Gishiri makamashin hasken rana

Hakowa da amfani da makamashin hasken rana na daya daga cikin muhimman nasarorin da dan Adam ya samu ta fuskar makamashi. Babban wahala a yanzu ba ma a cikin tattara makamashin hasken rana ba, amma a cikin ajiyarsa da rarrabawa. Idan za a iya magance wannan batu, ana iya yin ritaya daga masana'antun man fetur na gargajiya.

SolarReserve kamfani ne da ke ba da shawarar yin amfani da narkakkar gishiri a masana'antar hasken rana kuma yana aiki a kan wata hanyar magance matsalolin ajiya. Maimakon amfani da makamashin hasken rana don samar da wutar lantarki sannan a adana shi a cikin na'urorin hasken rana, SolarReserve ya ba da shawarar tura shi zuwa na'urorin ajiya na thermal (hasumiya). Hasumiyar makamashi za ta karɓa da adana makamashi. Ƙarfin narkar da gishiri na kasancewa cikin sigar ruwa ya sa ya zama madaidaicin ma'ajiyar zafi..

Manufar kamfanin ita ce ta tabbatar da cewa fasaharsa za ta iya sanya makamashin hasken rana ya zama tushen makamashi mai araha mai araha wanda ke aiki ba dare ba rana (kamar kowace tashar wutar lantarki). Hasken rana mai ƙarfi yana dumama gishirin da ke cikin hasumiya zuwa 566 ° C, wanda aka adana a cikin babban tanki mai rufi har sai an yi amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar tururi don tafiyar da injin injin.

Duk da haka, abubuwa na farko da farko.

Начало

Babban masanin fasaha na SolarReserve, William Gould, ya shafe fiye da shekaru 20 yana haɓaka fasahar narkakken gishirin CSP (madaidaicin hasken rana). A cikin 1990s, ya kasance manajan ayyuka na wurin nunin nunin hasken rana guda biyu na Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka a cikin Hamadar Mojave. Shekaru goma da suka gabata, an gwada wani tsari a can, wanda ya tabbatar da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga game da yiwuwar samar da makamashi na kasuwanci ta amfani da heliostats. Kalubalen Gould shine samar da irin wannan zane wanda yayi amfani da gishiri mai zafi maimakon tururi, da kuma samun shaidar cewa za'a iya adana makamashi.

Lokacin zabar kwantena don adana narkakkar gishiri, Gould ya ɓata tsakanin zaɓuɓɓuka biyu: ƙera tukunyar jirgi mai gogewa a masana'antar sarrafa mai na gargajiya, da kuma Rocketdyne, wanda ya yi injin roka ga NASA. An zaɓi zaɓin don goyon bayan masana kimiyyar roka. Wani bangare saboda Gould ya yi aiki a farkon aikinsa a matsayin injiniyan nukiliya don ginin giant Bechtel, yana aiki a kan injinan San Onofre na California. Kuma ya yi imanin cewa ba zai sami fasaha mafi aminci ba.

Bututun injin jet, wanda iskar gas masu zafi ke tserewa daga gare shi, ya ƙunshi harsashi guda biyu (na ciki da na waje), a cikin tashoshi masu niƙa waɗanda ake zuƙowa abubuwan da ke cikin mai a cikin ruwa lokaci, sanyaya ƙarfe tare da kiyaye bututun daga narkewa. Kwarewar Rocketdyne wajen haɓaka makamantan na'urori da yin aiki a cikin ƙarfe mai zafi ya zo da amfani lokacin haɓaka fasahar yin amfani da narkakkar gishiri a cikin injin hasken rana.

Aikin 10 MW Solar Two ya yi nasara tsawon shekaru da yawa kuma an soke shi a cikin 1999, yana tabbatar da yuwuwar ra'ayin. Kamar yadda William Gould da kansa ya yarda, aikin yana da wasu matsalolin da ya kamata a magance su. Amma ainihin fasahar da ake amfani da ita a cikin Solar Two kuma tana aiki a tashoshin zamani kamar Crescent Dunes. Cakuda gishirin nitrate da yanayin aiki iri ɗaya ne, kawai bambancin shine akan sikelin tashar.

Amfanin narkakkar fasahar gishiri ita ce ta ba da damar isar da wutar lantarki bisa buƙata, ba kawai lokacin da rana ke haskakawa ba. Gishiri na iya riƙe zafi na tsawon watanni, don haka ranar gizagizai na lokaci-lokaci ba ya shafar samun wutar lantarki. Bugu da ƙari, fitar da wutar lantarkin ba ta da yawa, kuma ba shakka babu wani ɓarna mai haɗari da aka ƙirƙira a matsayin sakamakon aikin.

Ka'idodin aiki

Tashar wutar lantarki ta hasken rana tana amfani da madubai 10 (heliostats) wanda aka bazu a kan hekta 347 (wato girman filayen wasan kwallon kafa 647,5) don tattara hasken rana a kan hasumiya ta tsakiya, tsayin mita 900 kuma cike da gishiri. Wannan gishirin yana zafi da hasken rana zuwa 195 ° C kuma ana adana zafin rana sannan a yi amfani da shi don canza ruwa zuwa tururi da sarrafa janareta don samar da wutar lantarki.

Ana kiran madubin da ake kira heliostats saboda kowanne yana iya karkata da juyawa don daidaita haskensa. An jera su a cikin da'irar da'ira, suna mai da hankali ga hasken rana akan "mai karɓa" a saman hasumiya ta tsakiya. Hasumiyar kanta ba ta haskakawa; mai karɓa yana da baƙar fata. Tasirin haske yana faruwa daidai saboda yawan hasken rana dumama akwati. Gishiri mai zafi yana gudana cikin tankin bakin karfe mai karfin 16 dubu m³.

Heliostat

Gishiri, wanda yake kama da kuma gudana kamar ruwa a cikin waɗannan yanayin zafi, yana wucewa ta cikin na'urar musayar zafi don samar da tururi don gudanar da daidaitaccen turbogenerator. Tankin ya ƙunshi isasshen narkakkar gishiri don gudanar da janareta na awanni 10. Wannan ya kai awoyi 1100 na megawatt na ajiya, ko kusan sau 10 fiye da na'urorin batir lithium-ion mafi girma waɗanda aka girka don adana makamashi mai sabuntawa.

Hanya mai wuya

Duk da alƙawarin ra'ayin, SolarReserve ba za a iya cewa ya sami nasara ba. A hanyoyi da yawa, kamfanin ya kasance farkon farawa. Ko da yake farawa yana da kuzari da haske ta kowace fuska. Bayan haka, farkon abin da kuke gani lokacin da kuka kalli tashar wutar lantarki ta Crescent Dunes shine haske. Don haka mai haske wanda ba zai yiwu a kalle shi ba. Tushen haske hasumiya ce mai tsayin mita 195, da alfahari ya tashi sama da hamadar Nevada kusan rabin tsakanin karamin garin Reno da Las Vegas.

Yadda tashar wutar lantarki ta kasance a matakai daban-daban na ginin
2012, fara gini

2014, aikin ya kusa kammalawa

Disamba 2014, Crescent Dunes ya kusan shirya don amfani

Tasha shirye

Tafiyar kusan sa'a guda daga nan shine sanannen yanki na 51, cibiyar soji ta asirce da duk Intanet tayi barazanar mamaye wannan bazara domin "ceto" baki daga hannun gwamnatin Amurka. Wannan kusancin yana haifar da gaskiyar cewa matafiya waɗanda suke ganin haske da ba a saba gani ba, wani lokaci suna tambayar mazauna yankin ko sun ga wani abu da ba a saba gani ba ko ma baƙo. Daga nan kuma sai suka ji bacin rai da gaske da suka ji cewa wannan tashar wutar lantarki ce ta hasken rana, wadda ke kewaye da filin madubi mai fadin kusan kilomita 3.

An fara gina dunes na Crescent a cikin 2011 tare da lamuni daga gwamnati da saka hannun jari daga NV Energy, babban kamfanin amfani da Nevada. Kuma an gina tashar wutar lantarki a shekarar 2015, bayan kimanin shekaru biyu da shirin. Amma ko bayan gini, ba komai ya tafi daidai ba. Alal misali, a cikin shekaru biyu na farko, famfo da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na heliostats, wadanda ba su da karfin gaske, sukan rushe kuma ba su aiki yadda ya kamata. Saboda haka, samar da wutar lantarki a Crescent Dunes ya yi ƙasa da yadda aka tsara a farkon shekarun aiki.

Akwai wata wahala - tare da tsuntsaye. Faɗuwa a ƙarƙashin "ganin" na hasken rana mai mahimmanci, tsuntsu maras kyau ya koma kura. A cewar wakilan SolarReserve, tashar wutar lantarki ta yi nasarar kauce wa "ƙonawa" na yau da kullum da taro na tsuntsaye. An samar da wani tsari na musamman tare da hadin gwiwar kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da dama don dakile duk wata barazana ga tashar wutar lantarki. An amince da wannan shirin a cikin 2011 kuma an tsara shi don rage haɗarin tsuntsaye da jemagu.

Amma babbar matsalar Crescent Dunes ita ce yabo a cikin wani tankin ajiyar gishiri mai zafi da aka gano a ƙarshen 2016. Fasahar ta yi amfani da wani katon zobe da pylons ke goyan bayansa a kasan tankin don rarraba narkakkar gishiri yayin da yake fitowa daga rumbun ajiya. Dole ne a haɗa pylons da kansu zuwa ƙasa, kuma zoben yana buƙatar samun damar motsawa yayin da canjin yanayin zafi ya sa kayan haɓaka / kwangila. Maimakon haka, saboda kuskuren injiniyoyin, an haɗa komai gaba ɗaya. A sakamakon haka, tare da canjin yanayin zafi, kasan tanki ya ragu kuma ya zube.

Ruwan narkakkar gishiri da kansa ba shi da haɗari musamman. Lokacin da ya buga dutsen tsakuwa a ƙarƙashin tanki, narke nan da nan ya yi sanyi, ya juya zuwa gishiri. Sai dai kuma an shafe watanni takwas ana rufe tashar wutar lantarki. An yi nazari kan musabbabin yoyon fitsari, wadanda ke da alhakin faruwar lamarin, da illolin gaggawa da sauran batutuwa.

Matsalolin SolarReserve ba su ƙare a nan ba. Ayyukan shuka sun faɗi ƙasa da manufa a cikin 2018, tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin ƙarfin 20,3% idan aka kwatanta da tsarin ƙarfin da aka tsara na 51,9%, C. A sakamakon haka, Cibiyar Nazarin Makamashi ta Kasa ta Amurka (NREL) ta fara nazarin farashi na watanni 12. aikin CSP, yana mai da hankali kan al'amurran da suka shafi aiki da farashin da ba zato ba tsammani. Hakan ya sa aka fara kai karar kamfanin tare da tilasta musu canza tsarin gudanarwa, kuma a shekarar 2019 an tilasta musu gaba daya amincewa da nasu. fatarar kuɗi.

Ba a gama ba tukuna

Amma ko da hakan bai kawo karshen ci gaban fasaha ba. Bayan haka, akwai irin wannan ayyuka a wasu ƙasashe. Misali, ana amfani da irin wadannan fasahohin a filin shakatawa na Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum - cibiyar sadarwa mafi girma a duniya na samar da wutar lantarki, hade a sarari guda a Dubai. Ko, a ce, Maroko. Akwai ma mafi yawan ranakun rana a can fiye da Amurka, sabili da haka ingancin wutar lantarki ya kamata ya zama mafi girma. Kuma sakamakon farko ya nuna cewa haka lamarin yake.

Hasumiyar CSP Noor III mai karfin MW 150 a Maroko ya zarce aiki da ma'auni a cikin 'yan watannin farko na aiki. Kuma farashin ba da kuɗin ayyukan ajiyar makamashi na hasumiya ya yi daidai da hasashen da ake tsammani, in ji Xavier Lara, babban mai ba da shawara a CSP Engineering Group Empresarios Agrupados (EA).

Kamfanin wutar lantarki na Noor III



An kaddamar da shi a watan Disambar bara, tashar wutar lantarki ta Noor III ta nuna kyakkyawan aiki. Noor III, wanda kamfanin SENER na kasar Spain da kamfanin samar da makamashi na kasar Sin SEPCO suka girka, shi ne kamfanin samar da hasumiya mafi girma a duniya, kuma na biyu wajen hada fasahar adana gishiri da aka zube.

Masana sun yi imanin ingantaccen bayanan aikin Noor III na farko game da aiki, sassauƙar tsara tsarawa da haɗe-haɗen ajiya yakamata ya rage hasumiyar CSP da al'amuran amincin ajiya da rage farashin babban kuɗi don ayyukan gaba. A kasar Sin, gwamnati ta riga ta sanar da wani shiri na samar da megawatt 6000 na CSP tare da adanawa. SolarReserve yana haɗin gwiwa tare da Kamfanin Shenhua na gwamnati, wanda ke gina tashoshin wutar lantarki, don haɓaka 1000 MW na narkakken gishirin CSP. Amma za a ci gaba da gina irin waɗannan hasumiya na ajiya? Tambaya.

Sai dai kuma, a kwanakin baya, kamfanin Heliogen, mallakin Bill Gates, ya sanar da samun nasarar da ya samu wajen amfani da makamashin hasken rana. Heliogen sun iya ƙara yawan zafin jiki daga 565 ° C zuwa 1000 ° C. Don haka, buɗe yuwuwar amfani da makamashin hasken rana wajen samar da siminti, ƙarfe, da samfuran petrochemical.

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Ma'aikatar makamashin gishiri shine

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source: www.habr.com