium hydroxide FrOH. Kuma kada ku tambayi,% username%, yadda suka ƙayyade duk wannan tare da wani kashi wanda babu yawa, kuma wanda kowane minti 22,3 ya zama sau biyu a karami, kuma mai binciken kansa yana haskakawa da haske. Sabili da haka, duk wannan yana da ban sha'awa da nishaɗi, amma francium kusan ba a amfani da shi a ko'ina.
10. California/>
California ba ta cikin wannan duniyar kwata-kwata, amma an samar da ita a wurare biyu: Dimitrovgrad a cikin Tarayyar Rasha da Oak Ridge National Laboratory a Amurka. Don samar da gram ɗaya na californium, plutonium ko curium ana sa ido a kan iskar neutron na dogon lokaci a cikin injin nukiliya - daga watanni 8 zuwa shekaru 1,5. Duk layin ruɓe yayi kama da haka: Plutonium-Americium-Curium-Berkley-Califorium. California-252 shine ƙarshen sakamakon sarkar - wannan kashi ba za a iya canza shi zuwa isotope mai nauyi ba, tun da tsakiya, kamar yadda yake, ya ce "na gode, na cika" kuma yana amsawa da raunin neutrons.
A kan hanyar canza plutonium zuwa californium, 100% na 99,7% na rubewar tsakiya. Kashi 0,3% na nuclei kawai ana kiyaye su daga ruɓe kuma suna yin su cikin dukkan matakin. Kuma samfurin yana buƙatar haskakawa! An ware isotope ta hanyar cirewa, haɓakar chromatography, ko saboda musayar ion. Don ba shi bayyanar ƙarfe, ana yin ragi.
Yana ɗaukar kilogiram 252 na plutonium-10 don samar da gram ɗaya na California-239.
Adadin da ake haƙa na California-252 na shekara-shekara shine 40-80 micrograms, kuma a cewar masana, ajiyar duniya na California bai wuce gram 8 ba. Saboda haka, California, ko fiye daidai California-252, shi ne mafi tsada masana'antu karfe a duniya, farashin gram daya a shekaru daban-daban ya bambanta daga 6,5 zuwa 27 dala miliyan.
Tambayar ma'ana ita ce: wanene yake bukata? Ba za ku iya yin sarkar daga cikin wuyan ku ba, ba za ku iya ba wa ƙaunataccen ku a cikin nau'i na zobe ba. Gaskiyar ita ce, Cf-252 yana da babban nau'i mai yawa na neutron (sama da 3). Giram na Cf-252 yana fitar da kusan 3⋅1012 neutrons a sakan daya. Eh, abu ne mai yuwuwa a kera bam din atomic, amma uranium da plutonium iri daya sun fi rahusa, don haka ana amfani da ita kanta californium a matsayin tushen neutrons a nazari daban-daban, ciki har da masana'antu in-line activation analyzers akan bel na jigilar kaya. Af,% username%, Ni da kaina na ga wannan Californian a cikin nau'i na ƙaramin ampoule, wanda aka ciro daga cikin ganga mai nauyi na kariya ta radiation kuma da sauri ya tura zuwa wurin da ya dace akan na'urar nazari.
A bayyane yake cewa don irin wannan kuɗin, californium kawai dole ne ya zama guba, ko da yake ba haka ba ne, , amma neutron kuma ba kome ba ne. Amma sai dai itace kadan tsada, ba shakka.
To, da alama an yi komai - kusan sa'o'i huɗu na barci ya rage kafin tafiya. Ina fatan abin ya zama mai ban sha'awa, kuma ban rubuta duk wannan a banza ba.
Ina fatan ku, % sunan mai amfani%, ku kasance da ƙarfi kamar titanium, sauƙin hawa kamar lithium, maras ƙarfi kamar iridium kuma mai daraja kamar Californian! To, ƙarin zinariya a cikin aljihunka, ba shakka.
(zaku iya nuna wannan gurasar a hutu na gaba - kar ku gode mani)
source: www.habr.com