Yau an bude sabuwar rajista a ciki in Moscow. Matakin farko na horon zai gudana ne daga ranar 7 ga Satumba zuwa 25 ga Oktoba. Dalibai daga wasu garuruwa za su iya shiga cikinsa daga nesa ko kuma a cikin mutum - kamfanin zai biya kudin tafiya da masauki a ɗakin kwanan dalibai. Na biyu, kuma matakin karshe, zai ci gaba har zuwa ranar 3 ga Disamba, za a iya kammala shi da kansa kawai.
Sunana Yulia Seredich, mun rubuta wannan post tare da Sergei Kazakov. Mu duka masu haɓakawa ne a ofishin Minsk na Yandex kuma mun kammala karatun SRI daga shekarun baya.
A lokacin bude rajista a Moscow, muna buga nazarin ayyukan gabatarwa ga Makarantar da ta gabata - a nan Minsk.
Idan kun bibiyi tarihin ayyukan SRI, daga shekara zuwa shekara mun gwada ƙwarewa masu mahimmanci guda uku ga mai tsara shirye-shirye:
- Tsarin tsari. Kowane mai haɓaka ya kamata ya iya yin shimfidar wuri. Ba ya faru cewa kuna da Uncle Seryozha wanda ke tsarawa ga dukan ƙungiyar, kuma kuna rubuta rubutun kawai. Don haka, dole ne kowane ɗalibi ya nuna yadda ya san yadda ake buga rubutu.
- JavaScript. Idan batun ya iyakance ga shimfidar wuri, to ba za mu sami Makarantar Ci gaban Interface ba, amma Makaranta na Zane-zane. Yana buƙatar sake farfado da ƙayataccen ƙirar ƙirar ƙira. Saboda haka, akwai ko da yaushe wani aiki ga JS, amma wani lokacin shi ma wani aiki ga algorithms - muna son su sosai.
- Magance matsala watakila shine mafi mahimmancin fasaha na mai haɓakawa. Idan ya zo ga ƙirƙirar musaya, abubuwa suna canzawa cikin sauri. Kamar Lewis Carroll ne: "Dole ne ku yi gudu da sauri kamar yadda za ku iya kawai don ku zauna a wuri ɗaya, kuma don isa wani wuri dole ne ku yi gudu sau biyu." Kowace rana muna ci karo da sababbin fasahohi - muna buƙatar yin la'akari da su kuma mu iya fahimtar su. Saboda haka, a cikin aiki na uku, mun ba da shawarar fahimtar fasahar da novice developer yawanci ba su saba da.
A cikin nazarin kowane aiki, za mu gaya muku ba kawai game da hanya madaidaiciya ba, har ma game da kurakurai na kowa.
Aiki 1: Fayil
Aiki na farko da aka yi aiki a kan Yandex.Collections zanen Alexey Cherenkevich, wanda ya san yadda za a yi layout, da kuma abokin aikinsa, interface developer Sergey Samsonov.
Yanayi
Ƙirƙirar gidan yanar gizon fayil: gaya mana game da kanku, aikinku da tsammaninku daga Makaranta. Ya kamata rukunin yanar gizon ya yi daidai gwargwadon yuwuwar zuwa shimfidar da aka tsara (haɗi zuwa shimfidar wurare: , , , ). Muna sha'awar shimfidar wuri ne kawai, don haka don Allah kar a yi amfani da JavaScript.
Lokacin dubawa za mu yi la'akari:
- Girman shigarwa, daidaitaccen launi, salon rubutu, girman font;
- shimfidar zuhudu;
- kasancewar jihohi daban-daban na abubuwa: nunin maɓalli da haɗin kai lokacin da ake shawagi da siginan kwamfuta, nuna alamun shigarwar aiki, da sauransu;
- daidaitawar giciye-browser (an gwada shi a cikin sabbin nau'ikan mashahuran masu bincike).
Amfanin zai kasance:
- amfani da hanyoyin CSS na zamani: flexbox, grid, da dai sauransu;
- Tsarin daidaitawa;
- amfani da pre- da (ko) masu sarrafawa, taro, ragewa, inganta lambar fitarwa;
- Ingantacciyar hanyar HTML, maɓallin loda fayil mai salo.
Aikin yana da girma sosai, saboda haka zaku iya tsallake abin da ba zai yi aiki ba. Wannan zai rage maki kadan, amma har yanzu za ku iya nuna ilimin ku. Idan kun gama, aiko mana da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa guda biyu - zuwa fayil ɗin ku da lambar tushe akan GitHub.
Shirye-shiryen da aka ba da shawarar a cikin aikin ba kawai tare da allo don na'urorin hannu ba, allunan da kwamfutoci, har ma tare da ƙayyadaddun bayanai na gaske.
Domin kawo cikas mai yawa kamar yadda zai yiwu a cikin sakamakon duba aikin farko, akwai sharuɗɗa da yawa na wannan cak.
Jagora
Gidan yanar gizon da aka tsara. Wannan da alama a bayyane yake, amma wasu mazan sun tsallake wasu shinge gaba ɗaya - ko dai suna son adana lokaci, ko kuma ba za su iya yin su ba. Za a iya raba shimfidar wuri zuwa manyan fuska hudu: babban allo tare da avatar, toshe tare da jerin abubuwan da ake tsammani daga SRI, toshe tare da fayil da kuma toshe tare da bayanin lamba. Ana iya yin su a cikin sassan ko kuma kawai ta amfani da divs, babban abu shine cewa dukkanin tubalan guda hudu suna samuwa.
Yarda da shimfidawa tare da shimfidawa. Mai zanen ya yi ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwa (ciki har da launuka, rubutun rubutu, jihohin maɓalli, da sauransu) don sauƙaƙe ga ƴan takara. A ƙasan akwai alama a kan indents da fasali na allon farko. Na yi matukar farin ciki da mutanen da suka yi la'akari da duk abubuwan da masu zanen kaya ke so: alal misali, allon farko ya kamata ya kasance ba kasa da tsawo na kallon kallo ba.
Tsarin daidaitawa - wannan shine lokacin da ke dubawa ba kawai an shimfida shi ba don a ƙuduri uku komai yana pixel zuwa pixel a cikin shimfidar wuri. A cikin jahohi masu tsaka-tsaki, shimfidar wuri bai kamata ya rabu ba. Wasu sun manta da iyakance iyakar faɗin akwati kuma saita komai zuwa 1920 pixels, wasu sun lalata bayanan baya, amma gabaɗaya ƴan takarar sun jimre da wannan aikin sosai.
Tsarin Semantic. "Sau nawa sun gaya wa duniya" cewa ya kamata a tsara hanyar haɗin kamar , maɓallin - kamar . Abin farin ciki, yawancin ƴan takara suma sun cika wannan bukata. Ba kowa ba ne ya gane ɓoye ɓoye a cikin tsammanin SRI, yana yin ta ta amfani da alamun div, amma ba haka ba ne mara kyau. Akwai wani dan takara da ya shigar da dukkan tags na ma’ana da ya sani – inda ya zama dole da kuma inda ba dole ba. Misali, maimakon lissafin - da . Bayan haka, ilimin tauhidi - yana da game da fahimtar abubuwan da ke cikin shafin ku da manufar kowane toshe (mafi rinjaye sun gudanar da shi a nan), da kuma amfani da pre- da / ko post-processors (wasu sun gudanar da shi a nan, ko da yake wannan ya kasance kuma a cikin maki - galibi suna amfani da ƙasa da scss) .
Silidar aiki. A cikin aikin mun rubuta cewa ba za a iya amfani da JS ba. Anan an gwada ikon magance matsalolin - ana iya yin faifai ta amfani da gungu Kuma . Duk sihirin yana faruwa a matakin zaɓi #button-N: checked ~ .slider-inner .slider-slides. Lokacin da muka danna ɗaya daga cikin akwatunan shigarwa, yana shiga cikin yanayin da aka bincika. Za mu iya yin amfani da wannan kuma mu sanya fassarar da muke buƙata zuwa akwati tare da nunin faifai: canza: fassara(-33%). Kuna iya ganin aiwatar da madaidaicin .
Jerin abubuwan saukewa. Nan ma duk ya sauko da irin wannan zaɓi: .accordion-item input: checked ~ .accordion-item__content. Kuna iya ganin aiwatarwa .
Samuwar: hover, :active da :focu* jihohi. Batu mai mahimmanci. Ta'aziyya yayin hulɗa tare da keɓancewa ya dogara da shi. Ya kamata mai amfani koyaushe ya karɓi ra'ayi akan ayyukansu. An duba wannan abun a duk lokacin hulɗar da takardar tambayyin. Idan na danna maɓallin "Kira ni" kuma a gani babu abin da ya faru (ko da yake an aiko da buƙatar), wannan ba shi da kyau, saboda to zan danna shi akai-akai. A sakamakon haka, za a aika da buƙatu goma kuma za a sake kirana sau goma. Kada mu manta cewa na'urorin hannu ba su da linzamin kwamfuta, wanda ke nufin kada a yi shawagi. Da kuma wani karin batu da bai shafi wadanda suka cika batun ilimin tauhidi ba. Idan ikon ku ba abu ne mai mu'amala ba, to lokacin da kuka shawagi akansa, siginan kwamfuta zai kasance daidaici. Ga alama mara kyau, ko da kun rubuta martani ga shawagi. Kar a raina siginan kwamfuta: mai nuni.
raye-raye. Yana da mahimmanci cewa duk halayen da ke faruwa tare da abubuwa suna da santsi. Babu wani abu a cikin rayuwa da ke nan take, don haka samun canji akan shawagi da aiki ya isa ya sa mu'amala ta fi daɗi. To, waɗanda suka yunƙura faifan faifai da lissafin gabaɗaya suna da kyau.
Amfani da sabuwar fasaha. Mutane da yawa sun yi amfani da sassauƙa, amma babu wanda ya kammala aikin ta amfani da grid. An ƙidaya batu idan an yi amfani da sassauƙa daidai. Idan wani wuri da shimfidar wuri ya rabu saboda waɗannan sassauƙan, kash, ba ku sami ƙarin maki ba.
Tabbatar da Form. Duk abin da ake buƙata shine ƙara sifa da ake buƙata ga kowane shigar da fom. Mun ƙara maki ga waɗanda suka inganta filin imel azaman imel.
Salon maɓallin loda fayil. Muna sa ran ganin hadewa kamar: kuma Zaɓi fayil . Na gaba muna buƙatar ɓoye shigarwar da salon lakabin. Akwai wata hanyar gama gari - don yin shigar da gaskiya kuma sanya shi a saman maɓallin. Amma ba duk masu bincike ne ke ba da damar yin salo ba , kuma irin wannan bayani ba za a iya kiransa cikakken giciye-browser ba. Kuma ya fi daidai yin lakabi a ma'ana.
Daidaita-browser. Mun bincika cewa komai yana da kyau a cikin sabbin nau'ikan masu bincike na zamani guda biyu (ba tare da IE ba - mahalarta sun yi sa'a), haka kuma a cikin Safari akan iPhones da Chrome akan Androids.
Akasin haka, mun cire maki idan wani ya yi amfani da JS ko Bootstrap: dukansu biyu za su kayar da manufar dukan aikin. Haka kuma, mahalarta tare da Bootstrap ba kawai sun sami ragi ba, har ma sun rasa maki da yawa don ilimin tauhidi da abubuwan aiwatarwa.
Wadanda suka karbi bakuncin rukunin yanar gizon su a wani wuri a Intanet ba su sami wata fa'ida ta musamman ba - amma masu bitar sun yi farin ciki sosai lokacin da ba lallai ne su zazzage ma'ajiyar bayanai ba kuma suna sarrafa su a cikin gida a kwamfutarsu. Don haka wannan ya zama ƙari ga karma.
Aiki na farko yana da amfani sosai ga ɗalibi. Wadanda ba mu yarda da su ba yanzu suna da shirin ci gaba - kuna iya yin alfahari da haɗa shi ga duk martani ko sanya shi a shafukanku na gh.
Aiki na 2: Hanyar sufuri
Marubucin aikin shine shugaban ƙungiyar masu haɗin gwiwar bincike Denis Balyko.
Yanayi
Kuna da taswirar tauraro? Yana nuna sunan kowane tauraro, da kuma nisa daga gare ta zuwa sauran taurari a cikin dakika masu haske. Aiwatar da aikin bayani, wanda ya kamata ya ɗauki dalilai guda uku: wani abu wanda maɓallai ne sunayen taurari, kuma ƙimar su ne nisa zuwa taurari (hanyar zirga-zirga a sararin samaniya), da kuma sunayen sunayen wuraren farawa da ƙarshen hanya - farawa da ƙare, bi da bi. Aikin ya kamata ya dawo da mafi guntu nisa daga tauraro na farko zuwa tauraro na ƙarshe da hanyar da za a bi.
Sa hannun aiki:
const solution = function(graph, start, finish) { // Ваше решение }Misalin bayanan shigarwa:
const graph = { start: { A: 50, B: 20 }, A: { C: 40, D: 20 }, B: { A: 90, D: 90 }, C: { D: 160, finish: 50 }, D: { finish: 20 }, finish: {} }; const start = 'start'; const finish = 'finish';Misali fitarwa:
{ distance: 90, path: ['start', 'A', 'D', 'finish'] }Lura: kwarangwal ɗin maganin yana cikin src/ folder, saka maganin ku a cikin solution.js.
Tabbatar da aiki na biyu shine mafi sarrafa kansa da kuma haƙiƙa. Yawancin mutanen sun yi tunanin cewa ya zama dole don aiwatar da algorithm Dijkstra. Wadanda suka samo bayaninsa kuma suka aiwatar da algorithm a JS suna da kyau. Koyaya, sa’ad da muka bincika aikin, mun ci karo da takardu da yawa da kurakurai iri ɗaya. Mun bincika Intanet don guntun lamba kuma mun sami labarin wanda mahalarta suka kwafi algorithm. Yana da ban dariya cewa mutane da yawa sun kwafi lambar daga labarin tare da sharhin marubucin. Irin waɗannan ayyukan sun sami ƙananan maki. Ba mu hana amfani da wata madogara ba, amma muna son mutum ya zurfafa cikin abin da ya rubuta.
Jagora
An bayar da manyan maki don gwaje-gwaje. Wani lokaci ya bayyana a fili cewa mutanen suna yin rikici tare da ma'ajiyar, suna canza manyan fayiloli, kuma gwaje-gwajen ba za su gaza ba kawai saboda ba za su iya samun mahimman fayiloli ba. A wannan shekarar mun yi ƙoƙarin taimaka wa irin waɗannan mutanen kuma mun mayar musu da komai a matsayinsa. Amma shekara mai zuwa muna shirin canzawa zuwa tsarin takara, kuma ba za a ƙara gafartawa wannan ba.
Akwai kuma "mutum", ma'auni na hannu. Misali, kasancewar salon lambar guda ɗaya. Babu wanda ya cire maki don amfani da shafuka maimakon sarari ko akasin haka. Wani al'amari ne idan kun canza ƙididdiga guda ɗaya tare da ƙididdiga guda biyu bisa ga ka'ida ɗaya da kuka sani, kuma ku sanya ƙananan ƙira a bazuwar.
An yi la'akari da tsabta da karantawa na bayani daban. A duk wani taro a duniya sun ce kashi 80% na aikin mai shirye-shirye sun ƙunshi karanta lambar wasu mutane. Hatta ƴan makaranta suna yin bitar lambar - daga masu kula da su da kuma daga juna. Don haka wannan ma'auni ya ɗauki nauyi mai mahimmanci. Akwai ayyukan da babu masu canji sama da harafi ɗaya a cikinsu - don Allah kar a yi haka. Jawabin da mahalarta taron suka yi sun kasance masu karfafa gwiwa - ban da wadanda suka yi daidai da kalaman Stella Chang.
Ma'auni na ƙarshe shine kasancewar autotest. Mutane kaɗan ne kawai suka ƙara su, amma ga kowa da kowa ya zama babban ƙari a cikin karma.
Magani daidai:
const solution = function(graph, START, FINISH) {
// Всё не бесплатно в этом мире
const costs = Object.assign({[FINISH]: Infinity}, graph[START]);
// Первая волна родительских нод
const parents = { [FINISH]: null };
Object.keys(graph[START]).reduce((acc, child) => (acc[child] = START) && acc, parents)
const visited = [];
let node;
// Ищем «дешёвого» родителя, отмечаем пройденные
do {
node = lowestCostNode(costs, visited);
let children = graph[node];
for (let n in children) {
let newCost = costs[node] + children[n];
// Ещё не оценена или нашёлся более дешёвый переход
if (!costs[n] || costs[n] > newCost) {
costs[n] = newCost;
parents[n] = node;
}
}
visited.push(node);
} while (node)
return {
distance: costs[FINISH],
path: optimalPath(parents)
};
// Возврат назад по самым «дешёвым» родителям
function optimalPath(parents) {
let optimalPath = [FINISH];
let parent = parents[FINISH];
while (parent && parent !== START) {
optimalPath.push(parent);
parent = parents[parent];
}
optimalPath.push(START);
return optimalPath.reverse();
}
// Минимальная стоимость из текущей ноды среди непросмотренных
function lowestCostNode(costs, visited) {
return Object.keys(costs).reduce((lowest, node) => {
if (lowest === null || costs[node] < costs[lowest]) {
if (!visited.includes(node)) {
lowest = node;
}
}
return lowest;
}, null);
};
};Aiki na 3: Kalanda Kalanda
An shirya shi ta hanyar masu haɓakawa Sergey Kazakov da Alexander Podskrebkin.
Yanayi
Rubuta ƙaramin kalanda don nuna jadawalin ku. Kuna iya ɗaukar kowane jadawalin da kuke so. Misali, jadawalin taro na gaba a 2019.
Kalanda yakamata yayi kama da jeri. Babu wasu buƙatun ƙira. Ba da damar saita masu tuni na taron kwanaki 3, 7 da 14 gaba. Bayan saukarwa ta farko daga Intanet, kalanda yakamata ya buɗe kuma yayi aiki a layi.
Albarkatu masu Amfani
Jadawalin taron gaba:
Ma'aikatan sabis:
API ɗin sanarwar:
Aiki na uku shine mafi ban sha'awa don gwadawa, saboda akwai yuwuwar mafita da yawa, kowannensu yana da nasa. Mun bincika yadda ɗan takarar ke sarrafa fasahar da ba a sani ba - ko ya san yadda ake yin bincike, ko ya gwada mafita.
Jagora
Kalanda mai ninke. Ee, har yanzu ana buƙatar a shimfida shi. Akwai kuma wadanda suka dauki yanayin a zahiri kuma ba su sanya layi daya na lambar CSS ba. Bai yi kama da kyan gani ba, amma idan duk abin ya yi aiki, maki ba su ragu ba.
Samun jerin abubuwan da suka faru daga tushe. Wannan ba aikin shimfidawa bane, don haka ba a kirga jerin abubuwan da suka faru a ciki ba. Kuna iya ko da yaushe soke taro, sake tsara shi, ko ƙara sabo. Don haka ya zama dole don karɓar bayanai daga waje kuma a sanya shimfidar wuri bisa ga JSON da aka karɓa. Yana da mahimmanci don samun bayanan ta kowace hanya (ta amfani da hanyar debo ko amfani da XMLHttpRequest). Idan mutum ya ƙara polyfill don debo kuma ya sanya zaɓinsa a cikin karatun, an ƙidaya wannan azaman ƙari.
Rijistar ma'aikacin sabis ba tare da kurakurai ba kuma kuyi aiki a layi bayan saukarwar farko. ma'aikacin sabis tare da jadawali caching a farkon taya. Ana iya samun cikakkun bayanai game da ma'aikatan sabis, iyawarsu da hanyoyin aiki tare da su (dabarun aiki tare da caches, aiki a layi) ana iya samun su anan.
Ikon saita tunatarwadon haka yana aiki a zahiri bayan kwanaki 3, 7, 14. Ya zama dole a fahimci API ɗin Fadakarwa, yayi daidai akan aiki. Ba mu yi tsammanin wani takamaiman aiwatarwa don bincika ko lokacin turawa yayi ba. An karɓi duk wani zaɓi na aiki: ajiya a cikin Storage na gida, IndexDB ko zaɓe na lokaci-lokaci ta ma'aikacin sabis. Har ma yana yiwuwa a yi uwar garken turawa (a nan ), amma ba zai yi aiki a layi ba. Hakanan yana da mahimmanci don karɓar turawa bayan an rufe shafin - kuma an buɗe bayan ɗan lokaci. Idan tunasarwar ta mutu a daidai lokacin da shafin ke rufe, ba a kirga mafita ba. Yana da kyau lokacin da mutanen suka yi tunani game da masu dubawa kuma sun ba da damar samun turawa a yanzu - don kada a jira kwanaki 3.
Ikon sanya gunki akan tebur (PWA). Mun duba kasancewar fayil ɗin tare da daidaitattun gumaka. Wasu mutane sun yi wannan fayil (ko kuma sun bar shi an ƙirƙira shi a cikin CreateReactApp) - amma ba su ƙara madaidaitan gumaka ba. Sa'an nan, lokacin ƙoƙarin shigarwa, kuskure kamar "ana buƙatar alamar daban" ya faru.
Codestyle da tsarin aikin. Kamar yadda yake a cikin aiki na biyu, mun kalli tsarin code guda ɗaya (ko da bai zo daidai da namu ba). Wasu mazan sun dunƙule a kan linters - yana da kyau.
Kurakurai na Console. Idan akwai mai nuna alama a cikin na'ura wasan bidiyo cewa wani abu ba daidai ba ne, kuma mahalarta ba su kula da shi ba, to mun cire maki.
Sakamakon
Menene ban dariya game da shawarar mahalarta:
- Wata takardar tambayoyi ta ƙunshi rubutu mai zuwa: “Wani abokina mai tsara shirye-shirye ya taimake ni haɗa aikace-aikacen React. Na yi masa tambayoyi game da yadda kuma me ya sa, ya gaya mani. Na ji daɗinsa sosai, ina son ƙarin sani game da shi. " Muna yin rooting din wannan application da dukkan zuciyarmu, amma kash abokin dan takara bai taimaka sosai wajen ganin aikin yayi aiki ba.
- Ɗaya daga cikin ɗan takara ya aika hanyar haɗi zuwa GitHub, inda RAR archive yake - yana da wuya a yi sharhi game da wannan. 🙂
- Wani ɗan takarar, a cikin sharhi a kan layin farko na fayil ɗin solution.js, ya yarda da gaske cewa ya kwafi algorithm.
Mun karbi aikace-aikace daga mutane 76 kuma mun zabi mutane 23. An aiko mana da tambayoyin ba kawai daga Minsk ba, har ma daga Moscow, St. Petersburg har ma da Tatarstan. Wasu daga cikin samarin sun ba mu mamaki da irin sana'o'in da suke yi a halin yanzu: daya daga cikinsu kwararre ne a fannin bincike, dayan kuma dalibin likitanci ne.
Sakamakon ya kasance rarraba mai ban sha'awa na ƙimar nasara a cikin kammala ayyuka. Mahalarta taron sun kammala aikin farko da matsakaicin kashi 60%, na biyu da kashi 50%, na uku kuma ya zama mafi wahala kuma an kammala shi da matsakaicin kashi 40%.
A kallo na farko, ayyukan suna kallon hadaddun da cin lokaci. Dalili ba wai muna son mu kawar da ’yan takara da yawa ba. A lokacin karatun su, ɗalibai suna fuskantar ayyuka na ainihi - yin hira, Yandex.Music ga yara ko Yandex.Weather ga mutane masu dogara da yanayi. Don wannan kuna buƙatar tushen farawa.
Na tuna ganin aikin shiga na SRI shekaru biyu da suka wuce kuma ina tunanin cewa ba zan taɓa warware shi ba. Babban abu a wannan lokacin shine a zauna, a hankali karanta yanayin kuma fara yin shi. Ya bayyana cewa yanayin ya ƙunshi kusan 80% na maganin. Misali, a cikin yanayin aiki na uku (mafi wahala), mun ƙara hanyoyin haɗi zuwa ma'aikatan sabis da API ɗin Fadakarwa akan MDN. Daliban da suka yi nazarin abubuwan da ke cikin mahaɗin sun kammala shi ba tare da wahala ba.
Ina son ’yan takarar da suke shirin shiga SRI nan gaba su karanta wannan labarin, waɗanda ba su iya shiga Makarantar Minsk ba, ko kuma waɗanda suka fara yin wani aikin gwaji. Kamar yadda kuke gani, yana yiwuwa a yi haka. Kuna buƙatar kawai kuyi imani da kanku kuma ku saurari duk shawarwarin marubutan.
source: www.habr.com