🥇 Mafi munin guba

Sannu %username%

Ee, na sani, an yi wa taken hackneyed kuma akwai hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa sama da 9000 akan Google waɗanda ke bayyana mummunan guba da ba da labarun ban tsoro.

Amma ba na so in lissafta iri ɗaya. Ba na son kwatanta allurai na LD50 kuma in yi kamar na asali ne.

Ina so in rubuta game da waɗannan guba waɗanda ku,% sunan mai amfani%, kuna da babban haɗarin haɗuwa da kullun. Kuma waxanda ba su da sauƙi kamar ’yan’uwansu na kusa.

Kuna buƙatar sanin abokan gaba da gani. Kuma ina fatan zai zama mai ban sha'awa.

Don haka - goma na mutuwa! A'a, har yanzu zan zama ɗan asali - TARA!

wuri na tara

Thallium

Thallium ƙarfe ne mai laushi, mai launin azurfa-fari mai launin shuɗi. A cikin hoton yana cikin ampoule - kuma wannan ba tare da dalili ba. 600 MG na thallium zai iya kashe duk wani mai lafiya da aminci - a wannan yanayin, thallium ya fi sauran karafa masu nauyi. A lokaci guda, kamar duk nau'ikan ƙarfe masu nauyi, thallium an rarraba shi azaman guba mai tarin yawa - tarin alamun cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan da kuma cututtukan da ke faruwa.

Ba kamar na gargajiya nauyi karafa, wanda da gaske manne da cysteine thiol kungiyar a cikin sunadaran da kuma hana su daga rayuwa, thallium ya fi sophisticated: monovalent thallium ions ne guda a size da kuma sinadaran Properties kamar potassium, sabili da haka maye gurbin potassium ions a biochemical tafiyar matakai. . Thallium ya tattara cikin gashi, ƙasusuwa, kodan da tsokoki, yana shafar tsarin juyayi na gefe, gastrointestinal tract da koda.

Alamar halayyar guba tare da mahadi na thallium shine asarar gashi, kuma tare da babban kashi - jimlar alopecia. A babban kashi, alopecia ba shi da hali, tun da mutum ya mutu daga guba kafin asarar gashi ya faru. Wato, a ka'ida, idan kuna son aske kanku, zaku iya ƙoƙarin yin wasa tare da kashi, amma akwai haɗarin rashin hasashe daidai.

Idan akwai guba tare da thallium ko mahadi, ana amfani da blue Prussian azaman maganin rigakafi; taimakon farko ga gwamnatin thallium shine lavage na ciki tare da bayani na 0,3% sodium thiosulfate tare da girgiza carbon foda. Sun ce yana taimakawa, amma wannan ba daidai ba ne.

Gabaɗaya, an rarraba thallium azaman guba mai mahimmanci, don haka me yasa yake cikin jerina kwata-kwata? Gaskiyar ita ce, a yawancin dakunan gwaje-gwaje da ke yin nazarin ruwa da abinci suna amfani da su ban mamaki IV calibration bayani. Na shaida yadda aka dauki wannan maganin tare da pipette, kuma tun da babu kwandon roba - ya ja maganin da bakinki. To me zan iya cewa... Ba hanya mafi kyau ta lashe kyautar Darwin ba.

Wuri na takwas

Phosgene

Phosgene, mai sauƙi zuwa maƙasudin wulakanci, hakika yana da kyau: ɗan adam ya saba da shi tun 1812, amma wannan "haske-hasken" (kuma wannan shine yadda aka fassara sunan daga bourgeois) gas ba shi da kyau: yana haddasawa. edema mai guba mai guba, wanda wasu mutanen kirki suka yi amfani da su ba tare da kamewa ba yayin da suke kashe wasu mutanen kirki guba a yakin duniya na farko. Haɗuwa da phosgene tare da nama na huhu yana haifar da raunin alveolar permeability da saurin ci gaba da edema na huhu. Mutanen kirki sun yi amfani da wannan, amma kuma Har yau ba a kirkiro maganin phosgene ba.

Kyau da sauƙi ya ta'allaka ne a cikin gaskiyar cewa bayyanar alamun farko na guba suna bayyana bayan lokacin latent na sa'o'i 4 zuwa 8; har ma an lura da lokutan sa'o'i 15. Wannan yana biye da tari mai tsanani, ƙarancin numfashi, da cyanosis na fuska da lebe. Ci gaba na huhu edema yana haifar da shaƙewa mai tsanani, matsa lamba mai raɗaɗi a cikin ƙirji, ƙwayar numfashi yana ƙaruwa, wani lokacin har zuwa 60-70 a minti daya. Numfashi yana damun jiki. Wasu 'yan cikakkun bayanai: edematous, kumfa da ruwa mai danko mai dauke da furotin da ke fitowa daga alveoli da bronchioles na huhu zuwa cikin manyan hanyoyin iska, wanda ke haifar da wahala da rashin yiwuwar numfashi. Menene mutumin da ba shi da kyau yake yi a wannan lokacin kuma menene kamanninsa - kuna tunawa da fina-finai masu ban tsoro? Daidai. Tare da edema mai guba mai guba, kusan rabin adadin jinin da ke cikin jiki ya shiga cikin huhu, wanda a sakamakon haka ya kumbura kuma ya karu da yawa. Yayin da huhu na al'ada yayi kimanin gram 500-600, ana iya lura da huhu "phosgene" masu nauyin kilo 2,5.

A ƙarshe, hawan jini yana raguwa sosai, wanda aka sanya shi ya zama mai matukar damuwa, yana numfashi da surutu, ya yi hayaki don iska, sa'an nan kuma mutuwa ta faru.

Hakanan akwai lokuta lokacin da mai guba ya guje wa duk wani motsi mara amfani kuma ya zaɓi matsayi mafi dacewa don sauƙaƙe numfashi. Leɓun irin waɗannan masu guba suna da launin toka, gumi yana da sanyi kuma yana daɗe. Duk da shaƙewa, ba sa haifar da phlegm. Bayan ƴan kwanaki sai wanda guba ya mutu. Da wuya, bayan kwanaki 2-3 za a iya samun ci gaba a yanayin, wanda bayan makonni 2-3 zai iya haifar da farfadowa, amma rikitarwa sakamakon cututtukan cututtuka na biyu suna da yawa, wanda ke haifar da mutuwa.

Don haka, ta yaya za ka yi warin phosgene ka gudu ba tare da guba ba, idan aka yi la'akari da tsawon lokacin latent da kuma gaskiyar cewa wannan iskar ba ta da ɗanɗano da ƙanshi kamar ruɓaɓɓen 'ya'yan itace ko ciyawa - ba mafi zafi ba, sabanin yadda yake wari a cikin karamin motar bas. a cikin wa kuke tafiya? Ba abin mamaki ba ne don shan taba: shan taba a cikin iska mai dauke da phosgene ba shi da kyau ko kuma ba zai yiwu ba.

Ana amfani da Phosgene sosai a cikin haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta: a cikin samar da dyes, da kuma samar da thermoplastics na polycarbonate. Amma ku,% username%, ku tuna: phosgene yana samuwa a lokacin konewar freons mai chlorine. Abin sha'awa, a sakamakon haka, an haramta shan taba lokacin yin hidimar injunan sanyaya da kayan aiki. Dangane da gaskiyar cewa mai shan taba yana da damar da ya fi dacewa don jin wani abu ba daidai ba, yana da wuya a faɗi abin da ya fi muhimmanci.

Wuri na bakwai

Jagora и Tetraethyl gubar

To, kowa ya san game da gubar gubar da kuma yadda yake kama. Duk da haka, ba wanda ya damu ya riƙe shi a hannunsu, kuma wani lokaci ya ci sandwiches tare da waɗannan hannayen. Babu wanda ya damu ya narke dalma da shaka cikin hayakin. A halin yanzu, gubar yana da guba sosai kuma, kamar kowane ƙarfe mai nauyi, yana da kyakkyawan ikon tarawa. Lead na iya tarawa cikin ƙasusuwa, yana haifar da lalata su a hankali, kuma ya tattara cikin hanta da koda. Don haka, bayan adadin da ake sha'awar ya taru, ku,%username%, a zahiri za ku ji rashin lafiya kaɗan: ciwon ciki, ciwon haɗin gwiwa, girgiza, da suma za su bayyana. Idan ka ci gaba, yana yiwuwa a ga hasken a ƙarshen rami tare da duk abin da ya ƙunshi.

Fitar da gubar yana da haɗari musamman ga yara: tare da ɗaukar dogon lokaci, yana haifar da tawayar hankali da cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa na yau da kullun.

Af, gubar acetate yana ɗanɗano mai daɗi! Ba ku sani ba, %username%? Haka ne, shi ya sa suke kira shi da ciwon gubar. Saltykov-Shchedrin ma ya ambata shi lokacin yin giya na karya:

Ana zuba guga na barasa a kan ganga, sa'an nan kuma, dangane da kaddarorin ruwan inabi da ake yi: don Madeira - da yawa molasses, don Malaga - tar, ga ruwan inabi Rhine - sugar gubar, da dai sauransu. Wannan cakuda yana motsawa har sai da shi. ya zama kama, sannan su rufe shi ...

Af, akwai ra'ayi cewa kalmar Rasha "gubar" tana da alaƙa da kalmar "giya", a cikin tsohuwar Romawa (da kuma a cikin Caucasus), an adana ruwan inabi a cikin tasoshin gubar, wanda ya ba shi dandano na musamman. Wannan dandano yana da daraja sosai don haka ba su kula da yiwuwar guba ta abubuwa masu guba ba. To, i, yi rayuwa da sauri - mutu matashi...

Amma gubar tetraethyl ya cancanci kulawa ta musamman - ruwa mara launi, mai mai, mai canzawa wanda aka daɗe ana amfani dashi azaman ƙari ga mai (Leaded Petrol iri ɗaya). A cikin USSR, an ƙara rini zuwa gasoline mai ɗauke da gubar tetraethyl don dalilai masu alama: har zuwa 1979, man fetur AI93, A-76 da A-66 mai ɗauke da gubar tetraethyl suna launin shuɗi, kore, da orange, bi da bi; tun 1979, man fetur ya jagoranci. ya fara zama masu launin orange-ja (AI-93), rawaya (A-76), blue (AI-98), kore (A-66) ko ruwan hoda (A-72).

Ba a yi haka ba kwata-kwata don kyau da kuma jawo hankalin masu siye - ban da gaskiyar cewa shaye-shaye ya gurɓata duk abin da ke kewaye da gubar, gubar tetraethyl kanta tana da kaddarorin masu daɗi da yawa, kama daga cutar sankara zuwa ƙwayar cuta mai yawa. A wannan yanayin, shigarwa yana yiwuwa duka biyu tare da tururi (wannan kayan yana da sauƙi, kar a manta) da kuma ta fata. Wannan abu selectively rinjayar da juyayi tsarin, haddasa m, subacute da kuma na kullum guba (eh, kamar gubar, wannan kaya son tarawa).

Mafi sau da yawa, guba yana da m kuma subacute. An fi shafa ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta cerebral. A cikin yankin cibiyoyin ciyayi na diencephalon, an mayar da hankali kan tashin hankali mai tsauri, wanda ke haifar da rikice-rikice na dangantakar cortical-subcortical.

A cikin matakin farko na guba mai tsanani, ana lura da rikice-rikice na autonomic: yanayin zafin jiki da raguwar karfin jini, barci yana damuwa, tsoro na mutuwa yana bayyana a cikin dare, kuma an nuna damuwa, yanayin damuwa. Halin ƙwallon gashi ko zaren a kan harshe na al'ada ne.

A cikin pre-climax mataki, pronounced shafi tunanin mutum cuta bayyana: tsoron mutuwa fara damuwa ba kawai da dare, amma kuma a lokacin da rana, auditory, gani, tactile hallucinations na firgita yanayi, yaudarar zalunci da dangantaka bayyana. A ƙarƙashin rinjayar delirium, tashin hankali psychomotor tasowa, mai haƙuri ya zama m, sau da yawa akwai lokuta lokacin da ƙoƙarin ceton rayukansu daga mutanen da ake zargi da bin su, mutane sun jefa kansu daga windows.

A mataki na ƙarshe, jin daɗin psychomotor ya kai matsakaicin tashin hankali. Hankali ya rikice. Mutumin da aka yi rashin sa'a yana jin kamar ana yanka shi gunduwa-gunduwa, an nade macizai a jikinsa, da sauransu. Ciwon farfadiya na iya tasowa. A tsayin tashin hankali na psychomotor, zafin jiki yana tashi (har zuwa 40 ° C), matsa lamba da bugun zuciya yana ƙaruwa. Ƙarshen a bayyane yake: rushewa, mutuwa.

Idan kun yi sa'a, hasashen yana da kyau: an maye gurbin tashin hankali na psychomotor da yanayin vegetative-asthenic. A lokaci guda kuma, lahani na tunani, dullness na tunani, raguwar hankali, asarar sha'awar muhalli, da sauransu sun kasance - amma za ku rayu. Ban tabbata yana farin ciki ba.

Af, shin kuna tunawa da labarun kakanni game da masu shaye-shayen miyagun ƙwayoyi masu ban tsoro waɗanda suke shakar mai? Wai! Dangane da wani hasashe mai tasiri da aka ba da shawarar yin bayani game da hauhawar yawan laifuka a rabi na biyu na ƙarni na 1960 da farkon ƙarni na 1990st, gubar gubar tetraethyl a cikin ƙuruciya ta haifar da rushewa a cikin ci gaban tsarin juyayi na tsakiya, wanda ya haifar da haɓakar halayen rashin ƙarfi balaga, wanda ya haifar da karuwar laifuka daga 1990 zuwa farkon 1970s. Faduwar adadin laifuffuka tun daga shekarun XNUMX, bisa ga wannan hasashe, an bayyana shi ta hanyar raguwar yawan man fetur da aka yi da gubar tetraethyl tun daga shekarun XNUMX.

Idan, duk da haka, kun kasance marasa sa'a kuma kuna da guba ta hanyar tetraethyl, to, za a bi da ku kamar mafi yawan al'amuran yau da kullum: kwayoyi barci (barbiturates), hexenal, aminazine, kwayoyi (sai dai morphine, wanda ke ba da sakamako na paradoxical, ƙara yawan tashin hankali. ). Glucose mai ciki tare da bitamin B da ascorbic acid, abubuwan dehydrating (glucose, magnesium sulfate), da magungunan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini (don rushewa). Wataƙila za su sake mayar da kai mutum. Idan kun yi sa'a, to yana da hankali.

Af, an haramta gubar tetraethyl a ko'ina, i. A Rasha - tun daga Nuwamba 15, 2002, amma wani lokacin, kallon wadanda ke kewaye da ni, ina da shakku ...

Wuri na shida.

Botulinum toxin

Wani hadadden furotin neurotoxin wanda kwayoyin Clostridium botulinum ke samarwa. Mafi ƙaƙƙarfan neurotoxin da aka sani shine ɗan ƙaramin kisa na kusan 0,000001 mg/kg na jikin ku mara ƙarfi.

Af, botulinum toxin yana daya daga cikin mafi hadaddun sunadarai da aka haɗa a cikin yanayi.

Menene za ku ji lokacin da wannan kololuwar halittar halitta ta shiga cikin cikin ku? Dafin yana haifar da damuwa a cikin aikin jijiyoyi na cranial, kwarangwal tsokoki, da cibiyoyin jijiya na zuciya. Fog zai bayyana a gaban idanunku, aibobi za su bayyana, kuma da yawa za su fara squint (kuma ba don komai ba saboda kun sha da yawa a wurin bikin). Daga baya, matsalar magana da hadiya da fuska mai kama da abin rufe fuska suna bayyana. Mutuwa na faruwa daga hypoxia wanda ya haifar da lalacewar iskar oxygen, asphyxia na fili na numfashi, gurguntaccen tsokoki na numfashi da tsoka na zuciya. A taƙaice, za ku mutu, kuma za ku mutu a wannan lokacin.

Me yasa matsayi na shida kawai? Gaskiyar ita ce, clostridia botulinum - kawai waɗanda ba su tona asirin maigidan na samar da wannan guba ba - da gaske ba sa son yin aiki a cikin iska, sabili da haka zaka iya samun su musamman a cikin abincin gwangwani da tsiran alade - musamman ma. a cikin gwangwani soyayyen namomin kaza da kuma shirya a cikin manyan nama da kifi tare da lalacewar farfajiya. Wuri na biyu shine magani: waɗannan sune Botox, Relatox, Xeomin, BTXA, Dysport, Neuronox. Don haka idan an yi maka allura da wani abu makamancin haka, akwai kowane damar jin hadaddun da ba za a iya misaltawa ba na duk fa'idodin da aka bayyana a sama. Abin takaici ne cewa babu wanda zai gaya masa daga baya.

Yadda ake tserewa? Kada ku ci komai. Kuma idan kun ci shi, ya kamata a yi bayan maganin zafi: toxin botulinum ba ya son soyayyen ko tafasa. Duk da cewa wannan abu ba ya jin tsoron ruwan 'ya'yan itace na ciki, an lalata shi gaba daya lokacin da aka dafa shi na minti 25-30.

Wuri na biyar

Amatoxins
A gaskiya ma, wannan rukuni ne na guba, duk ya dogara da abin da kuka haɗa zuwa wurin R1..R5. A dabi'a, waɗannan su ne cyclic octapeptides wanda ya ƙunshi ragowar amino acid guda takwas. Ana samun su a cikin jikin 'ya'yan itace na namomin kaza na jinsin Amanita, Galerina da Lepiota - i, a, kullun toadstool daga nan.

Amatoxins wasu ne daga cikin mafi ƙarfi hepatotoxins a duniya. Don haka komai yawan sha,% sunan mai amfani%, ba za a iya kwatanta shi da wannan kyakkyawa ba: amatoxins sun dogara da toshe RNA polymerase II, wanda ke toshe haɗin manzo RNA kuma yana haifar da necrosis na hepatocytes. Kuma tunda a duniyarmu ba za ku iya rayuwa ba tare da hanta - da kyau, kun fahimta.

Wani abin sha'awa mai daɗi na wannan tarkace shine dogon lokacin sirrinsa: 6-30 hours. Wato, tabbas ba za ku sami lokaci don zuwa hayyacin ku ba kuma ku zubar da ciki. Alamun suna faruwa ba zato ba tsammani: amai mai tsanani (cirewa), ciwon ciki, zawo. A cikin samfuran gudawa (da kyau, kun fahimta) ana lura da jini, yayin da lalata ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji ke faruwa. Abin da ke faruwa da hanta a wannan lokacin ... Ba na so in yi tunani. Rauni da rashin daidaituwar ruwa-electrolyte suna ƙaruwa. A rana ta 2 - 3rd, alamun hepatopathy mai guba suna tasowa: hanta yana kara girma, yanayin ya kara tsanantawa, jaundice ya bayyana da abubuwan mamaki na diathesis hemorrhagic - wannan shine lokacin da aka rufe ku da zubar da jini. Nephropathy, gazawar hanta-renal, hepatargia, anuria, da coma suna tasowa. Komai na bakin ciki ne. Guba yana da matukar tsanani a cikin yara, musamman haɗari idan babban adadin guba ya shiga cikin jiki (fiye da 200 MG): a wannan yanayin, haɓakar maye yana faruwa a cikin saurin walƙiya, tare da haɓakar hanta atrophy da sauri mutuwa.

Babban abin da ke haifar da mutuwa shi ne m hanta gazawar, mafi kasa m m hanta-renal gazawar. Ko da kun tsira, za ku iya fuskantar canje-canje maras canzawa a cikin tsarin hanta, wanda aka bayyana ta jimlar necrosis.

Yadda za a kubuta daga wannan? Abin takaici, amatoxins sun fi juriya da zafi fiye da toxin botulinum. A kowane hali, kada ku yi kama da naman kaza, kuma idan kun riga kun shiga cikin gandun daji, sami wani abu mafi kyau don yin! Kada ku sayi namomin kaza daga kaka, ko da sun yi kyau sosai! Ka tuna game da Snow White - kuma ba ku da dwarfs ko sarakuna don sani!

Abin ban mamaki, yawan allurai na penicillin yana taimakawa tare da maye. Jita-jita yana da shi cewa silibinin, ainihin abin da ke tattare da ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar madara, maganin amatoxins ne, amma wannan ba daidai ba ne. Mutane da yawa suna ba da damar shiga gwaji, amma saboda wasu dalilai babu wanda ya yarda.

Wuri na hudu

Aflatoxins

Aflatoxins rukuni ne na polyketides waɗanda ke haifar da ƙananan fungi (micromycetes) na nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan halittar Aspergillus (yafi A. flavus da A. parasiticus). Wadannan jariran suna girma akan hatsi, iri da 'ya'yan itatuwa na tsire-tsire masu yawan mai, kamar irin gyada. Aflatoxins suna samuwa a kan lokaci kuma idan ba a adana su ba a cikin shayi mara kyau da sauran ganye. Hakanan ana samun gubar a cikin madarar dabbobin da suka cinye gurɓataccen abinci.

Daga cikin duk gubar da aka samar ta hanyar halitta, aflatoxins sune mafi ƙarfin hanta da aka gano har zuwa yau. Idan yawan guba mai yawa ya shiga cikin jiki, mutuwa yana faruwa a cikin 'yan kwanaki saboda lalacewar hanta da ba za a iya jurewa ba; idan ƙananan kashi ya shiga cikin jiki, aflatoxicosis na kullum yana tasowa, wanda ke da nasaba da tsarin rigakafi, lalacewar DNA, kunna oncogenes - a ƙarshe. ciwon hanta. Ee,% username%, idan ba ku ci gyada ko tsaba masu kyau sosai ba, za ku mutu. Wataƙila ba nan da nan ba, amma garanti kuma mai raɗaɗi.

Aflatoxins suna da juriya ga zafin samfurin - don haka wannan kuma ya shafi gasasshen gyada.

A kasashen da suka ci gaba, ana gudanar da tsauraran matakan sa ido kan kayayyakin da ake yawan samun sinadarin aflatoxin ( gyada, masara, kabewa da dai sauransu), tare da lalata gungun gurbatattun abubuwa. Ga ƙasashe masu tasowa waɗanda ba a sami irin waɗannan abubuwan sarrafawa ba, gurɓatar abinci ta hanyar gyaggyarawa ya kasance muhimmin abu na mace-mace. Misali, a Mozambik adadin masu mutuwa daga cutar kansar hanta ya ninka na Faransa sau 50.

Wace ƙasa kuke ɗaukar naku, %username%?

Mu tada hankali! Wuri na uku

Mercury kuma musamman - Methylmercury

Kowa ya san illar mercury. Game da karya ma'aunin zafi da sanyio da wasa da kyawawan ƙwallayen sihiri - Ina fata ma.

Mercury da duk mahadi masu guba ne. Fitar da sinadarin mercury-ko da kaɗan-na iya haifar da munanan matsalolin kiwon lafiya da kuma haifar da barazana ga ci gaban tayin da farkon haɓakar yara. Mercury na iya samun sakamako mai guba akan jijiya, narkewar abinci da tsarin rigakafi, da kuma huhu, kodan, fata da idanu. WHO ta ɗauki mercury a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan sinadarai guda goma ko ƙungiyoyin sinadarai da ke damun lafiyar jama'a.

Amma a zahiri yanzu. Likitoci iri ɗaya sunyi amfani da mahadi na mercury sosai har zuwa 1970s:

mercuric chloride (I) (calomel) - laxative;
mercuzal da promeran sune diuretics masu ƙarfi;
mercury (II) chloride, mercury (II) cyanide, mercury amidochloride da yellow mercury (II) oxide - antiseptics (ciki har da man shafawa).

Akwai sanannun lokuta lokacin da, a lokacin volvulus na hanji, an zuba gilashin mercury a cikin ciki mai haƙuri. A cewar masanan likitocin da suka ba da shawarar wannan hanyar magani, Mercury, saboda nauyi da motsinsa, yakamata ya wuce cikin hanji kuma, a ƙarƙashin nauyinsa, ya daidaita sassansa masu karkace.

An yi amfani da shirye-shiryen Mercury tun daga karni na 1963. (a cikin USSR har zuwa XNUMX) don maganin syphilis. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa Treponema pallidum, wanda ke haifar da syphilis, yana da matukar damuwa ga kwayoyin halitta da mahaɗan inorganic waɗanda ke toshe rukunin sulfhydryl na thiol enzymes na microbe - mahadi na mercury, arsenic, bismuth da aidin. Duk da haka, irin wannan magani ba shi da tasiri sosai kuma yana da guba sosai ga jikin mai haƙuri, wanda kuma yana da ƙungiyoyin sulfhydryl, ko da yake ya fi girma fiye da na treponema mara kyau. Wannan magani ya haifar da cikakkiyar asarar gashi da kuma babban haɗari na rikitarwa mai tsanani. Koyaya, irin, likitocin ɗan adam sun ci gaba har ma: sun yi amfani da hanyoyin mercury na jiki gabaɗaya, wanda aka sanya mai haƙuri a cikin kwandon dumama wanda aka ba da tururin mercury. Ko da yake wannan dabarar ta yi tasiri sosai, illar illa da kuma haɗarin gubar mercury mai kisa ya haifar da ƙaura a hankali daga aikin asibiti.

Af, an yi amfani da amalgam na azurfa a likitan hakora a matsayin kayan cika hakori kafin zuwan kayan warkar da haske. Ka tuna da wannan a duk lokacin da wani kyakkyawan likitan hakori tare da tabarau ya jingina akan ku!

Mafi yawan guba sune tururi da mahaɗan mercury masu narkewa. Metallic Mercury kanta ba shi da haɗari, amma a hankali yana ƙafewa ko da a cikin ɗaki, kuma tururi na iya haifar da guba mai tsanani - kuma ta hanyar, tururi ba ya jin wari. Mercury da mahadi (sublimate, calomel, cinnabar, mercuric cyanide) suna shafar tsarin juyayi, hanta, koda, gastrointestinal tract, kuma, idan an shayar da shi, numfashi na numfashi. Mercury shi ne na hali wakilin na tara guba.

Magungunan mercury na halitta, musamman methylmercury, sun tsaya kaɗan kaɗan. An kafa shi, a matsayin mai mulkin, sakamakon metabolism na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta lokacin da aka saki mercury a cikin ruwa. Abun yana da guba sosai. Guba ya fi na mercury girma saboda ƙarin hulɗar aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin sulfhydryl na enzymes kuma, saboda haka, rashin kunna waɗannan enzymes. Tun da abu ne mai covalent fili da kasa iyakacin duniya fiye da cation na mercury kanta, da tasiri a kan jiki ne kama da guba da nauyi karafa (musamman, mercury), amma yana da wani peculiarity: lalacewa ga juyayi tsarin ne mafi furta. Ana kiran wannan rauni da cutar Minamata.

An fara rubuta wannan ciwo kuma an yi nazari a Japan, a cikin Kumamoto Prefecture a cikin garin Minamata a cikin 1956. Dalilin cutar shi ne ci gaba da fitar da sinadarin Mercury a cikin ruwa na Minamata Bay ta hanyar Chisso, wanda aka canza shi zuwa methylmercury ta hanyar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin metabolism na su, kuma tun da wannan sinadari yakan taru a cikin kwayoyin halitta, sakamakon haka, maida hankali a cikin kwayoyin halitta. kyallen jikin kwayoyin halitta suna karuwa tare da matsayinsu a cikin sarkar abinci. Don haka, a cikin kifi a cikin Minamata Bay abun ciki na methylmercury ya kasance daga 8 zuwa 36 mg / kg, a cikin kawa - har zuwa 85 mg / kg, yayin da a cikin ruwa bai ƙunshi fiye da 0,68 mg / l ba.

Alamun sun haɗa da dysmotility, ƙonawa, tingling da fil da allura a cikin ɓangarorin, raguwar fahimtar magana, gajiya, ringi a cikin kunnuwa, kunkuntar hangen nesa, asarar ji da motsin motsi. Wasu daga cikin wadanda cutar ta Minamata ta shafa sun yi hauka, sun tashi hayyacinsu kuma suka mutu cikin wata guda da kamuwa da cutar.

Haka kuma akwai wadanda suka kamu da alamun cutar Minamata, kamar ciwon kai, yawan kasala, rasa wari da dandano, da mantuwa, wadanda suke da dabara amma suna sa rayuwar yau da kullun ta yi matukar wahala. Bugu da kari, akwai majinyata da ke dauke da cutar Minamata da aka haifa da wannan cuta sakamakon kamuwa da cutar methylmercury a lokacin da suke cikin mahaifar uwayensu da suka ci gurbacewar kifi.

Har yanzu babu magani ga cutar Minamata, don haka magani ya haɗa da ƙoƙarin sauƙaƙa alamun alamun da kuma amfani da magungunan gyaran jiki. Baya ga illar da lafiyar jiki ke yi, akwai kuma illar da ake yi wa wadanda suka kamu da cutar ta Minamata a cikin al'umma. To, %username%, kuna son ƙaura zuwa Ƙasar Fukushima, Minamata da Rising Sun?

Af, a cikin 1996, an gina gidan kayan gargajiya na cutar Minamata a cikin garin Meisei, wanda ke kusa da bay. A cikin 2006, an gina wani abin tunawa a harabar gidan kayan tarihi don tunawa da wadanda gubar mercury ya shafa sakamakon gurbacewar yanayi a Minamata Bay. Sun ce hakan bai sa wadanda abin ya shafa su ji dadi ba.

Wuri na biyu

Methanol

Kowa ya sani game da methanol. Amma a ra'ayina ba shi da daraja.

Matsalar methanol ba shine ainihin matsalarsa ba, amma matsalar jikin mu. Bayan haka, ya ƙunshi enzyme barasa dehydrogenase (ko ADH I), wanda Uwar yanayi ta ba mu mu rushe barasa. Kuma idan a cikin yanayin ethanol na yau da kullun ya rushe shi zuwa acetaldehyde (sannu, hangover!), Kuma idan kun yi sa'a - cikin gabaɗaya mara lahani kuma mai gina jiki acetic acid a cikin nau'in acetyl-coenzyme A, sannan tare da methanol akwai rikici: ya zama mai guba formaldehyde da formate. A bayyane yake, Halin Uwar yana da takamaiman abin ban dariya.

Matsalar ta kara ta’azzara ne, a cewar ‘yan dazuzzuka (ba su da yawa), methanol yana dandana da warin da ba shi da bambanci da barasa na yau da kullun, har ma idan aka hada shi da ita. Af, da iodoform dauki, lokacin da rawaya iodoform precipitates tare da ethyl barasa, amma babu abin da ke hazo tare da methanol, ba ya aiki don ƙayyade methanol abun ciki a cikin wani ethanol bayani.

1-2 milliliters na methanol a kowace kilogiram na gawa yawanci ana ba da tabbacin aika daredevils zuwa wasu mutane masu ban sha'awa masu fuka-fuki a bayansu, kuma saboda yanayin musamman na wannan abu zuwa jijiyar gani, 10-20 ml yana sa mutum makanta. Har abada.

Abin farin ciki, sakamakon mai guba na methanol yana tasowa a cikin sa'o'i da yawa, kuma magunguna masu tasiri na iya rage lalacewa. Don haka, idan ka, % username%, bayan ka wuce gona da iri saboda wasu dalilai, ka ji ciwon kai, rashin ƙarfi na gaba ɗaya, rashin ƙarfi, sanyi, tashin zuciya da amai - ƙara sha. Ba na wasa ba: kamar yadda aka fada a cikin littafin jagora don likitan gaggawa, don guba na methanol, maganin maganin shine ethanol, wanda ake gudanarwa ta hanyar jini a cikin hanyar 10% bayani ta digo ko 30-40% bayani a baki a cikin adadin. na 1-2 grams na bayani da 1 kg na nauyin jiki kowace rana. An tabbatar da tasiri mai amfani a cikin wannan yanayin ta hanyar karkatar da enzyme ADH I zuwa oxidation na exogenous ethanol. Ya kamata a lura cewa idan ganewar asali ba daidai ba ne, ana iya kuskuren guba na methanol don maye gurbin barasa mai sauƙi (kamar yadda kuka riga kuka gani a sama) ko guba tare da 1,2-dichloroethane ko carbon tetrachloride (masu kaushi, wanda har yanzu kyauta ne. amma ba haka haske ba) - A wannan yanayin, gabatar da ƙarin adadin barasa ethyl yana da haɗari. Gabaɗaya, ba ku da sa'a, % username%. Ku kasance da ƙarfi.

Guba methanol ya zama ruwan dare gama gari. Don haka, a cikin Amurka a cikin 2013, an rubuta lokuta 1747 (kuma a, wannan ita ce Amurka). Akwai da yawa sanannun taro gubar methanol:

Guba methanol mai yawa a Spain a farkon 1963; Adadin wadanda suka mutu a hukumance ya kai 51, amma alkaluma sun kai daga 1000 zuwa 5000.
Guba methanol mai yawa a Bangalore, Indiya a cikin Yuli 1981. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 308.
Guba mai yawan jama'a tare da ruwan inabi na methanol a Italiya a cikin bazara na 1986; Mutane 23 sun mutu.
Guba methanol mai yawa a El Salvador a cikin Oktoba 2000 ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 122. Hukumomi sun yi zargin harin ta'addanci ne saboda ba a gano methanol a cikin barasa a masana'antar kera yayin binciken lamarin.
Mass methanol guba a kan Satumba 9-10, 2001 a birnin Pärnu (Estonia); Mutane 68 ne suka mutu.
Guba methanol mai yawa a cikin Jamhuriyar Czech, Poland da Slovakia a cikin Satumba 2012; Mutane 51 sun mutu.
Mass methanol guba a kan Disamba 17-20, 2016 a Irkutsk (Rasha). Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 78.

Don haka, methanol ya ɗauki matsayi na biyu a matsayinmu. Kuma wannan ba abin dariya ba ne.

Ta-dam! Fanfare! Muna da wuri na farko!

Da farko ba za mu sami wani abu mai guba da za a iya samu a wani wuri a cikin wasu dabbobi masu zafi ko kifi ba. Don haka bari mu manta game da tetrodotoxin da batrachotoxin.

Ba zai zama wani nau'i na inorganic abu wanda za a iya samu kawai a cikin masana'antu na musamman - irin su beryllium nitrate, wanda, ta hanyar, kuma dandana mai dadi, ko arsenic chloride, don haka ƙaunataccen a tsakiyar zamanai.

Ba zai zama wani nau'i na kwayoyin halitta wanda ba za ku iya samu a cikin rana ba, kamar ricin, ko kuma wanda aka yi nazari da dadewa kuma yana cikin ma'ajin magani, kamar strychnine ko digitoxin.

Wannan ba zai zama cyanide da aka yi hackneyed da hydrocyanic acid ba waɗanda suka sami gazawar almara a cikin yanayin Rasputin.

Ba zai zama polonium-210 ko VX ba, waɗanda aka ba da tabbacin aika ku zuwa duniya ta gaba ko da a cikin ƙananan allurai - amma ba su samuwa ga jama'a.

A'a, shugabanmu zai zama mai kisa na gaske, wanda ke da miliyoyin rayuka a asusunsa.

Carbon monoxide

A gaskiya ma, carbon monoxide ne ya aika da tarin mutane zuwa duniya ta gaba. Wannan iskar gas mara launi, mara wari da ɗanɗano yana shiga cikin iskar yanayi yayin kowane irin konewa. Carbon monoxide yana ɗaure haemoglobin rayayye, yana samar da carboxyhemoglobin, kuma yana toshe iskar oxygen zuwa ƙwayoyin nama, wanda ke haifar da hemic hypoxia. Carbon monoxide kuma an haɗa shi cikin halayen oxidative, yana dagula ma'aunin ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin kyallen takarda. A cikin wannan, aikinsa yayi kama da cyanide.

Guba yana yiwuwa:

idan akwai gobara;
a cikin samarwa, inda ake amfani da carbon monoxide don haɓakar abubuwa masu yawa (acetone, methyl barasa, phenol, da dai sauransu);
a cikin dakunan da ke da iskar gas wanda ake amfani da kayan aiki masu amfani da iskar gas (tununa, masu dumama ruwa nan take, masu samar da zafi tare da buɗaɗɗen ɗakin konewa) ƙarƙashin yanayin rashin isassun iskar iska, alal misali, lokacin da aka tarwatse a cikin bututun hayaƙi da/ko iskar gas ko kuma akwai. rashin isar da iskar gas don ƙonewa;
a cikin gareji tare da rashin isasshen iska, a cikin wasu dakunan da ba su da iska ko mara kyau, tunnels, tun da sharar mota ya ƙunshi har zuwa 1-3% CO bisa ga ka'idoji;
idan kun dauki lokaci mai tsawo akan hanya mai cike da cunkoson jama'a ko kusa da shi, akan manyan tituna, matsakaita na CO ya wuce matakin guba;
a gida lokacin da iskar gas mai haske ya cika da kuma lokacin da aka rufe dampers na murhu a cikin ɗakuna tare da dumama murhu (gidaje, wanka);
lokacin amfani da iska mai ƙarancin inganci a cikin na'urorin numfashi;
lokacin shan hookah (e, kaso mai yawa na mutane suna fuskantar ciwon kai, tashin hankali, tashin zuciya, da bacci bayan shan taba, wanda gubar carbon monoxide ke haifarwa lokacin da rashin isashshen iskar oxygen zuwa na'urar hookah).

Don haka ku,% sunan mai amfani%, kuna da damammaki da yawa don sanin guba.

Lokacin da iskar da aka shaka ta ƙunshi 0,08% CO, mutum yana jin ciwon kai da shaƙewa. Lokacin da maida hankali na CO ya karu zuwa 0,32%, gurguntawa da asarar sani yana faruwa (mutuwa yana faruwa a cikin minti 30). A maida hankali sama da 1,2%, hankali ya ɓace bayan numfashi biyu ko uku, mutum ya mutu a cikin ƙasa da mintuna 3 a cikin maƙarƙashiya. A pre-mai guba taro (kasa da 0,08%) za ka iya samun wadannan abubuwan jin daɗi (yayin da maida hankali karuwa):

Ragewar saurin halayen psychomotor, wani lokacin karuwa mai ramawa a cikin kwararar jini zuwa gabobin mahimmanci. A cikin mutanen da ke fama da ciwon zuciya mai tsanani - ciwon kirji a lokacin aikin jiki, rashin ƙarfi na numfashi.
Ƙananan ciwon kai, raguwar tunani da aikin jiki, ƙarancin numfashi tare da matsakaicin motsa jiki. Rashin hangen nesa. Yana iya zama mai kisa ga tayin da mutanen da ke fama da ciwon zuciya mai tsanani.
Ƙunƙarar ciwon kai, dizziness, rashin jin daɗi, rashin kwanciyar hankali, asarar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, tashin zuciya, rashin daidaituwa na ƙananan motsin hannu.
Ciwon kai mai tsanani, rauni, hanci mai gudu, tashin zuciya, amai, rashin gani, rudani.
Hallucinations, mummunan cin zarafi na daidaitawar motsin tsoka - saboda wannan dalili ne sau da yawa mutane suka mutu a cikin gobara.

Yadda za a taimaka da guba na carbon monoxide? To, da farko, barin yankin kamuwa da cuta. Af, abin rufe fuska na gas na yau da kullun, rigar rags a fuska da bandages auduga-gauze ba su taimaka ba, carbon monoxide ya gan su duka a wuri mai ban sha'awa kuma cikin nutsuwa ya wuce su - kuna buƙatar abin rufe fuska tare da harsashi na hopcalite - wannan. shi ne wanda ke da jan karfe oxide, wanda ke fitar da carbon monoxide zuwa amintaccen carbon dioxide To, to, - numfashi, numfashi! Shaka iska mai kyau, ko mafi kyau tukuna, iskar oxygen, ba kyallen kyallen jikin ku da gabobin ku fa'idodin da ake buƙata sosai!

Likitan duniya bai san ingantattun magungunan da za a yi amfani da su ba a lokuta na gubar carbon monoxide. Amma! - yi alfahari: Masana kimiyya na Rasha sun kirkiro wani sabon magani mai suna "Acyzol", wanda aka sanya shi azaman maganin rigakafi (ko da yake saboda wasu dalilai wasu masana kimiyya ba su da bangaskiya ga wannan). Ana gudanar da shi a cikin jiki a cikin hanyar maganin. Hakanan ana ba da shawarar azaman prophylactic. Masana kimiyya na Rasha suna gayyatar mutane don gwada wannan magani, amma saboda wasu dalilai akwai ma mutane kaɗan da suke son yin hakan fiye da yanayin maganin amatoxins.

Shi ke nan, %username%!

Ina fatan ban lalata abincin ku ba, yana da ban sha'awa, kuma kun koyi sabon abu don kanku, kuma ba kawai iyakance abincin ku da wuraren da kuka ziyarta ba.

Lafiya da sa'a!

source: www.habr.com

Mafi munin guba