Mafi ƙarancin guba mai ban tsoro

Sannu kuma, %username%!

Godiya ga duk wanda ya yaba opus na "Mafi munin guba".

Yana da ban sha'awa sosai don karanta maganganun, duk abin da suke, yana da ban sha'awa sosai don amsawa.

Na yi farin ciki da ku na son faretin faretin. Idan ban so ba, da kyau, na yi duk abin da zan iya.

Sharhi da ayyukan ne suka zaburar da ni rubuta kashi na biyu.

Don haka, zan gabatar muku da wasu matattun guda goma!

Wuri na goma

Fari

Ee, na sani,% sunan mai amfani%, cewa yanzu za ku yi ihu nan da nan: "Hurray, ƙarshe chlorine, mai girma da ban tsoro!" Amma ba haka bane.

Na farko, bleach baya ƙunshi chlorine, amma sodium hypochlorite. Haka ne, a ƙarshe ya rushe zuwa chlorine, amma har yanzu ba chlorine ba.

Na biyu, duk da cewa chlorine shine ainihin wakili na farko na yaƙin sinadarai a cikin tarihin ɗan adam masu jinƙai (an fara amfani da shi a cikin 1915 a lokacin Yaƙin Ypres - eh, wannan shine, ba gas ɗin mustard ba, kodayake daga nan ne sunan ya fito). , nan da nan "kar mu tafi."

Matsalar ita ce mutum yana jin warin chlorine tun kafin ya sha guba. Shi kuwa sai ya gudu kadan daga baya.

Yi wa kanku hukunci: warin chlorine zai ji kowane mutum ba tare da sinusitis ba a 0,1-0,3 ppm (ko da yake sun ce yana karye ta hanyar sinusitis). Ana yin haƙuri na 1-3 ppm yawanci ba fiye da sa'a ɗaya ba - jin zafi mai zafi a cikin idanu yana haifar da tunanin cewa kuna da abubuwa da yawa masu mahimmanci da za ku yi, amma saboda wasu dalilai, nesa da nan. A 30 ppm, hawaye za su gudana gaba ɗaya (kuma ba a cikin awa ɗaya ba), kuma tari mai zafi zai bayyana. A 40-60 ppm, matsaloli tare da huhu zasu fara.

Kasancewa a cikin yanayi tare da ƙwayar chlorine na 400 ppm na rabin sa'a yana da mutuwa. To, ko 'yan mintoci kaɗan - a maida hankali na 1000 ppm.

A cikin yakin duniya na farko, sun yi amfani da gaskiyar cewa sinadarin chlorine ya fi nauyi fiye da iska - don haka suka bar shi ya tashi a sararin samaniya, yana shan taba abokan gaba daga ramuka. Kuma a can sun riga sun yi fim a cikin tsohuwar tsohuwar kuma an gwada su kuma an gwada su.

Tabbas, idan kuna aiki a wurin samar da chlorine kuma sun ɗaure ku a wurin kusa da tankin chlorine, akwai dalilin damuwa. Amma bai kamata ku yi tsammanin cewa sinadarin chlorine zai sa ku guba yayin wanke bayan gida ko kuma saboda ruwan gishiri na lantarki.

To, i, idan har yanzu kuna cikin rashin sa'a, don Allah a lura: babu maganin chlorine; maganin iska mai kyau ne. To, da kuma maido da konewar nama, ba shakka.

wuri na tara

Vitamin A - ko, a cikin harshen gama gari, retinol

Kowa ya tuna da bitamin. To, amfanin su. Wasu mutane suna rikitar da barasa da shan taba da bitamin, amma haka yake.

A matsayin yara, kakann kowa ya gaya musu su ci apples and karas. Ta gaya min. Ina son tsohuwar karas Soviet puree a cikin waɗannan ƙananan kwalba!

Amma kada ku dame babban retinol tare da carotene na halitta (wannan shine abin da aka samo a cikin guna da karas): tare da yawan amfani da carotene, rawaya na dabino, tafin ƙafafu da mucous membranes yana yiwuwa (a hanya, wannan ya faru da shi. ni a lokacin yaro!), Amma ko da a cikin matsanancin yanayi babu alamun maye da aka lura.

Don haka, LD50 na retinol shine 2 g/kg a cikin berayen da suka ci. Idan aka yi la'akari da cewa bitamin yana da mai-mai narkewa, idan kun ci ɗan man alade, za ku sami raguwa. Berayen sun sami asarar hayyacinsu, girgiza, da mutuwa.

A cikin mutane, al'amuran sun fi ban sha'awa: kashi na bitamin A na 25 IU / kg yana haifar da guba mai tsanani, kuma yin amfani da yau da kullum na 000 IU / kg na watanni 4000-6 yana haifar da guba mai tsanani (don tunani: likitoci suna da wuyar gaske). mutane su fahimta, kuma wannan ba kawai saboda rubutun hannu ba - suna kirga bitamin A a cikin IU - raka'a na likita; an dauki ɗayan IU tare da 15 mcg na retinol).

Guba a cikin mutane yana da alamun bayyanar cututtuka: kumburi na cornea, asarar ci, tashin zuciya, hanta mai girma, ciwon haɗin gwiwa. Guba na yau da kullun na bitamin A yana faruwa tare da yawan amfani da yawancin bitamin da yawan man kifi akai-akai.

Abubuwan da ke haifar da guba mai tsanani tare da sakamako mai kisa suna yiwuwa yayin cin hanta na shark, bear bear, naman teku, ko huskies (kada ku azabtar da karnuka!). Turawa suna fuskantar wannan tun aƙalla shekara ta 1597, lokacin da mambobi na balaguro na uku na Barents suka kamu da rashin lafiya mai tsanani bayan sun ci hanta polar bear.

Babban nau'i na guba yana bayyana kansa a cikin nau'i na maƙarƙashiya da gurguzu. A cikin nau'i na yau da kullun na wuce gona da iri, matsa lamba na ciki yana ƙaruwa, wanda ke tare da ciwon kai, tashin zuciya, da amai. A lokaci guda, kumburin macula da nakasa na gani yana faruwa. Hemorrhage yana bayyana, da alamun hepato- da nephrotoxic sakamako na babban allurai na bitamin A. Kwatsam kashi na iya faruwa. Yawan bitamin A na iya haifar da lahani don haka bai kamata ya wuce abin da ake bukata a kullum ba, kuma yana da kyau kada a sha shi gaba daya ga mata masu ciki.

Don kawar da guba, an wajabta mannitol, wanda ke rage matsa lamba na intracranial kuma yana kawar da alamun meningism, glucocorticoids, wanda ke hanzarta metabolism na bitamin a cikin hanta kuma yana daidaita membranes na lysosomes a cikin hanta da kodan. Vitamin E kuma yana daidaita membranes tanta.

Don haka,% sunan mai amfani%, tuna: ba duk abin da ke da lafiya yana da lafiya a adadi mai yawa ba.

Wuri na takwas

Iron

sandar ƙarfe da ke shiga cikin kwakwalwa tabbas mai guba ne. duk da haka wannan ba daidai ba ne.

Amma da gaske, halin da ake ciki tare da baƙin ƙarfe yana kusa da cewa tare da bitamin A.

Wasu mutane ana wajabta baƙin ƙarfe don kawar da ƙarancin ƙarfe na anemia. Kakata da ba a taɓa mantawa da ita koyaushe tana ba da shawarar cin apples - suna ɗauke da ƙarfe da yawa (kuma kowa ya san wannan barkwancin gemu).

A baya can, sun ci baƙin ƙarfe a zahiri - a cikin hoton da ke sama akwai baƙin ƙarfe carbonyl - don haka sun ci: ciki yana cike da acid hydrochloric, don haka baƙin ƙarfe mai tarwatsewa ya narkar da a can kuma hakan ya isa.

Daga nan sai suka fara rubuta sulfates na ƙarfe da baƙin ƙarfe lactates. Abin ban dariya game da baƙin ƙarfe shine cewa dole ne ya zama divalent: jiki ba zai iya jure wa baƙin ƙarfe na ƙarfe ba, ban da shi, da farin ciki yana hazo a pH sama da 4.

7-35 g na baƙin ƙarfe gaba ɗaya zai aika maka,% sunan mai amfani%, zuwa duniya ta gaba. Kuma yanzu ba na magana ne game da wani karfe abu sanya a daidai wurin a cikin jiki - Ina magana ne game da baƙin ƙarfe gishiri. Tare da yara ya fi wuya (yara suna da wuyar gaske): 3 grams na baƙin ƙarfe yana da haɗari ga yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 3. Af, bisa ga kididdigar, wannan shine mafi yawan nau'in guba na yara na bazata.

Halin wuce gona da iri yana da kama da guba na ƙarfe mai nauyi (kuma, ta hanyar, ana bi da shi kusan iri ɗaya. Iron na iya tarawa a cikin jiki, kamar ƙarfe mai nauyi - amma tare da wasu cututtukan gado da na yau da kullun ko tare da wuce gona da iri daga A waje: Mutanen da ke da ƙarancin ƙarfe suna fama da rauni na jiki, suna rage nauyi, suna rashin lafiya sau da yawa.A lokaci guda, kawar da baƙin ƙarfe da yawa ya fi wuya fiye da kawar da rashi.

A cikin mummunan guba na baƙin ƙarfe, ƙwayar hanji ta lalace, hanta yana tasowa, kuma tashin zuciya da amai yana faruwa. Zawo da abin da ake kira "black stools" sune na hali - kun sami ra'ayin. Idan kun bar shi - nau'i mai tsanani na lalacewar hanta, coma, saduwa da dangi da suka mutu.

Wuri na bakwai

Aspirin

Don wasu dalilai, yanzu na tuna da duk fina-finan Amurka waɗanda jaruman, idan suna da ciwon kai, kawai suna cin fakitin kwayoyi. Allah!

Acetylsalicylic acid ko aspirin - kamar yadda Felix Hoffman ya kira shi, wanda ya haɗa wannan samfurin mai ba da rai a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje na Bayer AG a ranar 10 ga Agusta, 1897, yana da LD50 a cikin berayen 200 mg/kg. Haka ne, wannan yana da yawa, ba za ku iya cin kwayoyi da yawa ba, amma kamar kowane magani, aspirin yana da illa. Kuma suna da haka: matsaloli tare da gastrointestinal tract da kumburi na nama. Duk da haka, idan da gaske kuna samun isasshen aspirin, to, tare da wuce gona da iri (wannan shine lokacin da lokaci ɗaya ne - amma motar) yawan mace-mace shine 2%. Yawan wuce gona da iri (wannan shine lokacin da ake amfani da allurai masu yawa na lokaci mai tsawo) sau da yawa yana mutuwa, yawan mace-mace yana da kashi 25%, kuma kamar yadda baƙin ƙarfe, yawan wuce gona da iri na iya zama mai tsanani musamman ga yara.

Idan akwai guba na aspirin, ana lura da matsanancin tashin hankali na ciki, rudani, rudani, hauka, karan kunnuwa, da bacci.

Bi da duk abin da ya wuce kima: gawayi da aka kunna, dextrose na ciki da saline na al'ada, sodium bicarbonate, da dialysis.

Ciwon daji na Reye ya cancanci kulawa ta musamman - cuta ce mai wuya amma mai tsanani wacce ke da matsanancin ciwon hauka da kitse a cikin hanta. Wannan abu yana iya faruwa lokacin da aka bai wa yara ko matasa aspirin don zazzabi ko wata cuta ko kamuwa da cuta. Daga 1981 zuwa 1997, an ba da rahoton bullar cutar Reye 1207 a cikin mutanen da ba su wuce shekaru 18 ba zuwa Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta Amurka. Daga cikin waɗannan, 93% sun ba da rahoton rashin lafiya a cikin makonni uku kafin farawar Reye's syndrome, galibi tare da kamuwa da cutar numfashi, kaji, ko gudawa.

Ga alama kamar haka:

• Kwanaki 5-6 bayan bayyanar cututtuka na ƙwayar cuta (tare da kaji - kwanaki 4-5 bayan bayyanar kurji), tashin zuciya da amai maras kyau ba zato ba tsammani ya tashi, tare da canji a cikin yanayin tunani (ya bambanta daga rashin tausayi zuwa zurfin coma, rikice-rikice na rikice-rikice, tashin hankali na psychomotor).
• A cikin yara a karkashin shekaru 3, manyan alamun cutar na iya zama gazawar numfashi, barci da damuwa, kuma a cikin yara na farkon shekara ta rayuwa an lura da tashin hankali a cikin babban fontanel.
• Idan babu isasshen magani, yanayin mai haƙuri yana raguwa da sauri: saurin ci gaba na coma, tashin hankali, da kama numfashi.
• Ana lura da haɓakar hanta a cikin kashi 40% na lokuta, amma jaundice yana da wuya.
• Haɓaka AST, ALT, da ammonia a cikin jinin marasa lafiya na al'ada ne.

Yadda za a kauce wa wannan? Yana da sauƙi: bai kamata ku ba wa yaronku aspirin ba idan yana da mura, kyanda ko kaji. Yi hankali lokacin rubuta acetylsalicylic acid a yanayin zafi mai zafi a cikin yara masu ƙasa da shekaru 12. A wannan yanayin, ana bada shawara don maye gurbin acetylsalicylic acid tare da paracetamol ko ibuprofen. Kira likitan ku nan da nan idan yaron ya nuna alamun: amai, ciwon kai mai tsanani, rashin tausayi, rashin jin daɗi, rashin barci, wahalar numfashi, taurin hannu da ƙafafu, coma.

Kula da yara, bayan haka, su ne gadonmu.

Wuri na shida

Carbon dioxide

Ee, a, duk muna numfashi kuma muna fitar da wannan carbon dioxide. Amma jiki ba zai jefar da wani abu mai amfani da sauƙi ba! Af, akwai kusan 0,04% carbon dioxide a cikin iska - don kwatanta, akwai 20 sau fiye da argon a cikin iska.

Bayan ku da sauran dabbobi, ana fitar da carbon dioxide yayin cikakken konewa kuma ana samun su a cikin duk abubuwan sha masu kauri - duka waɗanda ba na giya ba kuma waɗanda suka fi ban sha'awa (ƙari game da su a ƙasa).

A wani taro na riga 0,1% (wannan matakin na carbon dioxide wani lokacin ana lura da shi a cikin iskar megacities), mutane sun fara jin rauni, bacci - tuna yadda kuka ji sha'awar hamma? Lokacin da aka karu zuwa 7-10%, bayyanar cututtuka na shaƙewa suna tasowa, suna bayyana a cikin nau'i na ciwon kai, dizziness, asarar ji da asarar sani (alamomi masu kama da na ciwon hawan hawan), waɗannan bayyanar cututtuka suna tasowa, dangane da ƙaddamarwa, tsawon lokaci. na mintuna da yawa har zuwa awa daya.

Lokacin da iskar da ke da yawan iskar gas ke shaka, mutuwa tana faruwa da sauri daga asphyxia wanda hypoxia ke haifarwa.

Shakar iska tare da yawan adadin wannan iskar baya haifar da matsalolin lafiya na dogon lokaci. Bayan cire wanda aka azabtar daga wani yanayi tare da babban taro na carbon dioxide, cikakken maido da lafiya da jin dadi yana faruwa da sauri.

Carbon dioxide kuma ya fi iska nauyi sau 1,5 - kuma dole ne a yi la'akari da wannan ta fuskar tarawa a cikin niches da ginshiƙai.

Sanya iska a dakin ku, %username%!

Wuri na biyar

Sugar

Kowa ya san yadda sukari ke kama. Ba za mu yi magana game da holivar - abin da za a sha tare da sukari da kuma abin da ba tare da: kofi ko shayi, shi ya kashe da yawa rayuka.

A gaskiya ma, sukari (mafi daidai, glucose) yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan gina jiki - kuma shine kawai wanda ke shayar da nama mai juyayi. Idan ba tare da sukari ba, ba za ku iya yin tunani ko karanta wannan rubutun ba, % username%!

Koyaya, sukari yana da kashi mai guba - 50% na berayen suna mutuwa lokacin da suka ci 30 g/kg na sukari (kada ku tambayi yadda aka ciyar da su). Har yanzu ina tunawa da motar jirgin karkashin kasa a New York a cikin 2014, inda aka zarge duk cututtuka akan sukari: daga rashin ƙarfi zuwa bugun zuciya. Na kuma yi tunani a lokacin: ta yaya dan Adam ya rayu ba tare da masu zaki ba?

Wata hanya ko wata, sukari yana da guba a cikin manya (kamar yadda kuka lura - MANYAN allurai masu yawa). Alamomin guba ba su da yawa:

• Yanayin damuwa
• Ciwon ciki.

Amma a zahiri, akwai mutane kaɗan a cikinmu waɗanda sukari ya zama guba ga gaske. Waɗannan su ne masu ciwon sukari. Ni chemist ne, ni ba likita ba ne, amma na sani. Wannan ciwon sukari ya zo a cikin nau'ikan, daban-daban tsananin, saboda abubuwan da suka bambanta kuma ana bi da su daban. Saboda haka, % username%, idan kun lura:

• Polyuria yana ƙara fitowar fitsari sakamakon karuwar osmotic matsa lamba na fitsari saboda glucose narkar da shi (yawanci babu glucose a cikin fitsari). Fitar da fitsari akai-akai, wanda ya haɗa da dare.
• Polydipsia (ƙishirwa mara ƙishirwa) tana faruwa ne ta hanyar hasarar ruwa mai yawa a cikin fitsari da ƙaruwar osmotic matsa lamba na jini.
• Polyphagia - yunwa marar koshi. Wannan alamar yana faruwa ne ta hanyar rashin lafiya na rayuwa a cikin ciwon sukari, wato rashin iyawar kwayoyin halitta su sha da sarrafa glucose a cikin rashin insulin (yunwa a tsakiyar yalwa).
• Rage nauyi (musamman na nau'in ciwon sukari na XNUMX) alama ce ta kowa da kowa na ciwon sukari, wanda ke tasowa duk da karuwar sha'awar marasa lafiya. Rage nauyi (har ma da gajiya) yana haifar da haɓakar catabolism na sunadarai da mai saboda keɓewar glucose daga makamashin metabolism na sel.
• Alamomi na biyu: itching na fata da mucous membranes, bushe baki, rashin ƙarfi na tsoka gabaɗaya, ciwon kai, raunin fata mai kumburi wanda ke da wahalar magancewa, hangen nesa.

- je asibiti a ba da gudummawar jini don sukari!

Ciwon suga ya yi nisa da hukuncin kisa, ana iya magance shi, amma idan ba ka yi maganinsa ba, ka ci kayan zaki, to abin da ke jiranka shi ne ciwon zuciya, makanta, cutar koda, raunin jijiya, abin da ake kira kafar ciwon sukari - Google it. , za ku so shi.

Wuri na hudu

Gishiri gishiri

"Gishiri da sukari su ne fararen abokan gaba," dama? To, shi ya sa gishiri ke bin sukari.

Yana da wuya a yi tunanin abincinmu ba tare da gishiri ba, kuma ta hanyar, muna amfani da shi kawai saboda abubuwan da ake so: samfurori suna cike da sodium da chlorine, ƙarin tushen kawai ba a buƙata.

Duk da cewa gishiri yana yin aiki mafi mahimmanci na kiyaye daidaiton ruwa-gishiri a cikin jiki, tabbatar da aikin da ya dace na kusan komai - daga jini zuwa koda, 3 g / kg na bera ko 12,5 g / kg na mutum na iya kashewa. .

Dalilin shi ne daidai cin zarafin wannan ma'auni na ruwa-gishiri, wanda ke haifar da gazawar koda, karuwa mai yawa a cikin hawan jini da mutuwa.

Ba na tsammanin kowa zai iya cin gishiri mai yawa (sai dai gaji - ok, kyakkyawan zaɓi na kyautar Darwin), amma ko da ƙananan "ciwon sukari" na gishiri yana da mummunan tasiri: an san cewa rage cin gishiri zuwa ga Cokali 1 a kowace rana ko ƙasa da haka yana rage hawan jini zuwa 8 mm Hg. Akan komadar gaskiyar cewa hauhawar jini yana shafar mutane fiye da AIDS da ciwon daji, Ba na tsammanin cewa rage cin gishiri shine irin wannan ma'auni na rayuwa maras muhimmanci.

Kyauta uku! Wuri na uku

Kafur

Yanzu za mu yi magana game da abubuwan sha. Kofi, shayi, kola, abubuwan sha masu kuzari - duk sun ƙunshi maganin kafeyin. Kofin kofi nawa kuka sha a yau? Yayin da nake rubuta duk waɗannan, ba ni da ɗaya, amma ina so in ...

Af, 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, guaranine, maganin kafeyin, mateine, methyltheobromine, theine - akwai abu guda a cikin bayanin martaba, kawai sunaye daban-daban, sau da yawa ƙirƙira su ce: "Menene, babu gram na maganin kafeyin a ciki. wannan abin sha - akwai ... "Yana da bambanci kuma ya fi amfani!" A tarihi, ya kasance kamar haka: a cikin 1819, masanin ilmin sunadarai na Jamus Ferdinand Runge, wanda yake barci sosai, ya ware wani alkaloid, wanda ya kira maganin kafeyin (a hanya, ya kasance babban mutum: ya ware quinine, ya zo da ra'ayin. Yin amfani da chlorine a matsayin maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta, kuma ya fara tarihin dyes aniline). Sannan a cikin 1827, Udri ya ware wani sabon alkaloid daga ganyen shayi ya kira shi theine. Kuma a cikin 1838, Jobst da G. Ya. Mulder sun yi fushi da kowa kuma sun tabbatar da ainihin ku da maganin kafeyin. Hermann Emil Fischer ya bayyana tsarin maganin kafeyin zuwa ƙarshen karni na 1902, wanda kuma shine mutum na farko da ya haɗa maganin kafeyin ta hanyar wucin gadi. Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin ilmin sinadarai a shekarar XNUMX, wanda ya samu a wani bangare na wannan aikin - yakin barci ya ci nasara!

50% na karnuka suna mutuwa idan sun ɗauki 140 MG / kg na maganin kafeyin tare da abinci. A lokaci guda kuma, suna fuskantar gazawar koda mai tsanani, tashin zuciya, amai, zubar jini na ciki, rikicewar bugun zuciya, da maƙarƙashiya. Mutuwa mara dadi, i.

A cikin mutane, a cikin ƙananan allurai, maganin kafeyin yana da tasiri mai tasiri akan tsarin juyayi - da kyau, kowa ya gwada wannan a kan kansa. Tare da tsawaita amfani, yana iya haifar da dogaro mai sauƙi - theism.

Karkashin tasirin maganin kafeyin, aikin zuciya yana haɓaka, hawan jini yana ƙaruwa, kuma kusan mintuna 40 yanayi ya ɗan inganta saboda sakin dopamine, amma bayan sa'o'i 3-6 tasirin maganin kafeyin ya ƙare: gajiya, gajiya, da raguwar iyawa. aiki bayyana.

A m inji don bayyana sakamakon maganin kafeyin.Sakamakon psychostimulating na maganin kafeyin yana dogara ne akan ikonsa na hana ayyukan masu karɓar adenosine na tsakiya (A1 da A2) a cikin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na tsarin juyayi na tsakiya. Yanzu an nuna cewa adenosine yana taka rawar neurotransmitter a cikin tsarin juyayi na tsakiya, wanda ke haifar da agonist na masu karɓar adenosine da ke kan membranes na cytoplasmic na neurons. Jin daɗin nau'in I adenosine receptors (A1) ta hanyar adenosine yana haifar da raguwar samuwar cAMP a cikin ƙwayoyin kwakwalwa, wanda a ƙarshe yana haifar da hana ayyukan aikin su. Blockade na masu karɓar A1-adenosine yana taimakawa wajen dakatar da tasirin hanawa na adenosine, wanda aka bayyana a asibiti ta hanyar karuwa a cikin kwakwalwa da aikin jiki.

Koyaya, maganin kafeyin ba shi da ikon zaɓi don toshe masu karɓar A1-adenosine kawai a cikin kwakwalwa, kuma yana toshe masu karɓar A2-adenosine. An tabbatar da cewa kunna masu karɓar A2-adenosine a cikin tsarin kulawa na tsakiya yana tare da dakatar da ayyukan aiki na masu karɓa na D2 dopamine. Blockade na masu karɓar A2-adenosine ta hanyar maganin kafeyin yana taimakawa dawo da ayyukan masu karɓa na D2 dopamine, wanda kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga tasirin psychostimulating na miyagun ƙwayoyi.

A takaice, maganin kafeyin yana toshe wani abu a can. Haka kuma opiates. Kamar dai LSD. Sabili da haka, za a yi jaraba, amma tun da toshewar ba ta da ƙarfi sosai, kuma masu karɓa ba su da mahimmanci, ka'idar ba jaraba ba ce (ko da yake yawancin masu son kofi za su yi jayayya).

Alamun ciwon maganin kafeyin - ciwon ciki, tashin hankali, damuwa, tunani da motsin motsa jiki, rikicewa, delirium (dissociative), rashin ruwa, tachycardia, arrhythmia, hyperthermia, yawan fitsari, ciwon kai, ƙara yawan tactile ko jin zafi, rawar jiki ko tsokawar tsoka; tashin zuciya da amai, wani lokaci da jini; ringi a cikin kunnuwa, cututtukan farfaɗo (idan akwai matsanancin wuce haddi - tonic-clonic seizures).

Caffeine a cikin allurai fiye da 300 MG kowace rana (ciki har da baya ga cin zarafi na kofi - fiye da kofuna 4 na kofi na halitta, 150 ml kowace) na iya haifar da tashin hankali, ciwon kai, rawar jiki, rikicewa, da rashin aikin zuciya.

A cikin allurai na 150-200 MG a kowace kilogiram na nauyin jikin mutum, maganin kafeyin yana haifar da mutuwa. Kamar karnuka.

To, tsine, ina kofi na?

Wuri na biyu

Nicotine

To, kowa ya san illar shan taba. Kuma game da gaskiyar cewa nicotine guba ne, ma. Amma bari mu gane shi.

Guba na nicotine yana da alaƙa da wani lamari mai ban sha'awa na guba a Belgium a cikin 1850, lokacin da aka zargi Count Bocarme da sanya wa ɗan'uwan matarsa ​​guba. Masanin sunadarai dan kasar Belgium Jean Servais Stas ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kuma, ta hanyar bincike mai wahala, ba wai kawai ya tabbatar da cewa nicotine ne ya haifar da guba ba, amma kuma ya samar da hanyar gano alkaloids, wanda, tare da ƙananan gyare-gyare, har yanzu ana amfani da shi a yau a cikin ilmin sunadarai. .

Bayan haka, nicotine ba a yi nazari ba kuma ya ƙayyade kawai ta malalaci. A halin yanzu an san wadannan.

Da zarar nicotine ya shiga jiki, da sauri ya yadu ta cikin jini kuma yana iya ketare shingen jini-kwakwalwa. Wato yana tafiya kai tsaye zuwa kwakwalwa. A matsakaita, dakika 7 bayan shakar hayakin taba sun isa ga nicotine ya isa kwakwalwa. Rabin rayuwar nicotine daga jiki kusan sa'o'i biyu ne. Nicotine da ake shaka ta hayakin taba lokacin shan sigari kadan ne na nicotine da ke cikin ganyen taba (mafi yawan abin yana konewa, abin bakin ciki). Yawan nicotine da jiki ke sha lokacin shan taba ya dogara da abubuwa da yawa, ciki har da nau'in taba, ko duk hayakin yana sha, da kuma ko ana amfani da tacewa. Tare da tauna sigari da shaka, waɗanda ake sanyawa a cikin baki ana taunawa ko shakar ta hanci, adadin nicotine da ke shiga jiki ya fi na shan taba. Nicotine yana metabolized a cikin hanta ta hanyar cytochrome P450 enzyme (yafi CYP2A6, amma kuma CYP2B6). Babban metabolite shine cotinine.

An yi nazarin tasirin nicotine a kan tsarin jin tsoro da kuma jayayya. Nicotine yana aiki akan masu karɓa na nicotinic acetylcholine: sinadarin nitrogen da aka samar na zoben pyrrolidine a cikin nicotine yana kwaikwayi atom ɗin nitrogen na quaternary a cikin acetylcholine, kuma pyridine nitrogen atom yana da halayen tushen Lewis, kamar oxygen na rukunin keto na acetylcholine. A ƙananan ƙididdiga, yana ƙara yawan ayyukan waɗannan masu karɓa, wanda, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, yana haifar da karuwa a cikin adadin adrenaline na hormone mai ban sha'awa (epinephrine). Sakin adrenaline yana haifar da ƙara yawan bugun zuciya, hauhawar jini da ƙara yawan numfashi, da haɓaka matakan glucose na jini.

Tsarin juyayi mai juyayi, yana aiki ta hanyar jijiyoyi na splanchnic akan medulla adrenal, yana ƙarfafa sakin adrenaline. Acetylcholine samar da preganglionic tausayi zaruruwa na wadannan jijiyoyi aiki a kan nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, haddasa cell depolarization da kuma alli kwarara ta hanyar lantarki-gated calcium tashoshi. Calcium yana haifar da exocytosis na granules chromaffin, don haka inganta sakin adrenaline (da norepinephrine) cikin jini.

Na riga na bugi kwakwalwar ku fiye da nicotine? Ee? To, bari mu yi magana a kan abubuwa masu daɗi.

Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, nicotine yana ƙara matakan dopamine a cikin cibiyoyin ladan kwakwalwa. An nuna shan taba yana hana monoamine oxidase, wani enzyme da ke da alhakin rushewar ƙwayoyin neurotransmitters na monoamine (irin su dopamine) a cikin kwakwalwa. An yi imani da cewa nicotine kanta ba ya hana samar da monoamine oxidase; sauran abubuwan da hayakin taba ke da alhakin wannan. Ƙara yawan abubuwan da ke cikin dopamine yana motsa cibiyoyin jin dadi na kwakwalwa; waɗannan cibiyoyin kwakwalwa guda ɗaya ne ke da alhakin "mafi zafi na jiki"; don haka, tambayar ko mai shan taba yana samun jin dadi ya kasance a bude.

Duk da yawan guba mai ƙarfi, lokacin cinyewa a cikin ƙananan allurai (misali, ta hanyar shan taba), nicotine yana aiki azaman psychostimulant. Tasirin Nicotine akan yanayi sun bambanta. Ta hanyar haifar da sakin glucose daga hanta da adrenaline (epinephrine) daga medulla na adrenal, yana haifar da tashin hankali. Daga ra'ayi na ra'ayi, wannan yana bayyana ta hanyar jin daɗin shakatawa, natsuwa da jin daɗin rayuwa, da kuma yanayin euphoric matsakaici.

Amfani da nicotine yana haifar da asarar nauyi, rage yawan ci sakamakon haɓakar ƙwayoyin POMC da haɓaka matakan glucose na jini (glucose, yin aiki akan cibiyoyi da cibiyoyi na yunwa a cikin hypothalamus na kwakwalwa, yana dusar da jin yunwa). Gaskiya ne, samun dama, fahimta da lafiya "kada ku ci abinci mai yawa" yana aiki har ma da inganci.

Kamar yadda muke iya gani, tasirin nicotine a jiki yana da wahala sosai. Abin da ya kamata a cire daga wannan:

• Nicotine wani abu ne da ke hulɗa da masu karɓar jijiya
• Kamar yawancin abubuwa masu kama da juna, nicotine yana daɗaɗawa kuma yana daɗaɗawa.

Af, marasa lafiya da rashin hankali suna da ƙara yawan jaraba ga shan taba (kuna shan taba? - tunani game da shi kuma ku je wurin likitan ilimin likita: babu mutane masu lafiya - akwai wadanda ba a bincika ba). Yawancin bincike a duniya suna da'awar cewa mutanen da ke fama da schizophrenia sun fi shan taba (ƙasashe 20 daban-daban sun yi nazarin jimillar marasa lafiya 7593 da schizophrenia, wanda 62% sun kasance masu shan taba). Kamar na 2006, 80% ko fiye na mutanen da ke fama da schizophrenia a Amurka suna shan taba, idan aka kwatanta da 20% na yawan mutanen da ba su shan taba (bisa ga NCI). Akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa game da abubuwan da ke haifar da wannan jaraba, wanda ya bayyana shi duka a matsayin sha'awar tsayayya da alamun rashin lafiya da kuma sha'awar tsayayya da mummunan tasirin antipsychotics. A cewar wani hasashe, nicotine da kansa yana rushe ruhi.

Nicotine yana da matuƙar guba ga dabbobi masu jin sanyi. Ayyuka a matsayin neurotoxin, haifar da gurɓataccen tsarin juyayi (kamun numfashi, dakatar da aikin zuciya, mutuwa). Matsakaicin adadin kisa ga mutane shine 0,5-1 mg / kg, don berayen - 140 mg / kg ta fata, don mice - 0,8 mg / kg a cikin jini da 5,9 mg / kg lokacin gudanar da intraperitoneally. Nicotine yana da guba ga wasu kwari, sakamakon wanda a baya ana amfani da shi a matsayin maganin kwari, kuma a halin yanzu ana ci gaba da amfani da abubuwan da ake amfani da su na nicotine, misali, imidacloprid.

Yin amfani da dogon lokaci na iya haifar da cututtuka da rashin aiki kamar hyperglycemia, hauhawar jini, atherosclerosis, tachycardia, arrhythmia, angina pectoris, cututtukan zuciya na zuciya, da gazawar zuciya.

A zahiri, gubar nicotine kusan ba komai bane idan aka kwatanta da sauran fara'arsa, wato:

• Tabar taba na taimakawa wajen bunkasa ciwon daji, wanda ya hada da kansar huhu, harshe, larynx, esophagus, ciki, da dai sauransu.
• Rashin tsabta shan taba yana taimakawa wajen ci gaban gingivitis da stomatitis.
• Samfuran konewar da ba ta cika ba (carbon monoxide) - da kyau, a bayyane yake, karanta opus na baya
• Zubar da kwalta a cikin huhu - tari na safiya, mashako, emphysema da ciwon huhu.

A halin yanzu, babu ɗayan hanyoyin shan taba da zai iya ceton ku 100% daga sakamakon - sabili da haka duk matattarar ku, hookahs, da sauransu, ba sa aiki.

Vapers kuma bai kamata ya huta ba - kuma dalilin yana da sauki:

• Duk da cewa ana amfani da abubuwa marasa lahani kamar glycerin. ba su da illa ga masana'antar abinci! Babu wanda ya san game da sakamakon fallasa kuma, a gaba ɗaya, game da abubuwan da ke tattare da iskar gas da aka saki a lokacin pyrolysis yayin vaping. Ana ci gaba da aikin bincike a halin yanzu (sau ɗaya misali и misali biyu), kuma sakamakon ya riga ya burge.
  Duba
• Na riga na ce ana amfani da nicotine azaman maganin kashe kwari. Tun daga 2014, kusan ba a yi amfani da shi ba a Amurka; a cikin Tarayyar Turai, an dakatar da shi gaba daya tun 2009. Duk da haka, wannan ba ya hana amfani da shi a China ...
  A halin yanzu, ana samun darajar nicotine na magunguna (Pharma Grade, USP/PhEur ko USP/EP) a kasuwa. Amma akwai kuma maganin kashe kwari da ake samarwa a kasar Sin. Hankali: wanne ya fi arha? Bugu da ƙari, ni ba mai vaper ba ne, amma don nishaɗi kawai, zan google shi in kwatanta farashin abin da kuka saya a cikin wannan kwalba da nawa ya kamata a kashe. In ba haka ba, a wani lokaci za ku iya jin kamar kyankyaso kuma ku ji daɗin ƙazantattun nicotine maras inganci.

A taƙaice, ɗan adam a halin yanzu ba ya amfani da cikakkiyar hanyoyin aminci don cinye nicotine. Shin wajibi ne?

Kuma wanda ya ci nasara! Haɗu! Wuri na farko

EthanolChapaevites sun sake kwace tashoshin daga hannun Fari.
Lokacin da nazarin kofuna, Vasily Ivanovich da Petka gano wani tanki da barasa.
Don hana mayaka yin maye da yawa, sun sanya hannu kan C2N5-ON, suna fata
cewa mayakan suna da karancin ilimin sunadarai. Washegari kowa yana "cikin insole."
Chapaev ya tada daya ya tambaya:
- Ta yaya kuka same shi?
- Ee, mai sauki. Mun yi bincike da bincike, kuma ba zato ba tsammani sai muka ga wani abu da aka rubuta a kan tankin - sai kuma dash da "OH." Mun gwada shi - daidai shi ne!

Gabaɗaya, akwai ma ethanol toxicology - fannin likitanci wanda ke nazarin sinadarin ethanol ( barasa) da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da shi. Don haka kar a yi tsammanin zan iya cusa gaba dayan sashin magani cikin ƴan sakin layi.

A gaskiya ma, ɗan adam ya saba da ethanol na dogon lokaci sosai. Tasoshin zamanin dutse da aka gano tare da ragowar abubuwan sha da aka yi da fermented suna ba da shawarar cewa samarwa da shan barasa sun riga sun wanzu a zamanin Neolithic. Biya da giya suna cikin tsoffin abubuwan sha. Wine ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan alamomin al'adu ga mutane daban-daban na Bahar Rum, kuma sun mamaye wani muhimmin wuri a cikin tatsuniyoyi da al'adunsu, kuma daga baya cikin bautar Kirista (duba Eucharist). Daga cikin mutanen da ke noman hatsi (sha'ir, alkama, hatsin rai), giya ita ce babban abin sha na biki.

Af, kasancewar ta-samfurin na glucose metabolism, jinin mai lafiya zai iya ƙunsar har zuwa 0,01% endogenous ethanol.

Kuma duk da wannan, kimiyya har yanzu ba ta da tabbas game da:

• tsarin tasirin ethanol akan tsarin juyayi na tsakiya - maye
• tsari da kuma abubuwan da ke haifar da hanji

Sakamakon ethanol akan jiki yana da yawa sosai cewa ya cancanci labarin daban. Amma tunda na fara...

An yi imani da cewa ethanol, yana da pronounced organotropy, yana tarawa a cikin kwakwalwa fiye da a cikin jini. Ko da ƙananan allurai na barasa suna haifar da ayyukan tsarin hanawa na GABA a cikin kwakwalwa, kuma wannan tsari ne wanda ke haifar da sakamako mai kwantar da hankali, tare da shakatawa na tsoka, rashin barci da euphoria (ji na maye). Bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta a cikin masu karɓar GABA na iya yin tasiri ga shaye-shaye.

Ana lura da kunnawa na musamman na masu karɓa na dopamine a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma a cikin sassan ɓangarorin ventral na kwakwalwa. Halin waɗannan yankuna ne zuwa dopamine da aka saki a ƙarƙashin rinjayar ethanol wanda ke haifar da euphoria, wanda zai iya haɗuwa da yiwuwar dogara ga barasa. Ethanol kuma yana haifar da sakin peptides na opioid (misali, beta-endorphin), wanda kuma yana da alaƙa da sakin dopamine. Opioid peptides kuma suna taka rawa wajen samar da euphoria.

A ƙarshe, barasa yana ƙarfafa tsarin serotonergic na kwakwalwa. Akwai bambance-bambancen ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙwayar cuta, dangane da allunan ƙwayoyin furotin mai jigilar serotonin.

A halin yanzu, ana nazarin tasirin barasa akan sauran masu karɓa da tsarin matsakanci na kwakwalwa, ciki har da adrenaline, cannabinol, acetylcholine receptors, adenosine da damuwa-regulating (misali, corticotropin-releasing hormone) tsarin.

A takaice, komai yana da matukar rudani kuma yana wakiltar kyakkyawan filin don ayyukan kimiyyar bugu.

Guba na barasa na Ethyl ya daɗe yana zama babban wuri a cikin gubar gida dangane da cikakken adadin mace-mace. Fiye da kashi 60% na duk gubar da ake kashewa a Rasha ana haifar da barasa. Duk da haka, game da ƙaddamarwa na mutuwa da kashi, duk abin ba haka ba ne mai sauƙi. An yi imani da cewa ƙwayar barasa a cikin jini shine 5-8 g / l, kashi ɗaya na mutuwa shine 4-12 g / kg (kimanin 300 ml na 96% ethanol), duk da haka, a cikin mutanen da ke fama da barasa, haƙuri. zuwa barasa na iya zama mafi girma.

Wannan duk an bayyana shi ta hanyar nazarin halittu daban-daban: yawan maye da ƙarfinsa sun bambanta a cikin al'ummomi daban-daban da kuma a cikin maza da mata (wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa nau'in isoenzyme na enzyme barasa dehydrogenase (ADH ko ADH I) yana cikin kwayoyin halitta. ƙaddara - ayyukan daban-daban isoforms na ADH ya bayyana a fili bambance-bambance daga mutane daban-daban). Bugu da ƙari, halayen maye kuma sun dogara ne akan nauyin jiki, tsayi, adadin barasa da aka cinye da nau'in abin sha (kasancewar sukari ko tannins, abun ciki na carbon dioxide, ƙarfin abin sha, abun ciye-ciye).

A cikin jiki, ADH oxidizes ethanol zuwa acetaldehyde kuma, idan duk yana da kyau, kara zuwa lafiya da kuma matsanancin adadin kuzari acetic acid - i, a, ba na wasa ba: "wani abu ya fara yin sanyi - ba lokaci ba ne. don mu ba da ciki” yana da cikakkiyar hujjar sinadarai: ethanol samfuri ne mai yawan kuzari. A aikace, komai yana kara tsananta ko dai ta rashin iskar oxygen don iskar oxygen (daki mai hayaki, iska mai iska - duk daga nan ke nan), ko wuce haddi na ethanol, ko rashin aiki na ADH - sakamakon tsinkayar kwayoyin halitta ko sha na asali. . A ƙarshe, komai yana tsayawa a acetaldehyde - wanda shine mai guba, mutagenic da carcinogenic abu. Akwai shaida cewa acetaldehyde carcinogenic ne a gwajin dabbobi, kuma acetaldehyde yana lalata DNA.

Dukan matsalar ethanol kusan gaba ɗaya yana da alaƙa da acetaldehyde, amma gabaɗaya, tasirin mai guba shine ainihin na musamman kuma cikakke. Yi wa kanku hukunci:

• Cututtuka na gastrointestinal tract. Suna bayyana kansu a matsayin ciwo mai tsanani a cikin ciki da gudawa. Suna faruwa mafi tsanani a cikin marasa lafiya da barasa. Ciwo a cikin yankin ciki yana haifar da lalacewa ga mucous membrane na ciki da ƙananan hanji, musamman a cikin duodenum da jejunum. Zawo sakamakon rashi lactase da ke faruwa cikin sauri da raguwar haƙurin lactose, da kuma rashin sha ruwa da electrolytes daga ƙananan hanji. Ko da amfani guda ɗaya na manyan allurai na barasa na iya haifar da haɓakar necrotizing pancreatitis, wanda galibi yakan mutu. Yawan shan barasa yana ƙara yuwuwar kamuwa da ciwon ciki da gyambon ciki, da ciwon daji na ciki.
• Ko da yake hanta wani ɓangare ne na gastrointestinal tract, yana da mahimmanci don la'akari da lalacewar barasa ga wannan sashin jiki daban, tun da biotransformation na ethanol yafi faruwa a cikin hanta - wannan shine inda ADH ke zaune. Har ma ina jin tausayin hanta a wannan ma'anar. Ko da kashi ɗaya na barasa, ana iya lura da abubuwan mamaki na necrosis na hepatocytes na wucin gadi. Tare da tsawaita cin zarafi, barasa steatohepatitis na iya haɓaka. Haɓakawa a cikin "juriya" ga barasa (wannan yana faruwa ne saboda haɓakar samar da enzyme barasa dehydrogenase (ADH) azaman kariya ta jiki) yana faruwa a matakin dystrophy hanta barasa - don haka kada ku yi farin ciki, % username%, idan kun zama zakara a sha! Sa'an nan, tare da samuwar ciwon hanta na barasa da hanta cirrhosis, aikin gaba ɗaya na ADH enzyme yana raguwa, amma ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai girma a cikin sake farfado da hepatocytes. Yawancin foci na necrosis suna haifar da fibrosis kuma, a ƙarshe, cirrhosis na hanta. Cirrhosis yana tasowa a cikin akalla 10% na mutanen da ke da steatohepatitis. Amma mutane ba za su iya rayuwa ba tare da hanta ba ...
• Ethanol shine guba na hemolytic. Saboda haka, ethanol a cikin babban taro, shiga cikin jini, na iya lalata jajayen ƙwayoyin jini (sakamakon cutar haemolysis), wanda zai haifar da anemia mai guba mai guba. Yawancin karatu sun nuna kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin adadin barasa da haɗarin haɓakar hauhawar jini. Abin sha na barasa yana da tasiri mai guba akan tsokar zuciya, yana kunna tsarin juyayi, yana haifar da sakin catecholamines, yana haifar da spasm na tasoshin jijiyoyin jini da rushewar bugun zuciya. Yawan shan barasa yana ƙara LDL ("mummunan" cholesterol) kuma yana haifar da haɓakar cututtukan zuciya da cututtukan zuciya da nau'ikan arrhythmias daban-daban (ana lura da waɗannan canje-canjen akan matsakaici lokacin cinye fiye da 30 g na ethanol kowace rana). Barasa na iya ƙara haɗarin bugun jini, ya danganta da adadin barasa da ake sha da kuma nau'in bugun jini, kuma galibi yana haifar da mutuwa kwatsam ga masu fama da cutar jijiya.
• Yin amfani da Ethanol na iya haifar da lahani ga ƙwayoyin cuta na kwakwalwa, da kuma mutuwarsu saboda lalacewar shingen jini-kwakwalwa. Shaye-shaye na yau da kullun na iya haifar da raguwar ƙarar ƙwaƙwalwa - amma wannan ba komai bane ƙarar da ke da amfani. Tare da yin amfani da barasa na tsawon lokaci, ana ganin canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta a cikin neurons a saman kwakwalwar kwakwalwa. Wadannan canje-canje suna faruwa a wuraren zubar da jini da necrosis na sassan kwakwalwa. Lokacin shan barasa mai yawa, capillaries a cikin kwakwalwa na iya rushewa - wannan shine dalilin da ya sa kwakwalwa ta "girma".
• Lokacin da barasa ya shiga cikin jiki, ana kuma lura da yawan adadin ethanol a cikin ɓoye na prostate, ƙwai da maniyyi, yana da tasiri mai guba akan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta. Ethanol kuma yana wucewa cikin sauƙi ta cikin mahaifa, yana shiga cikin madara, kuma yana ƙara haɗarin haihuwa tare da rashin daidaituwa na tsarin juyayi da yiwuwar ci gaba.

Phew. Yana da kyau ban ƙara cognac a kofi na ba, ko ba haka ba? A takaice, yawan shan giya yana da illa. Idan baka sha ba fa?

Ma'anar "matsakaicin sha" yana ƙarƙashin sake dubawa yayin da sabbin shaidar kimiyya ke taruwa. Ma'anar Amurka na yanzu bai wuce 24 g na ethanol kowace rana ba ga yawancin mazaje masu girma kuma bai wuce g 12 ga yawancin mata ba.

Matsalar ita ce kusan ba zai yuwu a gina gwajin “tsabta” ba—ba shi yiwuwa a sami samfurin mutanen da ba su taɓa sha ba a duniya. Kuma ko da zai yiwu, ba shi yiwuwa a kawar da tasirin wasu dalilai - wannan ilimin halitta. Kuma ko da zai yiwu, ba zai yiwu a sami waɗanda ba su da ciwon hanta, suna da lafiyayyen zuciya, da sauransu.

Kuma mutane ma karya. Wannan a zahiri yana dagula komai.

Kuna tsammanin kun san holivars? Gwada labarin Googling akan illolin barasa daga Fillmore, Harris da gungun sauran masana kimiyya waɗanda suka sadaukar da kansu don nazarin wannan matsalar! Akwai jayayya da yawa game da amfanin jan giya kadai, alal misali, kwanan nan ya bayyana cewa polyphenols - kuma tare da su ne ake danganta amfanin jan giya - kusan iri ɗaya ne a cikin farin giya.

Kuma idan kun rabu da ilimin kimiyya, a cikin wallafe-wallafen da aka fi sani da akwai banza game da fa'idodin barasa kamar yadda akwai cutarwa (maganin jima'i na mata a cikin giya kadai ya cancanci wani abu).

Har sai an fayyace waɗannan batutuwa, shawara mafi dacewa ita ce:

• Ga wadanda ba masu shaye-shaye a halin yanzu ba, bai kamata a ba da shawarar shan barasa ba don dalilai na lafiya kawai, saboda ba a nuna barasa da kanta a matsayin sanadin inganta lafiya ba.
• Mutanen da ke shan barasa kuma ba sa fuskantar haɗarin matsalolin barasa (mata masu ciki ko masu shayarwa, direbobin motoci ko wasu na'urori masu haɗari, shan magunguna waɗanda aka hana su barasa, mutanen da ke da tarihin dangi na shaye-shaye ko waɗanda ke murmurewa daga shaye-shaye) bai kamata ba. cinye fiye da 12-24 g na ethanol kowace rana kamar yadda Sharuɗɗan Abinci na Amurka suka ba da shawarar.
• Ya kamata a shawarci mutanen da suka sha barasa fiye da matsakaiciyar allurai da su rage cin su.

Af, masana kimiyya sun yarda a kan abu daya - abin da ake kira J-dimbin mace-mace. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin adadin barasa da ake amfani da ita da mace-mace tsakanin masu matsakaicin shekaru da kuma mazan da aka samu sun yi kama da harafin "J" a cikin jihar da ke sama: yayin da yawan mace-mace na masu daina shan barasa da masu shan giya ya karu sosai, yawan mace-mace (jimlar daga duk dalilai) ya kasance 15-18% ƙasa da masu shan haske (raka'a 1-2 kowace rana) fiye da waɗanda ba su sha ba. An ba da dalilai daban-daban - daga zurfafa nazarin halittu da magani, inda shaidan da kansa zai karya ƙafarsa - zuwa mafi kyawun zamantakewa da ingancin lafiyar masu shayarwa, amma gaskiyar ta kasance gaskiya (akwai ma nazarin da ya nuna cewa cin abinci na matsakaitan masu shaye-shaye suna da karancin kitse da cholesterol idan aka kwatanta da wadanda ba masu sha ba, cewa masu shaye-shaye masu matsakaicin ra'ayi suna yawan yin wasanni kuma sun fi karfin jiki fiye da wadanda ba su sha ba - a takaice dai kowa ya fahimci cewa hatta masana kimiyya ba sa son su daina barasa kwata-kwata. suna ƙoƙari su ba da hujja ta kowace hanya mai yiwuwa).

Babu shakka kuma kowa ya yarda cewa shan barasa da yawa yana haifar da karuwar mace-mace. Misali, wani bincike da aka yi a Amurka ya gano cewa mutanen da suka sha barasa raka'a 5 ko fiye a ranakun sha suna da adadin mace-mace da kashi 30% fiye da wadanda suka sha raka'a daya kacal. A cewar wani binciken, masu shan barasa raka'a shida ko fiye (a lokaci guda) suna da adadin 57% mafi girma fiye da masu shan giya.

Af, wani binciken da aka yi kan alakar mace-mace da shan taba ya nuna cewa gaba daya daina shan taba tare da matsakaitan barasa ya haifar da raguwar mace-mace.

Wani yanki na jayayya shine rawar da aka fi so na nau'in giya. Paradox na Faransanci (ƙananan mace-mace daga cututtukan zuciya na zuciya a Faransa) ya nuna cewa jan giya yana da amfani musamman ga lafiya. Ana iya bayyana wannan takamaiman tasirin ta kasancewar antioxidants a cikin giya. Amma binciken ya kasa nuna bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci tsakanin hadarin cututtukan zuciya na zuciya da kuma irin abubuwan sha da aka fi so. Kuma me yasa ja ba fari ba? Me yasa ba cognac ba? A takaice, komai yana da rikitarwa.

Abin da ba shakka bai kamata ku yi shi ne sha yayin shan magunguna ba.

Kamar yadda aka nuna a sama, tasirin barasa a jiki yana da rikitarwa sosai, kuma a wasu wuraren ba a fahimta sosai ba. Lokacin da aka gauraya wasu magungunan ƙwayoyi a cikin wannan miya, babu abin da ya bayyana ko kaɗan.

• Da fari dai, tasirin miyagun ƙwayoyi na iya canzawa - a kowace hanya. Ba mu kuma magana game da sashi.
• Abu na biyu, rikicewar kwayoyin halitta da ethanol ya haifar ba a san yadda zai shafi maganin ba. Yana iya ƙara illa. Yana iya sa shi gaba ɗaya mara amfani (ba ƙidayar illa ba, ba shakka). Ko kila kisa. Babu wanda ya sani.
• Na uku, hanta, wanda ya riga ya shagaltu da sarrafa abubuwan da ba a sani ba daga masana harhada magunguna, ba zai yi farin ciki sosai ba game da buƙatar sarrafa barasa. Yana iya ma ya daina gaba daya.

Yawancin lokaci a cikin umarnin (wanda ya karanta su?) Don kwayoyi sun rubuta game da yiwuwar amfani da barasa - wannan idan an duba shi. Ko kuma kuna iya gwadawa da kanku sannan ku gaya wa kowa abin da kuka samu. To, idan kuna da ƙarin jiki ɗaya a hannun jari.

Daga abin da na riga na rubuta a sama:

• Yin amfani da aspirin a lokaci guda (acetylsalicylic acid) da barasa na iya haifar da ulceration na mucosa na ciki da zubar jini.
• Yin amfani da barasa mara kyau yana rinjayar sakamakon maganin bitamin. Musamman lalacewa ga gastrointestinal fili yana haifar da gaskiyar cewa bitamin da aka sha da baki suna shayarwa sosai kuma ba su da kyau, kuma suna haifar da cin zarafi na tuba su cikin nau'i mai aiki. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga bitamin B1, B6, PP, B12, C, A, da folic acid.
• Shan taba kara habaka mai guba sakamakon barasa - duka daga ra'ayi na suppressing oxidative matakai saboda oxygen yunwa (tuna game da acetaldehyde. Ee), kuma daga ra'ayi na hadin gwiwa tarewa sakamako a kan masu karɓa daga nicotine da barasa.

A takaice dai, barasa ba sauki. Ko yana da kyau ko mara kyau, babu wanda ya san tabbas, amma ba sa gaggawar barin shi gaba ɗaya.

Ya rage naku.

A kan wannan kyakkyawan fata, zan tafi hutuna. Ina fatan na sake samun abin ban sha'awa.

Giya abokinmu ne, amma akwai yaudara a ciki:
Sha da yawa - guba, sha kadan - magani.
Kada ka cutar da kanka da wuce gona da iri
Ku sha a daidai gwargwado kuma mulkin ku zai dawwama...

- Abu Ali Husain bn Abdullah bn al-Hasan bn Ali bn Sina (Avicenna)

Masu amfani da rajista kawai za su iya shiga cikin binciken. Shigadon Allah.

Wane bangare kuka fi so?

• Mafi munin guba

• Mafi ƙarancin guba mai ban tsoro

Masu amfani 4 sun kada kuri'a. 1 mai amfani ya ƙi.

source: www.habr.com