Disclaimer. Labarin fadadawa ne, gyara da sabunta fassarar Nathan Hurst. Hakanan an yi amfani da wasu bayanai daga labarin game da lokacin gina kayan ƙarshe.
Akwai wata ka'ida (ko watakila tatsuniya na taka tsantsan) tsakanin masana astronomers da ake kira Kessler syndrome, mai suna bayan masanin ilimin taurari na NASA wanda ya ba da shawara a cikin 1978. A cikin wannan yanayin, tauraron dan adam mai kewayawa ko wani abu da gangan ya bugi wani kuma ya karye. Wadannan sassan suna kewaya duniya cikin gudun dubunnan kilomita a cikin sa'a guda, suna lalata duk wani abu da ke hanyarsu, gami da sauran tauraron dan adam. Yana tayar da wani bala'i mai sarƙaƙƙiya wanda ke ƙarewa cikin gajimare na miliyoyin guntuwar sararin samaniya mara aiki mara ƙarfi wanda ke kewaya duniya ba tare da ƙarewa ba.
Irin wannan lamari na iya mayar da sararin samaniyar kusa da duniya mara amfani, yana lalata duk wani sabon tauraron dan adam da aka aika a cikinsa da kuma hana shiga sararin samaniya gaba daya.
Don haka lokacin da SpaceX (Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya - Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya, Amurka) don aika tauraron dan adam 4425 zuwa cikin ƙananan duniya (LEO, low-Earth orbit) don samar da hanyar sadarwar Intanet mai sauri ta duniya, FCC ta damu da wannan. Kamfanin fiye da shekara guda kwamitocin da korafe-korafen fafatawa da aka shigar don ƙin amincewa da aikace-aikacen, gami da shigar da “tsarin rage tarkace na orbital” don kawar da fargabar apocalypse na Kessler. A ranar 28 ga Maris, FCC ta amince da aikace-aikacen SpaceX.
Barazanar sararin samaniya ba shine kawai abin da ke damun FCC ba, kuma SpaceX ba ita ce kawai ƙungiyar da ke ƙoƙarin gina ƙarni na gaba na tauraron dan adam ba. Kadan daga cikin kamfanoni, na sababbi da tsoffi, suna rungumar sabbin fasahohi, suna haɓaka sabbin tsare-tsare na kasuwanci da kuma neman hukumar FCC don samun damar yin amfani da sassa na nau'ikan sadarwar da suke buƙata don lulluɓe duniya cikin sauri, ingantaccen Intanet.
Manyan sunaye suna da hannu - daga Richard Branson zuwa Elon Musk - tare da manyan kuɗi. Kamfanin OneWeb na Branson ya tara dala biliyan 1,7 ya zuwa yanzu, kuma Shugaban SpaceX da COO Gwynne Shotwell ya kiyasta darajar aikin a dala biliyan 10.
Tabbas, akwai manyan matsaloli, kuma tarihi ya nuna cewa tasirinsu ba shi da kyau. Mutanen kirki suna ƙoƙari su haɗu da rarrabuwar dijital a cikin yankuna da ba a yi amfani da su ba, yayin da miyagu ke sanya tauraron dan adam ba bisa ka'ida ba a kan rokoki. Kuma duk wannan ya zo ne yayin da bukatar isar da bayanai ke tashe: a cikin 2016, zirga-zirgar Intanet ta duniya ta wuce 1 sextillion bytes, a cewar wani rahoto daga Cisco, wanda ya kawo karshen zamanin zettabyte.
Idan manufar ita ce samar da kyakkyawar hanyar Intanet a inda babu a da, to tauraron dan adam hanya ce mai wayo don cimma wannan. A haƙiƙa, kamfanoni sun shafe shekaru da yawa suna yin hakan ta hanyar amfani da manyan tauraron dan adam (GSO), waɗanda ke cikin sararin samaniya sosai inda lokacin juyawa yayi daidai da jujjuyawar duniya, wanda hakan ya sa aka daidaita su akan takamaiman yanki. Amma in ban da ƴan ayyuka da aka mayar da hankali sosai, misali nazarin sararin duniya ta hanyar amfani da tauraron dan adam 175 ƙananan orbit da kuma isar da petabytes 7 na bayanai zuwa duniya a gudun 200 Mbps, ko aikin bin diddigin kaya ko samar da hanyar sadarwa. shiga a sansanonin soja, irin wannan nau'in sadarwar tauraron dan adam ba ta da sauri kuma ba ta da inganci don yin gogayya da fiber optic ko Intanet na zamani.
Tauraron dan Adam da ba na kasa ba (Non-GSOs) sun hada da tauraron dan adam da ke aiki a cikin madaidaicin duniya (MEO), a tsayi tsakanin 1900 zuwa 35000 km sama da saman Duniya, da tauraron dan adam mara nauyi (LEO), wadanda ke kewayawa a saman kasa da kilomita 1900. . A yau LEOs sun zama sananne sosai kuma nan gaba kadan ana tsammanin idan ba duk tauraron dan adam zai kasance haka ba, to tabbas zai kasance.
A halin yanzu, ƙa'idodin tauraron dan adam ba na ƙasa sun daɗe suna wanzuwa kuma an rarraba su tsakanin hukumomin ciki da wajen Amurka: NASA, FCC, DOD, FAA da ma Ƙungiyar Sadarwar Sadarwa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya duk suna cikin wasan.
Koyaya, daga mahangar fasaha akwai wasu fa'idodi masu girma. Kudin gina tauraron dan adam ya ragu yayin da gyroscopes da batura suka inganta saboda haɓakar wayoyin salula. Sun kuma zama mai rahusa don harba su, godiya ta wani bangare saboda girman girman tauraron dan adam da kansu. Ƙarfin ya karu, sadarwar tauraron dan adam ya sa tsarin ya yi sauri, kuma manyan jita-jita da ke nuna sararin samaniya sun fita daga salon.
Kamfanoni 11 sun shigar da kara a gaban hukumar FCC, tare da SpaceX, kowanne yana magance matsalar ta hanyarsa.
Elon Musk ya sanar da shirin SpaceX Starlink a cikin 2015 kuma ya bude reshe na kamfanin a Seattle. Ya gaya wa ma'aikata: "Muna so mu canza tsarin sadarwar tauraron dan adam kamar yadda muka canza kimiyyar roka."
A shekarar 2016, kamfanin ya shigar da takardar neman izinin harba tauraron dan adam 1600 (daga baya an rage zuwa 800) daga yanzu zuwa 2021, sannan a harba sauran har zuwa 2024. Wadannan tauraron dan adam na kusa da Duniya za su kewaya a cikin jiragen sama daban-daban 83. Taurari, kamar yadda ake kira rukunin tauraron dan adam, za su yi hulɗa da juna ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwa na gani (Laser) na kan jirgin ta yadda za a iya billa bayanai a sararin sama maimakon komawa ƙasa - wucewa ta kan dogon "gada" maimakon ana aika sama da ƙasa.
A cikin filin, abokan ciniki za su shigar da sabon nau'in tashoshi tare da eriya masu sarrafawa ta lantarki wanda zai haɗa kai tsaye zuwa tauraron dan adam wanda ke ba da sigina mafi kyau a halin yanzu-kamar yadda wayar salula ke zaɓar hasumiya. Kamar yadda tauraron dan adam LEO ke motsawa dangane da Duniya, tsarin zai canza tsakanin su kowane minti 10 ko makamancin haka. Kuma tun da za a samu dubban mutane da ke amfani da tsarin, ko da yaushe za a sami akalla 20 da za a iya zabar su, a cewar Patricia Cooper, mataimakiyar shugabar ayyukan tauraron dan adam a SpaceX.
Ya kamata tashar ƙasa ta kasance mai rahusa da sauƙi don shigarwa fiye da eriya ta tauraron dan adam na gargajiya, waɗanda dole ne su kasance masu dacewa da jiki zuwa ɓangaren sararin samaniya inda tauraron dan adam ya kasance daidai. SpaceX ta ce tashar ba za ta fi akwatin pizza girma ba (ko da yake bai faɗi girman pizza ba).
Za a samar da sadarwa ta hanyar mitoci biyu: Ka da Ku. Dukansu suna cikin bakan rediyo, kodayake suna amfani da mitoci mafi girma fiye da waɗanda ake amfani da su don sitiriyo. Ka-band shine mafi girma na biyun, tare da mitoci tsakanin 26,5 GHz da 40 GHz, yayin da Ku-band yana daga 12 GHz zuwa 18 GHz a cikin bakan. Starlink ya karɓi izini daga FCC don amfani da wasu mitoci, yawanci haɓakawa daga tashar tashoshi zuwa tauraron dan adam zai yi aiki a mitoci daga 14 GHz zuwa 14,5 GHz da ƙasan ƙasa daga 10,7 GHz zuwa 12,7 GHz, sauran kuma za a yi amfani da su don telemetry, sa ido da sarrafawa, da kuma haɗa tauraron dan adam zuwa Intanet na duniya.
Baya ga bayanan FCC, SpaceX ta yi shiru kuma har yanzu ba ta bayyana shirinta ba. Kuma yana da wuya a iya sanin wasu bayanai na fasaha saboda SpaceX tana tafiyar da tsarin gaba ɗaya, tun daga abubuwan da za su tafi kan tauraron dan adam zuwa roka da za su kai su sama. Amma don aikin ya kasance mai nasara, zai dogara ne akan ko an ce sabis ɗin zai iya ba da gudunmawar sauri kamar ko mafi kyau fiye da nau'in fiber iri ɗaya, tare da aminci da ƙwarewar mai amfani mai kyau.
A watan Fabrairu, SpaceX ta ƙaddamar da samfura biyu na farko na tauraron dan adam na Starlink, waɗanda ke da siffa mai siffa tare da fikafikai masu kama da hasken rana. Tintin A da B suna da kusan mita guda, kuma Musk ya tabbatar ta hanyar Twitter cewa sun yi magana cikin nasara. Idan samfuran sun ci gaba da aiki, ɗaruruwan wasu za su haɗa su nan da 2019. Da zarar tsarin ya fara aiki, SpaceX za ta maye gurbin tauraron dan adam da aka daina amfani da su akai-akai don hana samar da tarkacen sararin samaniya, tsarin zai umurce su da su sauke sararin samaniya a wani lokaci, bayan haka za su fara fadowa da konewa. yanayi. A cikin hoton da ke ƙasa za ku iya ganin yadda cibiyar sadarwar Starlink ta kasance bayan ƙaddamar da 6.
A bit of history
A baya a cikin 80s, HughesNet ya kasance mai kirkiro a fasahar tauraron dan adam. Kun san waɗancan eriya masu girman tasa mai launin toka waɗanda DirecTV ke hawa a wajen gidaje? Sun fito ne daga HughesNet, wanda ita kanta ta samo asali daga majagaba na jirgin sama Howard Hughes. "Mun ƙirƙira fasaha da ke ba mu damar samar da hanyoyin sadarwa ta tauraron dan adam," in ji EVP Mike Cook.
A wancan zamani, Hughes Network Systems ya mallaki DirecTV kuma yana sarrafa manyan tauraron dan adam na geostationary wanda ke haskaka bayanai zuwa talabijin. Sannan kuma a yanzu, kamfanin ya kuma ba da sabis ga 'yan kasuwa, kamar sarrafa ma'amalar katin kiredit a gidajen mai. Abokin ciniki na farko shine Walmart, wanda ke son haɗa ma'aikata a duk faɗin ƙasar tare da ofishin gida a Bentonville.
A tsakiyar shekarun 90, kamfanin ya kirkiro wani tsarin Intanet mai hade da ake kira DirecPC: kwamfutar mai amfani da ita ta aika da bukatu ta hanyar haɗi zuwa uwar garken gidan yanar gizo kuma ta sami amsa ta hanyar tauraron dan adam, wanda ya watsa bayanan da ake buƙata zuwa tasa mai amfani. a cikin sauri da sauri fiye da bugun kira. .
Kusan shekara ta 2000, Hughes ya fara ba da sabis na samun damar hanyar sadarwa na biyu. Amma kiyaye farashin sabis ɗin, gami da farashin kayan aikin abokin ciniki, ƙarancin isa ga mutane su saya ya kasance ƙalubale. Don yin wannan, kamfanin ya yanke shawarar cewa yana buƙatar tauraron dan adam kuma a cikin 2007 ya ƙaddamar da Spaceway. A cewar Hughes, wannan tauraron dan adam, wanda har yanzu ake amfani da shi a yau, yana da matukar muhimmanci wajen harba shi, domin shi ne na farko da ya goyi bayan fasahar sauya fakiti a cikin jirgin, wanda da gaske ne ya zama na farko da ya sauya sararin samaniya don kawar da karin hop na tashar tashar sadarwa. sauran. Ƙarfinsa ya haura 10 Gbit/s, 24 transponders na 440 Mbit/s, yana bawa masu biyan kuɗi damar samun har zuwa 2 Mbit/s don watsawa kuma har zuwa 5 Mbit/s don saukewa. Spaceway 1 Boeing ne ya kera shi bisa tsarin tauraron dan adam Boeing 702. Nauyin harba na'urar ya kai kilogiram 6080. A halin yanzu, Spaceway 1 yana daya daga cikin jiragen kasuwanci mafi nauyi (SC) - ya karya rikodin tauraron dan adam Inmarsat 5 F4 da aka harba ta amfani da motar harba Atlas 1 (5959 kg), wata guda baya. Yayin da GSO mafi girman kasuwanci, bisa ga Wikipedia, wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2018, yana da tarin tan 7. Na'urar tana sanye da kayan aikin Ka-band relay payload (RP). PN ya haɗa da tsararrun eriya mai sarrafa mitoci 2 wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa 1500. PN yana samar da ɗaukar hoto da yawa don tabbatar da watsa shirye-shiryen cibiyoyin sadarwar TV daban-daban a yankuna daban-daban. Irin wannan eriya tana ba da damar sassauƙan amfani da damar jiragen sama wajen canza yanayin kasuwa.
A halin da ake ciki kuma, wani kamfani mai suna Viasat ya shafe kimanin shekaru goma yana bincike da raya kasa kafin ya harba tauraron dan adam na farko a shekarar 2008. Wannan tauraron dan adam, da ake kira ViaSat-1, ya haɗa wasu sabbin fasahohi kamar sake amfani da bakan. Wannan ya ba tauraron dan adam damar zaɓar tsakanin bandwidth daban-daban don watsa bayanai zuwa duniya ba tare da tsangwama ba, koda kuwa yana watsa bayanai tare da katako daga wani tauraron dan adam, zai iya sake amfani da wannan kewayon kewayon hanyoyin haɗin da ba su da alaƙa.
Wannan ya ba da saurin gudu da aiki. Lokacin da ta fara aiki, tana da kayan aiki na 140 Gbps, fiye da duk sauran tauraron dan adam hade da ke rufe Amurka, a cewar shugaban Viasat Rick Baldridge.
"Kasuwar tauraron dan adam ta kasance ga mutanen da ba su da zabi," in ji Baldrige. "Idan ba za ku iya samun damar wata hanya ba, fasaha ce ta hanyar karshe. Da gaske yana da ɗaukar hoto a ko'ina, amma ba ya ɗaukar bayanai da yawa. Don haka, an fi amfani da wannan fasaha don ayyuka kamar mu’amala a gidajen mai.”
A cikin shekaru da yawa, HughesNet (yanzu mallakar EchoStar) da Viasat suna gina tauraron dan adam mai sauri da sauri. HughesNet ya fito da EchoStar XVII (120 Gbps) a cikin 2012, EchoStar XIX (200 Gbps) a cikin 2017, kuma yana shirin ƙaddamar da EchoStar XXIV a cikin 2021, wanda kamfanin ya ce zai ba da 100 Mbps ga masu siye.
An ƙaddamar da ViaSat-2 a cikin 2017 kuma yanzu tana da ƙarfin kusan 260 Gbit/s, kuma ana shirin ViaSat-3 daban-daban guda uku don 2020 ko 2021, kowannensu yana rufe sassa daban-daban na duniya. Viasat ya ce ana hasashen kowanne daga cikin na’urori uku na ViaSat-3 zai samu tasirin terabbit a cikin dakika guda, wanda ya ninka na sauran tauraron dan adam da ke kewaya duniya a hade.
"Muna da iko da yawa a sararin samaniya wanda ya canza duk yanayin isar da wannan zirga-zirga. Babu wani hani kan abin da za a iya bayarwa,” in ji DK Sachdev, mai ba da shawara kan fasahar tauraron dan adam da fasahar sadarwa da ke aiki da LeoSat, daya daga cikin kamfanonin da ke kaddamar da kungiyar ta LEO. "A yau, ana kawar da duk gazawar tauraron dan adam daya bayan daya."
Duk wannan tseren gudun ya faru ne saboda wani dalili, yayin da Intanet (sadar da sadarwa ta hanyoyi biyu) ta fara maye gurbin talabijin (sadar da hanya daya) a matsayin sabis na amfani da tauraron dan adam.
Ronald van der Breggen, darektan yarda a LeoSat ya ce "Kamfanin tauraron dan adam yana cikin tashin hankali mai tsawo, yana gano yadda za ta motsa daga watsa bidiyon unidirectional zuwa cikakken watsa bayanai," in ji Ronald van der Breggen, darektan yarda a LeoSat. "Akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa game da yadda za a yi, abin da za a yi, wane kasuwa za a yi hidima."
Matsala daya ta rage
Jinkiri. Sabanin saurin gabaɗaya, latency shine adadin lokacin da ake ɗauka don buƙatar tafiya daga kwamfutarka zuwa inda take da dawowa. Bari mu ce ka danna hanyar haɗi a gidan yanar gizon, wannan buƙatar dole ne ya je zuwa uwar garken kuma ya dawo (cewa uwar garken ya sami nasarar karɓar buƙatun kuma yana shirin ba ku abubuwan da ake buƙata), bayan haka shafin yanar gizon yana lodi.
Yaya tsawon lokacin da ake ɗauka don loda shafin ya dogara da saurin haɗin yanar gizon ku. Lokacin da ake ɗauka don kammala buƙatar zazzagewa shine latti. Yawanci ana auna shi a cikin millise seconds, don haka ba a san lokacin da kake lilo a yanar gizo ba, amma yana da mahimmanci lokacin da kake wasa akan layi. Koyaya, akwai hujjoji lokacin da masu amfani daga Tarayyar Rasha suka gudanar da sarrafa wasu wasannin akan layi ko da lokacin latency (ping) yana kusa da daƙiƙa ɗaya.
Jinkiri a cikin tsarin fiber-optic ya dogara da nisa, amma yawanci yakan kai microseconds da yawa a kowace kilomita; babban latency ya fito ne daga kayan aiki, kodayake tare da hanyoyin haɗin kai na tsayi mai tsayi jinkirin ya fi mahimmanci saboda gaskiyar cewa a cikin fiber. -Layin sadarwa na gani (FOCL) gudun haske ya kai kashi 60 cikin 700 na gudun haske a cikin vacuum, haka nan kuma ya dogara sosai kan tsawon zango. A cewar Baldrige, jinkirin lokacin da kake aika buƙatu zuwa tauraron dan adam GSO yana da kusan millise seconds XNUMX—haske yana tafiya da sauri a cikin sararin samaniya fiye da fiber, amma waɗannan nau'ikan tauraron dan adam suna da nisa, shi ya sa yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo. Baya ga wasan caca, wannan matsala tana da mahimmanci ga taron bidiyo, hada-hadar kuɗi da kasuwannin hannayen jari, Intanet na abubuwan da ke sa ido, da sauran aikace-aikacen da suka dogara da saurin hulɗa.
Amma yaya mahimmancin matsalar latency? Yawancin bandwidth da ake amfani da su a duk duniya an sadaukar da su ga bidiyo. Da zarar bidiyon yana gudana kuma an adana shi da kyau, latency ya zama ƙasa da wani abu kuma saurin ya zama mafi mahimmanci. Ba abin mamaki bane, Viasat da HughesNet suna son rage mahimmancin latency don yawancin aikace-aikacen, kodayake duka biyun suna aiki don rage shi a cikin tsarin su kuma. HughesNet yana amfani da algorithm don ba da fifiko ga zirga-zirga bisa ga abin da masu amfani ke ba da hankali don inganta isar da bayanai. Viasat ta sanar da bullo da wani tauraro na tauraron dan adam na matsakaicin duniya (MEO) don dacewa da hanyar sadarwar da ke akwai, wanda yakamata ya rage jinkiri da fadada ɗaukar hoto, gami da manyan latitudes inda GSOs na equatorial ke da latency mafi girma.
Baldrige ya ce "Muna mai da hankali sosai kan babban girma da kuma ƙarancin kuɗaɗen jari don tura wannan ƙarar," in ji Baldrige. "Shin latency yana da mahimmanci kamar sauran fasalulluka don kasuwar da muke tallafawa"?
Duk da haka, akwai mafita; LEO tauraron dan adam har yanzu suna kusa da masu amfani. Don haka kamfanoni kamar SpaceX da LeoSat sun zaɓi wannan hanya, suna shirin tura gungun taurarin da suka fi ƙanƙanta, mafi kusancin tauraron dan adam, tare da tsammanin jinkiri na mil 20 zuwa 30 ga masu amfani.
"Yana da ciniki a cikin wannan saboda suna cikin ƙananan kewayawa, kuna samun ƙarancin latency daga tsarin LEO, amma kuna da tsarin da ya fi rikitarwa," in ji Cook. "Don kammala ƙungiyar taurari, kuna buƙatar samun akalla ɗaruruwan tauraron dan adam saboda suna cikin ƙananan kewayawa, kuma suna kewaya duniya, suna wucewa sararin sama da sauri kuma suna ɓacewa ... kuma kuna buƙatar samun tsarin eriya wanda zai iya. bin diddigin su.”
Amma yana da kyau a tuna labarai guda biyu. A farkon shekarun 90, Bill Gates da abokan aikinsa da yawa sun kashe kusan dala biliyan daya a wani aiki mai suna Teledesic don samar da buɗaɗɗen hanyoyin sadarwa zuwa wuraren da ba za su iya samun hanyar sadarwar ba ko kuma ba za su ga layin fiber optic ba. Ya zama dole don gina ƙungiyar taurarin 840 (daga baya an rage zuwa 288) tauraron dan adam LEO. Wadanda suka kafa ta sun yi magana game da warware matsalar latency kuma a cikin 1994 sun nemi FCC ta yi amfani da bakan Ka-band. Sauti saba?
Teledesic ya ci kimanin dala biliyan 9 kafin ya gaza a 2003.
"Ra'ayin bai yi aiki a baya ba saboda tsadar kulawa da sabis na mai amfani da ƙarshe, amma da alama yana yiwuwa a yanzu," in ji , Farfesa na tsarin bayanai a Jami'ar Jihar California Dominguez Hills wanda ke kula da tsarin LEO tun lokacin da Teledesic ya fito. "Fasaha ba ta ci gaba sosai don haka ba."
Dokar Moore da haɓaka batirin wayar salula, firikwensin firikwensin da fasahar sarrafawa sun ba ƙungiyar taurarin LEO dama ta biyu. Ƙara yawan buƙata yana sa tattalin arzikin ya zama mai jaraba. Amma yayin da Teledesic saga ke wasa, wata masana'antar ta sami wasu mahimman gogewa ta ƙaddamar da tsarin sadarwa zuwa sararin samaniya. A ƙarshen 90s, Iridium, Globalstar da Orbcomm tare sun ƙaddamar da tauraron dan adam sama da 100 ƙananan orbit don samar da wayar salula.
Zach Manchester, mataimakin farfesa a fannin jiragen sama da na sararin samaniya a Jami’ar Stanford ya ce: “Ana ɗaukar shekaru kafin a gina rukunin taurarin domin kuna buƙatar tarin harba su, kuma yana da tsada sosai. "A tsawon shekaru biyar ko makamancin haka, abubuwan more rayuwa na hasumiya na terrestrial sun haɓaka har zuwa inda ɗaukar hoto ya yi kyau sosai kuma ya isa ga yawancin mutane."
Kamfanoni uku da sauri suka yi fatara. Kuma yayin da kowanne ya sake ƙirƙira kansa ta hanyar ba da ƙaramin sabis don takamaiman dalilai, kamar tashoshi na gaggawa da bin diddigin kaya, babu wanda ya yi nasarar maye gurbin sabis ɗin wayar salula na tushen hasumiya. A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, SpaceX tana harba tauraron dan adam don Iridium a karkashin kwangila.
"Mun taba ganin wannan fim din," in ji Manchester. "Ba na ganin wani abu dabam a cikin halin da ake ciki yanzu."
Gasa
SpaceX da wasu kamfanoni 11 (da masu saka hannun jarinsu) suna da ra'ayi daban-daban. OneWeb yana harba tauraron dan adam a wannan shekara kuma ana sa ran za a fara ayyuka a farkon shekara mai zuwa, sannan kuma a sami karin taurari a cikin 2021 da 2023, tare da burin 1000 Tbps nan da 2025. O3b, yanzu wani reshe na SAS, yana da tarin taurarin dan adam 16 MEO wadanda suke aiki shekaru da yawa. Telesat ya riga yana aiki da tauraron dan adam GSO, amma yana shirin tsarin LEO don 2021 wanda zai sami hanyoyin haɗin gani tare da latency na 30 zuwa 50 ms.
Upstart Astranis shima yana da tauraron dan adam a cikin yanayin geosynchronous kuma zai kara turawa a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa. Duk da yake ba su magance matsalar latency ba, kamfanin na neman rage tsadar kayayyaki ta hanyar aiki tare da masu samar da intanit na gida da gina ƙananan tauraron dan adam mai rahusa.
Har ila yau, LeoSat yana shirin harba jerin tauraron dan adam na farko a cikin 2019, kuma ya kammala ƙungiyar a cikin 2022. Za su yi shawagi a duniya a tsayin kilomita 1400, su haɗa da sauran tauraron dan adam a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwar gani da watsa bayanai sama da ƙasa a cikin Ka-band. Sun sami bakan da ake buƙata a duniya, in ji Richard van der Breggen, babban jami'in zartarwa na LeoSat, kuma suna tsammanin amincewar FCC nan ba da jimawa ba.
A cewar van der Breggen, yunƙurin neman intanet ɗin tauraron dan adam mai sauri ya dogara ne akan gina manyan tauraron dan adam masu sauri waɗanda ke iya isar da ƙarin bayanai. Ya kira shi "bututu": girman bututun, yawancin Intanet zai iya fashewa ta cikinsa. Amma kamfanoni kamar sa suna samun sababbin wurare don ingantawa ta hanyar canza tsarin duka.
"Ka yi tunanin mafi ƙarancin nau'in hanyar sadarwa - masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa na Cisco guda biyu da waya a tsakanin su," in ji van der Breggen. "Abin da duk tauraron dan adam ke yi shi ne samar da waya tsakanin akwatuna biyu ... za mu isar da dukkan sashe uku zuwa sararin samaniya."
LeoSat na shirin tura tauraron dan adam 78, kowanne girman babban teburin cin abinci da nauyin kilogiram 1200. Iridium ne ya gina su, an sanye su da na'urorin hasken rana guda huɗu da na'urorin lesa guda huɗu (ɗaya a kowane kusurwa) don haɗawa da maƙwabta. Wannan ita ce haɗin da van der Breggen ya ɗauka mafi mahimmanci. A tarihi, tauraron dan adam suna nuna siginar a cikin siffar V daga tashar ƙasa zuwa tauraron dan adam sannan zuwa mai karɓa. Saboda tauraron dan adam LEO yana da ƙasa, ba za su iya yin aiki har zuwa yanzu ba, amma suna iya watsa bayanai tsakanin su da sauri.
Don fahimtar yadda wannan ke aiki, yana da taimako a yi la'akari da Intanet a matsayin wani abu da ke da ainihin abin halitta. Ba kawai bayanai ba, a'a, inda wannan bayanan ke rayuwa da kuma yadda yake motsawa. Ba a ajiye Intanet a wuri guda, akwai sabar a duk faɗin duniya da ke ɗauke da wasu bayanai, kuma idan ka shiga, kwamfutarka tana ɗaukar bayanan daga mafi kusa da ke da abin da kake nema. A ina yake da mahimmanci? Nawa ne lamarin? Haske (bayani) yana tafiya a cikin sarari kusan sau biyu cikin sauri kamar na fiber. Kuma lokacin da kake gudanar da haɗin fiber a kewayen duniya, dole ne ya bi hanyar karkatar da kai daga kumburi zuwa kumburi, tare da kewayawa kewayen tsaunuka da nahiyoyi. Intanet na tauraron dan adam ba shi da waɗannan lahani, kuma lokacin da tushen bayanan ya yi nisa, duk da ƙara mil dubu biyu na nisa a tsaye, latency tare da LEO zai zama ƙasa da latency tare da Intanet na fiber optic. Misali, ping daga London zuwa Singapore zai iya zama 112 ms maimakon 186, wanda zai inganta haɗin gwiwa sosai.
Wannan shi ne yadda van der Breggen ya kwatanta aikin: gaba ɗaya masana'antu za a iya la'akari da ci gaban cibiyar sadarwar da aka rarraba ba ta bambanta da Intanet gaba ɗaya ba, kawai a sararin samaniya. Latency da sauri duka suna taka rawa.
Duk da yake fasahar kamfani ɗaya na iya zama mafi girma, wannan ba wasan sifili ba ne kuma ba za a sami nasara ko asara ba. Yawancin waɗannan kamfanoni suna kai hari kan kasuwanni daban-daban har ma suna taimaka wa juna don cimma sakamakon da suke so. Ga wasu jiragen ruwa ne, jiragen sama ko sansanonin soji, wasu kuma masu amfani da karkara ne ko kasashe masu tasowa. Amma a ƙarshe, kamfanonin suna da manufa guda ɗaya: don ƙirƙirar Intanet a inda babu, ko kuma inda babu wadatarsa, da kuma yin shi a cikin ƙananan farashi don tallafawa tsarin kasuwancin su.
"Muna tsammanin ba fasaha ba ce mai gasa. Mun yi imanin cewa ta wata hanya, ana buƙatar duka fasahar LEO da GEO, ”in ji Cook na HughesNet. "Ga wasu nau'ikan aikace-aikace, kamar watsa bidiyo misali, tsarin GEO yana da tasiri sosai da tsada. Koyaya, idan kuna son gudanar da aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar ƙarancin jinkiri… LEO ita ce hanyar da za ku bi.
A gaskiya ma, HughesNet yana haɗin gwiwa tare da OneWeb don samar da fasahar ƙofa wanda ke sarrafa zirga-zirga da kuma hulɗa tare da tsarin akan Intanet.
Wataƙila kun lura cewa ƙungiyar taurarin da LeoSat ya gabatar sun fi na SpaceX ƙasa da sau 10. Hakan yayi kyau, in ji Van der Breggen, saboda LeoSat na da niyyar yiwa kamfanoni da kwastomomin gwamnati hidima kuma zai rufe wasu takamaiman wurare ne kawai. O3b yana siyar da Intanet ga jiragen ruwa, gami da Royal Caribbean, da abokan haɗin gwiwa tare da masu samar da sadarwa a cikin Samoa na Amurka da Tsibirin Solomon, inda akwai ƙarancin haɗin haɗin yanar gizo mai sauri.
Ƙananan farawar Toronto da ake kira Kepler Communications yana amfani da ƙananan CubeSats (kimanin girman gurasar burodi) don samar da hanyar sadarwa ga abokan ciniki masu jinkiri, 5GB na bayanai ko fiye za a iya samu a cikin minti 10, wanda ya dace da polar. bincike, kimiyya, masana'antu da yawon shakatawa. Don haka, lokacin shigar da ƙaramin eriya, saurin zai kai 20 Mbit / s don aikawa kuma har zuwa 50 Mbit / s don saukewa, amma idan kun yi amfani da babban “tasa”, to saurin zai zama mafi girma - 120 Mbit / s don lodawa da 150 Mbit/s don liyafar. A cewar Baldrige, babban ci gaban Viasat ya zo ne ta hanyar samar da Intanet ga kamfanonin jiragen sama na kasuwanci; sun kulla yarjejeniya da United, JetBlue da Amurka, da Qantas, SAS da sauransu.
To, ta yaya wannan tsarin kasuwancin da ke samun riba zai cike rarrabuwar kawuna da kuma kawo Intanet ga ƙasashe masu tasowa da al’ummar da ba su da hidima waɗanda ƙila ba za su iya biyan kuɗi mai yawa ba kuma suna shirye su biya ƙasa? Wannan zai yiwu godiya ga tsarin tsarin. Tunda tauraron dan adam na tauraron dan adam na LEO (Low Earth Orbit) suna cikin motsi akai-akai, yakamata a rarraba su a ko'ina a duniya, yana haifar da su lokaci-lokaci suna rufe yankunan da babu mai rai ko yawan jama'a. Don haka, duk wani ragi da za a iya samu daga waɗannan yankuna zai zama riba.
"Ina tsammanin za su sami farashin haɗin kai daban-daban na ƙasashe daban-daban, kuma hakan zai ba su damar samar da Intanet a ko'ina, koda kuwa yanki ne mai matukar talauci," in ji jaridar. "Da zarar tarin tauraron dan adam ya kasance, to farashinsa ya riga ya kayyade, kuma idan tauraron dan adam ya kasance a kan Cuba kuma babu wanda ke amfani da shi, to duk wani kudin shiga da za su iya samu daga Cuba yana da iyaka kuma kyauta (ba ya buƙatar ƙarin zuba jari) ".
Shigar da babban mabukaci kasuwar na iya zama quite wuya. A haƙiƙa, yawancin nasarorin da masana'antar ta samu ta samu ne ta hanyar samar da Intanet mai tsada ga gwamnatoci da 'yan kasuwa. Amma SpaceX da OneWeb musamman suna yin niyya ga masu biyan bulo da turmi a cikin tsare-tsaren kasuwancin su.
A cewar Sachdev, ƙwarewar mai amfani zai zama mahimmanci ga wannan kasuwa. Dole ne ku rufe duniya tare da tsarin da ke da sauƙin amfani, inganci kuma mai tsada. "Amma wannan kadai bai isa ba," in ji Sachdev. "Kuna buƙatar isasshen ƙarfi, kuma kafin hakan, kuna buƙatar tabbatar da farashi mai araha don kayan aikin abokin ciniki."
Wanene ke da alhakin tsari?
Manyan batutuwan guda biyu da SpaceX ta warware tare da FCC sune yadda za a kasafta bakan sadarwar tauraron dan adam da ke wanzuwa (da nan gaba) da kuma yadda za a hana tarkacen sararin samaniya. Tambayar farko ita ce alhakin FCC, amma na biyu da alama ya fi dacewa da NASA ko Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka. Dukansu suna sa ido kan abubuwan da ke kewayawa don hana haɗuwa, amma ba mai sarrafa ba.
"Hakika babu wata manufa mai kyau da aka daidaita kan abin da ya kamata mu yi game da tarkacen sararin samaniya," in ji Stanford's Manchester. "A halin yanzu, wadannan mutane ba sa mu'amala da juna yadda ya kamata, kuma babu wata manufa mai ma'ana."
Matsalar ta kara dagulewa saboda tauraron dan adam LEO yana ratsa kasashe da dama. Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya tana taka rawa irin ta FCC, tana ba da nau'i-nau'i, amma don aiki a cikin ƙasa, dole ne kamfani ya sami izini daga wannan ƙasa. Don haka, tauraron dan adam LEO dole ne su sami damar canza makada da suke amfani da su dangane da kasar da suke.
"Shin da gaske kuna son SpaceX ta sami ikon haɗin kai a wannan yankin?" Latsa ta tambaya. “Ya zama dole a daidaita ayyukansu, kuma wa ke da hakkin yin hakan? Supranational ne. FCC ba ta da hurumi a wasu kasashe."
Koyaya, wannan baya sanya FCC mara ƙarfi. A ƙarshen shekarar da ta gabata, an hana ƙaramin farawar Silicon Valley mai suna Swarm Technologies izini don ƙaddamar da samfura huɗu na tauraron dan adam na LEO sadarwa, kowanne ƙanƙanta fiye da littafin baya. Babban abin da FCC ta yi watsi da ita shi ne cewa ƙananan tauraron dan adam na iya zama da wahala a iya gano su don haka ba za a iya tsinkaya da haɗari ba.
Swarm ya kaddamar da su duk da haka. Kamfanin IEEE Spectrum ya ruwaito cewa wani kamfanin Seattle da ke ba da ayyukan harba tauraron dan adam ya tura su Indiya, inda suka hau kan roka mai dauke da dimbin tauraron dan adam. FCC ta gano hakan ne kuma ta ci tarar kamfanin dalar Amurka 900, wanda za a biya sama da shekaru 000, kuma yanzu aikace-aikacen Swarm na wasu manyan tauraron dan adam hudu ya lalace saboda kamfanin yana aiki a asirce. Duk da haka, 'yan kwanaki da suka gabata labarai sun bayyana cewa an sami amincewa kuma . Gabaɗaya, kuɗi da ikon yin shawarwari sune mafita. Nauyin tauraron dan adam yana daga gram 310 zuwa 450, a halin yanzu akwai tauraron dan adam 7 a sararin samaniya, kuma za a tura cikakken hanyar sadarwa a tsakiyar 2020. Rahoton na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa an riga an zuba kusan dala miliyan 25 a kamfanin, wanda ke bude kasuwar ba ga kamfanonin duniya kadai ba.
Ga sauran kamfanonin Intanet na tauraron dan adam masu zuwa da wadanda suke da su suna binciken sabbin dabaru, shekaru hudu zuwa takwas masu zuwa za su kasance masu mahimmanci wajen tantance ko akwai bukatar fasaharsu a nan da yanzu, ko kuma za mu ga tarihi ya maimaita kansa tare da Teledesic da Iridium. Amma me zai faru bayan? Mars, a cewar Musk, burinsa shine ya yi amfani da Starlink don samar da kudaden shiga don binciken duniyar Mars, da kuma gudanar da gwaji.
"Za mu iya amfani da wannan tsarin don ƙirƙirar hanyar sadarwa a duniyar Mars," in ji ma'aikatansa. "Mars kuma za ta buƙaci tsarin sadarwa na duniya, kuma babu layukan fiber optic ko wayoyi ko wani abu."
Wasu tallace-tallace 🙂
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