Mafi ban sha'awa guba

Sannu %username%!

Ga maraice kuma, kuma ba ni da abin yi, kuma na yanke shawarar ɗaukar ɗan lokaci kaɗan don rubuta kashi na uku na jerin abubuwan dana guba. Ina fatan kun karanta na farko и na biyu bangare kuma kuna son shi.

A kashi na uku za mu dan huta kadan. Ba za a sami labari a nan ba game da gubar da kuke ci karo da su a kowane mataki - mai yiwuwa, har ma da akasin haka. Ba za a sami holivar game da haɗarin barasa da nicotine ba.

A cikin kashi na uku zan tattara waɗannan guba waɗanda saboda wasu dalilai suka zama masu ban sha'awa a gare ni (idan ana iya amfani da irin wannan kalmar ga guba kwata-kwata - amma, kamar yadda na riga na ce: Ni ɗan fasaha ne, ina ganin haka).

Don haka, kuma goma na mutuwa! Tafi

Wuri na goma

Homidium bromide

Dan Adam ya kasance mai sha'awar sani. Kuma a cikin sha'awar sa wani lokacin ba da gangan ba yana haifar da dodanni.

An ƙera Homidium bromide a matsayin wakili mai tsaka-tsaki don ilimin halitta don ganowa da kuma nazarin acid nucleic, musamman a cikin yanayin agarose gel electrophoresis na DNA ko RNA.

Kalmar “intercaating” maɓalli ce a nan. Ta hanyar ma'anarsa, haɗin kai shine abin da zai iya jujjuyawa hada kwayoyin ko rukuni tsakanin wasu kwayoyin halitta ko kungiyoyi. Homidium bromide yana hulɗa tare da acid nucleic, ciki har da tsakanin tushe.

Ga masu sha'awar, yana kama da wani abu kamar wannan

A aikace, homidium bromide, ko da a cikin ƙananan allurai, yana hana DNA da kira na RNA kuma yana juyar da supercoiling na DNA madauwari. Wannan abu shine kusan mafi ƙarfi sananne mutagen.

Babu wani bayani a cikin wallafe-wallafe game da adadin homidium bromide ya kamata a ɗauka don a ba da tabbacin mutuwa. Babu wani bayani kan yadda wannan mutuwa za ta faru. Masana kimiyya har yanzu suna jayayya ko wannan abu yana da kaddarorin carcinogenic.

% username%, homidium bromide hanya ce mai kyau don koyon sabon abu game da jikin ku a cikin ruhun STALKER Ku tafi don shi!

wuri na tara

NNG

Idan baku gamsu da wuri na goma ba, ku hadu: N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine! Ko kuma a sauƙaƙe kuma cikin ladabi: BFG NNG.

Ka tuna abin da na ce game da "kusan mafi iko mutagen"? Don haka, NNG ita ce mafi ƙarfi. Ba kamar ƙarancin chomidium bromide ba, NNG koyaushe yana haifar da maye gurbi fiye da ɗaya kowace tantanin halitta. Masanan injiniyan kwayoyin halitta sun yi amfani da NNG lokacin da suke gudanar da gwaje-gwajen su tare da E. coli.

Kuma ta hanyar, NNG yana 100% carcinogenic. A wannan yanayin, ciwace-ciwacen daji suna tasowa da yawa kuma koyaushe suna maimaitawa.

Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, NNG:

• Rashin kwanciyar hankali. Shi kansa wannan abu foda ne, amma kullum yana rubewa, kuma idan aka ajiye shi a cikin rufaffiyar kwantena, sai ya fashe.
• Yana maida martani da ruwa.
• Zai iya fashewa akan tasiri.
• Mai hankali ga zafi, haske, danshi - fashe ba tare da gargadi ba.
• Mai ƙonewa.
• Rashin jituwa tare da mafita mai ruwa, acid, alkalis, oxidizing jamiái, rage jamiái - tashin hankali dauki tare da fashewa.
• Alkaline hydrolysis, lokacin da aka kashe, yana fitar da iskar gas mai guba da fashewa.

Kodayake daga ra'ayi mai guba, NNG yana da kyau sosai: berayen suna mutuwa a allurai na kusan 90 mg / kg. Idan akai la'akari da mahimman kaddarorin NNG, zamu iya cewa sun yi sa'a.

Wuri na takwas

Heptyl

Tun a tarihi, mutum ya yi mafarkin tashi. A cikin karni na karshe, mafarkin ya faru a cikin jiragen sama. Kowace shekara, ’yan Adam suna son tunani game da binciken Moon, Mars, da kuma tashi zuwa taurari.

Sai tseren ya bushe. Gasa ta bace, sha'awa ta ɓace, kowa ya fara kirga kuɗi kuma kwatsam ya gano cewa yana da ban sha'awa sosai don samun kuɗi akan wayoyin hannu da na'urori masu sarrafawa fiye da tashi a wani wuri.

Amma ba abin da nake magana ba kenan. Heptyl - ko unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine) - wani bangaren na high-tafafi (da samun tafasar batu sama 0 ° C) roka man fetur. Dianitrogen tetroxide (AT), mai tsabta ko gauraye da nitric acid, ana yawan amfani da shi azaman wakili na oxidizing wanda aka haɗa tare da heptyl; an san lokuta na amfani da tsantsar acid da ruwa oxygen. Don inganta kaddarorinsa, an yi amfani da heptyl a cikin cakuda da hydrazine, wanda aka sani da aerozine.

Wannan man fetur (kuma wannan man roka ne!) An yi amfani da shi, musamman, a cikin motocin ƙaddamar da Soviet "Proton", "Cosmos", "Cyclone"; American - Titan iyali; Faransanci - dangin "Arian"; a cikin tsarin sarrafa jiragen sama na mutane, tauraron dan adam, orbital da tashoshi na duniya.

Heptyl ruwa ne mara launi ko ɗan rawaya mai haske mai kaifi mai kaifi mara daɗi, halayen amines (ƙamshin kifin da ya lalace, kama da ƙamshin ammonia, kama da ƙamshin sprat). Ya haɗu da kyau da ruwa, ethanol, yawancin samfuran man fetur da sauran kaushi na kwayoyin halitta. Ƙunƙashin kai akan hulɗa da oxidizers dangane da nitric acid da dinitrogen tetroxide, wanda ke sauƙaƙe ƙira kuma yana tabbatar da farawa mai sauƙi da yiwuwar sake kunna injin roka. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin abũbuwan amfãni; a gare su kuma an ƙara mafi girma yadda ya dace da naúrar taro na man fetur cakuda (wuce oxygen + kerosene tururi da oxygen + hydrogen tururi a yawa - 1170 kg / m³ a kan 1070 kg / m³ da 285 kg / m³, bi da bi) da kuma yiwuwar adana makamai masu linzami na dogon lokaci da aka kunna a yanayin zafi na al'ada.

Yanzu - game da m.

• Heptyl ya fi hydrocyanic acid mai guba sau huɗu. Tasiri a jikin mutum: hangula na mucous membranes na idanu, numfashi na numfashi da kuma huhu, mai tsanani ruri na tsakiya m tsarin, gastrointestinal tashin (tashin zuciya, amai), asarar sani, mutuwa.
• Matsakaicin filasha -15 ° C; zafin jiki na atomatik 249 ° C; Iyakar maida hankali na yaduwar harshen wuta 2-95% vol. Wannan yana nufin cewa heptyl yana ƙonewa sosai kuma yana ƙonewa da farin ciki (wanda zai yi shakka).
• Tururin Heptyl suna da fashewa sosai, suna rasa kawai ga nau'ikan hydrogen-oxygen.
• Mutagen. Carcinogen. Yana da ƙarfi sosai har ana amfani da shi don dogaro da haifar da cutar sankara mai launi a cikin berayen a cikin binciken ƙari.

Yaya kuke son hakan, Elon Musk? A takaice, % username%, ba na yi maka hassada idan kana zaune kusa da tashar sararin samaniya.

Wuri na bakwai

Cantharidin

Bayan tashi, ɗan adam ya kasance yana da abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da zai yi. Alal misali, a kowane lokaci, maza sun kasance masu rikitarwa game da iyawar su - kuma a, a!, Ina magana ne game da ainihin waɗannan damar!

Yanzu, don neman maganin angina, wani mutum ya sami sa'a - kuma sildenafil ya bayyana - ko, a cikin harshen gama gari, Viagra. Amma kafin komai ya fi rikitarwa!

Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun zaɓuɓɓukan shine karɓar waɗannan dabbobi masu zuwa:


A'a,% sunan mai amfani%, wannan ba koren kyankyaso bane kwata-kwata, amma kuda na Sipaniya. Kuma tarihinsa yana da tsawo kuma yana da launi sosai:

• A zamanin Romawa, Livia, maƙaryaciyar matar Octavian Augustus, ta shiga cikin abincinta tare da bege cewa hakan zai haifar da rashin mutunci a cikin baƙi Livia, wanda zai taimaka mata bata musu rai a nan gaba.
• A cikin 1572, Ambroise Paré ya rubuta labarin wani mutum da ke fama da "mafi munin satyriasis" (Muna kiranta wata kalma daban yanzu, amma Google da kanka) bayan shan potion dauke da nettle da kuma Spanish kuda.
• A cikin 1670s, mai duba kuma mai warkarwa La Voisin ya ba da "maganin soyayya" da aka yi daga kuda na Mutanen Espanya, busasshen jinin mole, da jinin jemage (ew).
• A cikin "Al'amarin Marseille" na Marquis de Sade, an zarge shi, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ta yin amfani da "ƙudaje na Mutanen Espanya".

Kuma duk saboda cantharidin ne, wanda wannan zakara ya ƙunshi har zuwa 5%! Af, ba kawai: cantharidin yana samuwa a cikin hemolymph na blister beetles, T-shirts da wasu dogayen beetles. Kuma a, a cikin ƙananan allurai daidai abin da tsofaffi chevalier, kewaye da matasa courtesans, bukata!

Matsalar ita ce, ban da wannan aikin, cantharidin yana da kaddarorin blister. Amma tun da ba a shafa shi ba, amma an sha, to: bayan shigar da tsarin narkewa a cikin allurai na kimanin 0,5 mg / kg, an fara karuwa da sauri - ciwon ciki, amai, fitsari mai jini, kumburin koda, haɓakar koda. gazawa. An overdose na 40-80 MG / kg dogara da kuma har abada warware batun sadarwa ba kawai tare da mata, amma tare da dukan abubuwa masu rai a general: a m autopsy, kaifi hyperemia na mucous membranes, samuwar ulcers da kuma foci na hemorrhage. An lura, an sami raunuka masu yaduwa a cikin hanta da kodan.

Shin ya cancanci hadarin? Tarihi yace eh.

Saboda haka, nasarar Viagra ba abin mamaki ba ne.

Wuri na shida

Paraquat

Tun da muna magana ne game da bil'adama da mutane, kun sani,% username%, lokacin da nake shirya jerin sunayen membobin wannan faretin, saboda wasu dalilai na fara fahimtar algae, da namomin kaza, da duk waɗannan tsire-tsire masu guba da fauna. da ke kewaye da mu . Domin mafi sharri da - wanda shi ne na hali! - dabba mai guba da bazuwar, kamar mutum - ban samu ba. Bugu da ƙari, "rashin lafiya" shine mabuɗin kalmar, saboda mutum yana cutar da flora da fauna, ciki har da kansa.

Paraquat wani fili ne na kwayoyin halitta, sunan kasuwanci N, N'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridylium dichloride. A cikin nau'i na gishiri ammonium na quaternary, ana amfani da paraquat sosai azaman maganin ciyawa mai ƙarfi tare da aikin da ba na musamman ba. Af, %username%, kuna da gidan yanar gizon ku? Amma paraquat yana da!

Ana amfani da Paraquat don sarrafa ciyawa mai faɗi da ciyawa, amma ba shi da tasiri wajen sarrafa ciyawa mai tushe. Wannan maganin ciyawa ba ya kai hari ga bawon bishiya, don haka ana amfani da shi don magance ciyawa a cikin gonakin gonaki. A cikin 1960s, Amurka kuma ta yi amfani da paraquat don yaƙar marijuana da noman coca a Kudancin Amurka (saboda wasu dalilai na tuna da labarin "Yellow Rain" da "Agent Orange" - tunatar da ni daga baya idan kuna son sauraron wannan. labari kuma).

Paraquat yana da guba sosai ga dabbobi da mutane. Matsakaicin kisa na iya zama kusan teaspoon ɗaya na abu. Lokacin da aka sha, paraquat yana tafiya ta cikin jini zuwa dukkan kyallen jikin jiki, kuma yana taruwa sosai a cikin huhu. Wannan yana haifar da kumburi da sauran lalacewa ga huhu, wanda zai iya haifar da fibrosis. Baya ga huhu, hanta da kodan kuma na iya lalacewa ( gazawar koda).

A halin yanzu, ana amfani da paraquat azaman maganin herbicide a cikin ƙasashe 120 (ba a yi amfani da shi a Rasha ba - Na yi mamakin ma a nan!).

To me zan iya cewa? Bon ci.

Wuri na biyar

Endrin

An haɗa Endrin a cikin 1949 ta Kurt Alder. An fara samar da endrin na kasuwanci a Amurka a cikin 1951, inda aka yi amfani da shi tare da aldrin azaman maganin kashe kwari. An gano cewa wannan abu ya fi aldrin tasiri fiye da sau 2 kuma ya fi DDT tasiri sau 10-12. Ya tabbatar da tasiri wajen yaƙar:

• caterpillars da aphids akan taba, masara, beets sugar, rake, auduga da sauran amfanin gona;
• blackcurrant toho mite, wanda duk sauran kwayoyi ba su da tasiri;
• beraye da sauran rodents;
• mutane (menene???).

Eh, eh, abokina masoyi, gubar endrin aerosol ga mutane yayi kama da na hydrocyanic acid. Da farko yana rinjayar tsarin jin tsoro. An sha ta cikin fata. Yana da tsawon rabin rayuwa daga jiki. kyakkyawa, ba haka ba?

Mummunan guba na endrin yana nuna tashin hankali na motsi, ƙara yawan numfashi, ƙwanƙwasa tsoka, shuddering, da maƙarƙashiyar tonic. Mutuwa na faruwa ne bayan wasu hare-hare na matsewar jiki sakamakon gurguncewar cibiyar numfashi. An bayyana lokuta na guba mai tsanani sakamakon cin burodin da aka gasa daga gurɓataccen gari tare da abun ciki na endrin na 150-5500 mg/kg. Alamomin farko na maye yawanci ana lura dasu bayan sa'o'i 2-3 (rashin lafiya gabaɗaya, tashin zuciya, amai, rauni, gumi mai tsanani). A cikin lokuta masu tsanani, an bayyana maƙarƙashiya, kurma na wucin gadi, gurguzu, asarar haɗin kai, da paresthesia. Farfadowa ya faru da sauri, amma wani lokacin rashin fahimta na ɗan gajeren lokaci, tashin hankali, da nakasuwar hankali ana lura dasu sakamakon guba.

A cikin 1969 (shekaru 18 bayan haka !!!) An cire endrin daga jerin abubuwan kariya na shuka saboda yanayinsa na bioaccumulate (a hanya, na ambaci cewa ba shi da narkewa a cikin ruwa?). Koyaya, ana amfani da wannan maganin kashe qwari a wasu ƙasashe har zuwa farkon 90s. Bisa ga shawarar da yarjejeniyar Stockholm ta ranar 23 ga Mayu, 2001, an haramta samarwa, sayarwa da kuma amfani da endrin a duniya, a matsayin daya daga cikin magungunan kashe qwari masu guba da yawa.

Jimlar adadin endrin da aka samar tun 1951 shine ~ 5000 ton, wanda sama da tan 2500 aka samar a Amurka. Babu wanda ya san abin da ya faru da shi a yanzu da kuma ko an jefar da shi a wani wuri a hankali - kuma wannan abin bakin ciki ne.

Wuri na hudu

Ricin

Kun san mene makukha, %username%? Wannan shine cake ɗin sunflower, abin da ya rage lokacin da aka fitar da mai daga tsaba. Kakana ya kawo gida irin wannan lafiyayyen faifan makukha - sai ya kama kifi da shi.

Shin kun taɓa ganin man castor, %username%? Ba na tambayar ko kun sha shi, kodayake ta hanyar ita ce mafi kyawun magani kuma mafi kyawun muhalli don magance wasu matsaloli masu laushi.

Shin kun ga nau'in castor, %username%? A'a? Ku yi imani da ni: ba za ku gani ba.

Ana yin man Castor ne daga tsaban wake - a cikin ƙasashe masu dumi wannan daji ne mai tsayin mita 10, a cikin ƙasarmu, saboda ƙarancin tsadar rayuwa a cikin yanayin yanayi, shuka ce ta shekara har zuwa 2-5 m tsayi. .

Wannan shi ne yadda wannan sako yayi kama
Kuma haka - 'castor nut'

Don haka, % username%, ba za ku taɓa ganin Castor cake ba, saboda guba ce mai mahimmanci kuma tana ƙarƙashin ƙididdigewa da zubarwa. Glycoprotein ricin, wanda ake samu a cikin 'ya'yan itacen castor, shine mafi karfi dafin shuka a duniya, sai dai idan kun lissafta algae a matsayin tsire-tsire. Ricin ya fi potassium cyanide mai guba sau dubu 6. Tsarin tasirin mai guba na ricin kuma yana da kyau: hana haɓakar furotin ta ribosomes. Wato, waɗannan ƙananan abubuwa na cikin salula waɗanda ke haɗa komai kuma suna sa sel masu amfani su daina aiki ba zato ba tsammani. Ko'ina. Wannan yajin aikin cikin salula ne.

A gaskiya ma, yajin ya bayyana kamar haka: tashin zuciya, amai, zafi da konewa a cikin esophagus da ciki, zawo, ciwon kai, barci, anuria, leukocytosis, agglutination na jajayen kwayoyin halitta (wannan shine lokacin da suka tsaya tare kuma suna hazo kai tsaye a cikin jijiyoyin jini da zuciya) - sa'an nan kuma rushewa da mutuwa. Yana da sauki.

Tunda dan kankanin sinadarin ricin mai girman kai ya isa ya kashe babban mutum, za a iya fahimtar cewa mutane sun yi sha’awar ta sosai kuma an yi nazari kan amfani da Ricin a matsayin makamin lalata da sassan soja na kasashe daban-daban tun daga tushe. yakin duniya na farko. Koyaya, saboda gazawar da yawa, wannan abu ba a taɓa ɗauka don sabis ba.

Koyaya, ricin ya sami amfani a tsakanin hukumomin leken asiri. Daya daga cikin fitattun al'amuran da suka shafi amfani da Ricin shine kisan gillar da aka yi wa dan adawar Bulgaria Georgiy Markov, wanda aka sanya masa guba a shekarar 1978 ta hanyar allura da wata laima ta musamman. A cewar wasu majiyoyin, makamin wanda ya kashe shi bindigar iska ce da ta harba wani microcapsule mai dauke da ricin kuma ya yi kama da laima. Adadin da aka yi wa Markov bai wuce 450 mcg (ko 0,45 milligrams).

Sauƙin samun gubar ya sa ƙungiyoyin ta'adda za su iya samun su. Don haka, a shekara ta 2001, 'yan jarida sun ba da rahoton gano umarnin samar da ricin a sansanin al-Qaeda da aka lalata a Kabul. A cikin 2003, an sami adadin ricin a hannun 'yan ta'adda a Landan, an gano alamun ricin a cikin ma'ajiyar ajiya a Gare de Lyon a Paris.

A shekarar 2013, an kama wasu mutane daga Mississipi bisa yunkurin aika wasiku mai dauke da ricin zuwa ga shugaban Amurka Barack Obama da wasu jiga-jigan Amurka. Don haka, a watan Mayu na wannan shekarar, an aika wa magajin garin New York wasiƙar barazana da ke ɗauke da ricin, mai yiwuwa don mayar da martani ga ayyukan ƙungiyar jama’a “Masu Magajin Gari Da Makamai”.

Daga baya an tuhumi jaruma Shannon Richardson a jihar Texas bisa zargin aika wasiku dauke da muggan guba ga 'yan siyasar Amurka. Abin ban mamaki, ba a lura da alamar Rasha a nan ba, saboda haka kowa ya gaji kuma an manta da labarin.

Na uku wuri

Tun da muna magana ne game da sako, tuna game da algae. Kuma ba ina magana ne game da waɗanda suke manne wa kafafunku ba lokacin da kuke iyo - ko da yake yana da banƙyama cewa ya fi kowane guba (a ganina). A'a, ina magana ne game da irin waɗannan ƙananan ƙananan tarkace, game da abin da suke cewa: "Teku ya yi fure!" Wadanda har yanzu suke haskakawa da dare, misali, kamar haka:


To, lafiya, na furta, na yi wasa, ko da yake kadan daga baya zai bayyana a fili cewa Cherenkov radiation bai fi muni ba.
Algae yana haskakawa kamar haka

Wannan datti karama ne, amma akwai da yawa. A zahiri ita ce kasan tsarin abinci na duniyar ruwa. Wa ya ma lura da ita?

Kuma a banza.

Algae na musamman bayanin kula ana kiran su dinoflaglatetes da blue-kore algae. Kuma mafi musamman:

1. Dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus toxicus
2. Blue-kore algae Gonyaulax catenella, Alexandrium sp., Gymnodinium sp., Pyrodinium sp.
3. Dinoflagellates Anabaena sp., Aphanizomenon spp., Cylindrospermopsis sp., Lyngbya sp., Planktothrix sp.

Duk waɗannan abokai suna samar da cikakken jerin abubuwan guba waɗanda aka gane a matsayin wasu abubuwa masu guba a wannan ƙaramin duniyar. Zan yi suna da kwatanta mafi kyawun su.

Maitotoxin

Wanda aka samar da lamba 1 a cikin jerin da ke sama. Shi ne mafi yawan guba na rukuni na brevetoxins: kusan 0,2 mcg/kg ya isa dangin ku don samun inshora. Hanyar aikin shine saboda gyare-gyaren tashoshi na wutar lantarki-gated Ca, karuwa a cikin maida hankali na Ca2 + a cikin ƙwayoyin jijiya, sakin acetylcholine ba tare da bata lokaci ba a cikin jini da kuma ci gaba da depolarization postsynaptik. A takaice - mai ƙarfi kuma mara jurewa.

Kwayoyin maytotoxin da kansa tsari ne na zoben carbon fused 32. Yana daya daga cikin mafi girma kuma mafi hadaddun kwayoyin halitta wadanda ba su da furotin da wata halitta mai rai ta samar. Ina fatan wannan zai kawo muku kwanciyar hankali idan ya shiga cikin ku.

Eh, na kusan manta, daki-daki mai mahimmanci: kasancewa wakilin brevetoxins, maytotoxin, kafin haifar da gurɓataccen ƙwayar tsoka da kuma kama numfashi, tabbas zai ba ku ɗigon ruwa, hanci mai tsananin gudu da kuma bayan gida ba tare da bata lokaci ba. A takaice, ba shi yiwuwa a yarda da mutuwa da mutunci.

Saxitoxin

Ƙungiyoyin jama'a na 2 da 3 ne suka samar a cikin lissafin da ke sama. Ba kamar sanyi da kyau kamar maytotoxin ba, amma ba ƙasa da misanthropic: cin 2 mcg/kg zai sa duk bil'adama ya rasa ku. Hanyar aikin saxitoxin shine toshe tashoshin sodium mai ƙarfin lantarki a cikin zaruruwan jijiyoyi. Wannan yana toshe tafiyar motsin jijiyoyi kuma yana haifar da gurguwar tsoka.

Saxitoxin yana da ban sha'awa saboda sunansa yana da alaƙa da sunan nau'ikan mollusks masu kyau na asalin Saxidomus, waɗanda kuma ana kiran su "Washington clams" da "man shanu" ("Washington clams" da "man shanu" idan ba a ra'ayinmu ba). To, daga sunan ya bayyana a sarari inda mutane ke son cin su. Don haka, waɗannan kyawawan halittun sun ƙi cin algae, kuma lokacin da yake da yawa a lokacin lokacin haifuwa mai sauri ("jajayen tides"), sun deign don tara duk gubobi a cikin kansu. Ban san dalilin da ya sa ba: za ku iya tunani game da juyin halitta, game da karuwar juriya - amma gubar algae yana aiki sosai a kan dabbobi masu jinni - kuma ba a kan masu jin sanyi ba. Musamman ga shellfish.

A takaice: bayan cin abincin teku a lokacin jajayen ruwan teku, za ku iya sanya shi abincinku na ƙarshe.

A bayyane yake cewa Ƙasar Mafi Dimokuradiyya a Duniya ba za ta iya yin watsi da irin wannan binciken ba, don haka ana ɗaukar saxitoxin a matsayin wani abu don amfani da shi azaman makamin sinadarai kuma ana masa lakabi da TZ a cikin sojojin Amurka.

Microcystin-LR

A cikin sinadarai, microcystin-LR shine heptapeptide na cyclic. Wato, waɗannan amino acid guda bakwai ne waɗanda suka kama hannu suka saƙa irin wannan rawa mai kyan gani. Af, ɗayan su shine β-amino acid na musamman; yawanci a cikin peptides duk amino acid sune alpha. Shin da gaske kyakkyawa ne? A'a? To, lafiya!

Microcystin-LR shine ainihin kawai mafi ƙarancin duk microcystins da aka samar da algae blue-kore. Kuma sun ishe su, ku yi imani da ni! Microcystin yana hana ayyukan furotin phosphatase nau'in 1 da nau'in 2A (PP1 da PP2A) a cikin cytoplasm na ƙwayoyin hanta. Wannan yana haifar da karuwa a cikin furotin phosphorylation a cikin sel hanta, wanda ya dogara da lankwasa wannan muhimmin sashin jiki. Amma - abin da yake da muhimmanci! - lankwasawa cikin hangen nesa.

Babu wanda ya taɓa yin rahoton guba na ɗan gajeren lokaci daga microcystins. Duk da haka, yawancin matsalolin hanta - ciki har da ciwon hanta - ana tsammanin suna da alaƙa ta wata hanya zuwa guba mai launin shuɗi-kore. WHO, musamman, ta damu sosai.

A saboda haka ne aka gano wadanda suka yi nasara a faretin mu guda uku da gubar kananan algae amma masu girman kai, wadanda suka dade sun gaji da duk wannan dan Adam.

Wuri na biyu

VX

Dan Adam sau ɗaya ya zauna a kan tarkace kuma yayi tunani: akwai abubuwa da yawa daban-daban, abubuwan ban sha'awa a kusa da zasu iya cutar da mu ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Me ya sa muka fi muni?

Kuma ya taso.

Tun daga farkon 1950s, an yi nazarin adadin O,S-esters na phosphoric acid mai ɗauke da ƙungiyar dialkylaminoethylthio a Burtaniya. Manufar tana da kyau sosai: ana haɓaka sabbin magungunan kashe kwari. Amma ba zato ba tsammani sai ya zama cewa abubuwan da suka haifar, da ake kira phosphorylthiocholines, suna da guba sosai ga dabbobi masu jinni. A bayyane yake cewa batun maganin kwari nan da nan ya zama abin ban sha'awa ga kowa da kowa - kuma kwararru na gaske sun sauka zuwa kasuwanci.

Masana sun yi ɗan horo a kan kuliyoyi kuma sun gano cewa ba phosphates ba ne, amma alkylphosphone analogues na phosphorothiocholines wanda ya haifar da mummunan jahannama. Amurka, Birtaniya, Netherlands da Kanada sun zo don ceto kuma sun kirkiro wani sabon nau'i na mahadi mai suna V-gases. VX shine wakilin su mafi guba.

VX shine abu mafi guba da aka taɓa samarwa ta hanyar wucin gadi don amfani da makamai masu guba. Kamar duk irin abubuwan organophosphate masu guba, VX shine mai hana acetylcholinesterase: yana hana wannan enzyme, wanda ke haifar da hydrolysis na acetylcholine, matsakanci na tashin hankali. Hydrolysis na acetylcholine a cikin lafiyar jiki yana faruwa akai-akai kuma ya zama dole don dakatar da watsawar jijiya, wanda ya ba da damar tsoka ya koma yanayin hutawa. Phosphorylated cholinesterase, wanda aka kafa a lokacin VX guba, sabanin acetylated daya, wani barga fili kuma baya shan kwatsam hydrolysis. Don haka, an hana lalata ƙwayoyin acetylcholine kuma yana ci gaba da ci gaba da yin tasiri akan masu karɓa na cholinergic. Wannan yana haifar da wuce gona da iri na masu karɓar cholinergic, da farko yana haifar da tashin hankali mai ƙarfi sannan kuma gurgunta aikin gabobin da kyallen takarda. Dangane da wannan, ana iya fassara ainihin alamun cutar guba ta VX a matsayin bayyanar da wuce haddi, rashin dacewa ga jiki, ayyukan da dama na tsarin da gabobin, wanda aka bayar ta hanyar tsaka-tsakin acetylcholine. Da farko, waɗannan su ne ƙwayoyin jijiya, ƙwanƙwasa da santsi tsokoki, da kuma gland.

Alamomin lalacewa: Minti 1-2 - ƙuntatawa na yara; 2-4 minti - gumi, salivation; Minti 5-10 - tashin hankali, inna, spasms; Minti 10-15 - mutuwa.

Ga mutane, LD50 dermal = 100 mcg/kg, baki = 70 mcg/kg. LCt100 = 0,01 mg min./l, yayin da lokacin aikin latent shine mintuna 5-10. Miosis yana faruwa a matakin 0,0001 mg/l bayan minti 1.

Ee, haka ne - mai karatu mai kula ya lura da kalmar "dermal" daidai: VX yana da yawan guba mai saurin fata idan aka kwatanta da sauran abubuwa masu guba masu ɗauke da phosphorus. Fatar fuska da wuya ta fi dacewa da tasirin VX. Alamomi daga aikace-aikacen dermal suna tasowa a cikin sa'o'i 1 zuwa 24, amma idan VX ya shiga hulɗa da lebe ko fata mai karye, farawa na aiki yana da sauri sosai. Alamar farko ta resorption ta fata bazai zama miosis ba, amma ƙananan ƙwayar tsoka a wurin haɗuwa da VX, biye da kullun, rauni na tsoka da gurguzu.

Za a iya haɓaka tasirin mai guba na VX ta fata ta hanyar abubuwan da ba kansu masu guba ba amma suna da ikon jigilar guba cikin jiki. Mafi tasiri a cikin su shine dimethyl sulfoxide da N, N-dimethylamide na palmitic acid. Menene kuke tunani,% sunan mai amfani%, akwai wani aiki da aka yi ko gaurayawan da zai yi amfani da wannan kadara mai ban mamaki? Pralna!

VX yana cutar da buɗaɗɗen ruwa na dogon lokaci - har zuwa watanni 6. Da kyau, gine-gine da, a gaba ɗaya, duk abin da ke tsaye a kusa, gurɓata tare da ɗigon VX, yana haifar da haɗari a lokacin rani don kwanaki 1-3, a cikin hunturu - kwanaki 30-60. Gabaɗaya, ƙarfin ƙarfin VX a ƙasa (sakamakon fata-resorptive): a lokacin rani - daga kwanaki 7 zuwa 15, a cikin hunturu - na tsawon lokacin kafin farkon zafi.

Kuma kuna magana ne game da sanyin nukiliya...

Duniya ta san lokuta da yawa na amfani da VX.

• A watan Disamba 1994 da Janairu 1995, Masami Tsuchiya, dan kungiyar addinin Japan Aum Shinrikyo, bisa umarnin shugaban darikar Shoko Asahara, ya hada gram 100 zuwa 200 na VX, wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen kashe mutane uku. Biyu sun sha guba amma ba su mutu ba. Daya daga cikin wadanda aka sanya wa guba, wani mutum mai shekaru 28, ya mutu, ya zama na farko da aka samu VX da aka taba samu a duniya. An kai wa mutumin Asahara da ake zargi da cin amanar kasa hari da karfe 7:00 na safe a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1994, a kan titi a Osaka. Maharan sun fesa ruwan VX a wuyan wanda abin ya shafa. Mutumin mai guba ya bi su har na tsawon mita 100 kafin ya fadi; ya mutu bayan kwana 10, ba tare da ya fito daga zurfin suma ba. Da farko likitoci sun yi zargin cewa wani nau'in maganin kashe kwari na organophosphorus ne ya sa shi guba, amma an gano ainihin musabbabin mutuwar bayan da aka kama 'yan kungiyar asiri kan harin bam na jirgin karkashin kasa na Tokyo tare da amsa kisan kai. Watanni bakwai bayan kisan kai, an gano ƙwayoyin VX kamar ethyl methylphosphonate, methylphosphonic acid da diisopropyl-2- (methylthio) ethylamine a cikin samfuran jinin wanda aka azabtar. Ba kamar sarin ba, ƙungiyar asiri ba ta amfani da VX don kisan jama'a (kamar abin da ya faru na Matsumoto da harin jirgin karkashin kasa na Tokyo).
• A ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 2017, an kashe Kim Jong Nam, ɗan'uwan Kim Jong-un, mai mulkin DPRK, tare da taimakon VX. Kisan ya faru ne a wurin tashi daga filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa a Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia). Mata biyu ne ke da hannu a kisan. Daya ya dauke hankalin Kim Jong Nam, yayin da daya kuma ya jefar da rigar da aka jika da wani abu mai guba a fuskarsa daga baya. Mun ji ba dadi, suka kai shi asibiti, amma a hanya ya rasu.

To, kamar yadda aka saba, lokacin da dan Adam ya dawo hayyacinsa kadan ya gane abin da ya halitta, sai aka samu koma baya. An hana V-gases ta Yarjejeniyar Makaman Sinadarai ta 1993, ma'ana ba za a iya samar da su ba kuma dole ne a lalata tarin da ake da su. Amma akwai nuances.

• Rasha da Amurka ne kawai suka yarda cewa suna da ko kuma suna da iskar gas na V-gas, amma wasu ƙasashe ma suna da wasu daga cikin wannan guba.
• A ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2017, kafofin watsa labaru na Rasha sun ba da rahoton lalata gaba ɗaya tarin tarin makamai masu guba na Rasha, ciki har da VX. Babu wanda ya yarda.
• Cindy Westergaard, kwararre kan makamai masu guba kuma babban jami'a a Cibiyar Stimson, ta ce Iraki "tabbas ta samar da VX" a cikin 1980s, amma babu wata shaida ta amfani da shi. Kowa ya gaskata shi. Af, a halin yanzu ana samun VX a cikin arsenal na Amurka (alamomin soja sune zoben kore guda uku tare da rubutun VX-GAS). Amma babu wanda ya damu.
• Koriya ta Arewa, tare da Masar da Sudan ta Kudu, ba su taba sanya hannu ko amincewa da yarjejeniyar makami mai guba ba.

Kuma nan da nan - 'yan kalmomi game da Novichok.

Ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa 'Novichok'

Yana da al'ada don haɗawa da "Novichok":

• A-230: N- (methylfluorophosphonyl) -N', N'-diethyl-acetamidine (a cikin hoto a hagu), daskarewa a cikin yanayin sanyi;
• A-232: N- (O-Methylfluorophosphonyl) -N', N'-diethyl-acetamidine (wanda aka nuna akan dama), haɓakawa da gwada don amfani da shi azaman wakili na yaƙin sinadarai;
• A-234: N- (O-Ethylfluorophosphonyl) -N', N'-diethyl-acetamidine, kama da man shafawa na viscous kuma baya yada ta cikin iska, yana rinjayar jiki a kan hulɗa da fata, barga da juriya ga yanayin yanayi. .

Wadannan mahadi ne Viktor Kholstov, memba na tawagar Rasha ya gabatar a zaman na 57th da 59th na Kwamitin Zartarwa na Kungiyar Hana Makamai Masu Guba; duk da haka, dangin da kansa ya ƙunshi fiye da sittin kamanceceniya.

Akwai ra'ayi cewa Novichok ya fi VX guba, amma ba a ba da alkalumman allurai masu guba ba. A cikin kalmomi, Novichok ya fi sau 5-10 mai guba.

A gaskiya ma, akwai abubuwa masu banƙyama a cikin wannan labarin wanda ya cancanci labarin kansa. Sanar da ni a cikin sharhi, % username%.

Kafin nan...

Muna da mai nasara! Wuri na farko

Tunanin binciken Homo sapiens har yanzu bai kwanta ba bayan gano VX. Bayan haka, a gaskiya ma, an gano wani abu wanda zai iya cutar da duk abin da ke kewaye da muni fiye da fashewar atomic - amma idan duk wannan ya haɗu tare?

To, 'yan kalmomi game da radiation.

Dan Adam ya san nau'ikan radiation da yawa. A cikin harshe mai sauƙi da sauƙi, wannan yana faruwa:

1. Radiation lalacewa ta hanyar photons - UV, X-ray, gamma
2. Radiation lalacewa ta hanyar electrons - beta
3. Radiation lalacewa ta hanyar barbashi na farko - neutrons, protons
4. Radiation lalacewa ta hanyar manyan barbashi - alpha

Idan kai, masoyi% mai amfani%, kuna son ƙaddamar da fis, ƙwallon tennis, ƙwallon kwando da fam ɗin nauyi, menene zai ƙara ba ku haushi? Haka yake tare da radiation - yadda ya fi nauyi, yana da zafi. To, a bayyane yake cewa komai ya dogara da sauri.

A gaskiya ma, cutar daga alpha barbashi ne matsakaicin - kuma shi ya sa ga alpha barbashi ingancin factor ne 20 kuma wannan yana nufin cewa tare da daidai adadin radiation makamashi tunawa da naúrar taro na wani gabobin ko nama, da nazarin halittu sakamako na alpha barbashi. zai zama mafi ƙarfi sau ashirin fiye da tasirin gamma radiation.

Abin farin ciki, alpha barbashi suna da nauyi sosai kuma suna yin karo kuma suna hulɗa da ƙarfi sosai tare da duk abin da a zahiri ba sa kutsawa ta ƙwayoyin fata na keratinized. Amma…
Polonium-210

Babu polonium-210 mai tsafta a cikin duniya, kodayake ana samun shi a cikin adadi mai yawa a cikin dukkan nau'ikan uranium da thorium. A cikin tsantsar sigar sa ana samun ta ta hanyar wucin gadi. More daidai, sun karbe shi. Kamar yadda gwaninta ya nuna, kaddarorin polonium-210 a zahiri ba su da sha'awar ɗan adam, sai dai abu ɗaya:

• An yi amfani da Polonium-210 a cikin allurai tare da beryllium da boron don kera ƙaƙƙarfan tushen neutron mai ƙarfi wanda ke samar da kusan babu γ-radiation. Koyaya, yanzu wannan alkuki ya mamaye californium sosai.
• Wani muhimmin yanki na aikace-aikacen polonium-210 shine amfani da shi a cikin nau'ikan allura tare da gubar, yttrium, ko kuma da kansa don samar da maɓuɓɓugar zafi mai ƙarfi da ƙarancin ƙarfi don shigarwa masu zaman kansu, alal misali, a cikin sarari. Ɗaya daga cikin santimita cubic na polonium-210 yana fitar da kimanin 1320 W na zafi. Wannan iko yana da girma sosai, cikin sauƙi yana kawo polonium cikin yanayi narkakkar, shi ya sa ake haɗa shi, alal misali, da gubar. Kodayake waɗannan allunan suna da ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarfi (150 W/cm³), duk da haka sun fi dacewa don amfani kuma sun fi aminci, tunda polonium-210 yana fitar da ƙwayoyin alpha na musamman, kuma ikon shigarsu da nisan tafiya a cikin abubuwa masu yawa kaɗan ne. Alal misali, motocin Soviet masu sarrafa kansu na shirin sararin samaniya na Lunokhod sun yi amfani da injin polonium don dumama ɗakin kayan aiki. Amma Tarayyar Soviet ba ta wanzu, shirin wata ma, kuma dumama gida yana da ɗan rahusa fiye da polonium.
• Ana amfani da Polonium-210 sau da yawa don ionize iskar gas (musamman iska). Misali, an saka shi a cikin allunan lantarki na filogi na mota don rage wutar lantarki. Ba a yi wannan ba a yanzu, kodayake, alal misali, ga madaidaicin optics, ana yin goga na cire ƙura wanda aka shigar da adadin polonium na minti daya. Gaskiya, ba a cikin Rasha ba - an haramta polonium gaba daya a nan, amma a cikin Amurka ana iya siyan irin wannan goge-goge sannan kuma a jefa su cikin sharar gabaɗaya.
• Polonium-210 na iya aiki a cikin gami tare da isotope mai haske na lithium (6Li) a matsayin wani abu wanda zai iya rage mahimmancin cajin nukiliya kuma ya zama nau'in fashewar nukiliya. Bugu da ƙari, polonium ya dace don ƙirƙirar ƙaƙƙarfan "bama-bamai" kuma ya dace da sufuri na sirri, tun da yake kusan ba ya fitar da radiation gamma. Isotope yana fitar da haskoki gamma tare da makamashi na 803 keV tare da raguwar yawan amfanin ƙasa na 0,001% kawai - bisa ga dosimeter, isotope yana da aminci a kusan. Amma don auna alpha radiation, kuna buƙatar na'ura mafi mahimmanci. BINGO!

Polonium-210 yana da matukar guba, radiotoxic da carcinogenic, tare da rabin rayuwar kwanaki 138 da sa'o'i 9. Duk waɗannan kwanaki da sa'o'i, ƙayyadaddun ƙwayoyin alpha suna tashi daga gare ta: takamaiman aikin sa (166 TBq / g) yana da girma da ba za ku iya ɗauka da hannunku ba, tun da sakamakon zai zama lalacewar fata kuma, watakila, dukkan jiki: polonium a sauƙaƙe yana shiga ta fata. Yawanci, alpha barbashi tare da irin wannan makamashi tashi sama da 1 cm a cikin iska, amma wannan ba wani zaɓi don matsananci polonium: da mahadi da kansa zafi da kuma juya a cikin wani aerosol jihar.

Kuma menene ya faru da jikin ku lokacin da polonium-210 mai ba da rai ya shiga cikinsa - yana da daraja faɗi? A haƙiƙa, kowane zarra wanda ya taɓa naman ruwan hoda mai laushi na ciki yana rarraba kuma yana jefa bama-bamai a kusa da duk abin da ke kusa da abubuwan alpha. Kwayoyin halitta. Ruwa. DNA da RNA kwayoyin. Duk wannan ya rabu Allah ya san abin da - kuma kuna karɓar duk abubuwan jin daɗin ciwon radiation a cikin mafi munin fahimtarsa.

Polonium-210 shine sau tiriliyan 4 mafi guba fiye da hydrocyanic acid. A cewar masana, adadin kisa na polonium-210 ga manya an kiyasta ya kai 0,6-2 mcg lokacin da isotope ya shiga cikin jiki ta huhu, zuwa 6-18 mcg lokacin da ya shiga jiki ta hanyar narkewar abinci.

Tarihi ya san lokuta biyu na guba na polonium-210. Duk abin dogara ne.

• Mutuwar Alexander Litvinenko a shekarar 2006, wanda ya mutu a sakamakon polonium-210 guba. Af, da farko an yi imani da cewa an sa shi guba da thallium. A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, masana kimiyya daga Hukumar Lafiya ta Burtaniya (BHA) sun ba da sanarwar cewa Litvinenko ya mutu sakamakon kamuwa da cutar ta rediyo. A cewar Roger Cox, shugaban cibiyar BAZ don Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Risks, gwajin fitsari ya nuna alamun radiation da ke haifar da shi. kamar yadda ake tsammani, polonium-210. Ya kuma bayyana cewa, a cikin kananan allurai, Po-210 yana kara yawan hadarin kamuwa da cututtukan neoplasms, kuma a cikin adadi mai yawa yana rushe ayyukan bargon kashi, tsarin narkewar abinci da sauran muhimman gabobin.
• An gano Polonium a cikin kayan Yasser Arafat, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 2004. An tono gawar. Da farko, bangaren Swiss na hukumar kasa da kasa ya tabbatar da gaskiyar gubar polonium. Duk da haka, daga baya ta amince da shawarar da bangarorin Rasha da na Faransa suka yi cewa babu wata shaida ta guba.

Af, akwai wani Lite version na polonium-210 - shi ne protactinium-231. Tare da wannan inji (alpha lalata), rabin rayuwar protactinium ya kai shekaru 32480, sabili da haka ba haka ba ne mai hatsarin gaske: ba ya zafi, ba haka ba ne na rediyo, sabili da haka shine kawai sau miliyan 250 mafi guba. fiye da hydrocyanic acid. Ba maras tabbas ba, ba a sha ta cikin fata - idan aka kwatanta da polonium yana kama da matalauta, sabili da haka matsakaicin aminci (a nan na yi murmushi tare da mugun murmushi) adadin protactinium lokacin shigar da jikin mutum shine 0,5 mcg. Gaskiya ne, a cikin jikin mutum protactinium-231 yana kula da tarawa a cikin kodan da kasusuwa - kuma ya zauna a can na dogon lokaci, yana haskaka jiki daga ciki. Don haka har yanzu dole ku mutu.

DUK!

Don haka mun gama kashi na uku na saninmu, %username%.

Ina fatan ku karanta komai har zuwa ƙarshe kuma har yanzu kuna da ƙarfin danna maɓallin jefa kuri'a don sanin ko saninmu zai ci gaba.

Kuma kusan shida na safe ne, lokacin barci.

Har yanzu ina muku fatan karin lafiya da ƙarancin guba a rayuwa!

Ni ne Mutuwa, babban mai halakar talikai.

- Layi daga Bhagavad Gita wanda Robert Oppenheimer ya karanta a lokacin fashewar makaman nukiliya ta farko kusa da Alamogordo a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 1945

Masu amfani da rajista kawai za su iya shiga cikin binciken. Shigadon Allah.

Shin yana da daraja a ci gaba?

• Dakatar da ba'a na kwakwalwa riga!

• Wane ne ma ya karanta wannan shirme a gidan yanar gizon IT?

• Sha guba!

• Rubuta game da Rawan Rawan Ruwa da Agent Orange.

• Rubuta game da Novichok.

6 masu amfani sun kada kuri'a. Masu amfani 3 sun kaurace.

source: www.habr.com