Happy Cosmonautics Day! Mun aika zuwa gidan bugawa . A cikin wadannan kwanaki ne masana ilmin taurari suka nuna wa duniya yadda bakar ramuka suke. Daidaito? Ba ma tunanin haka 😉 Don haka jira, wani littafi mai ban mamaki zai bayyana nan ba da jimawa ba, wanda Steven Gabser da Faransa Pretorius suka rubuta, mai ban mamaki Pulkovo astronomer aka Astrodedus Kirill Maslennikov ya fassara, sanannen Vladimir Surdin ne ya gyara shi a kimiyance kuma ya goyi bayan buga ta Trajectory Foundation.
Ƙarƙashin "Thermodynamics of black holes" a ƙarƙashin yanke.
Har ya zuwa yanzu, mun dauki baƙar fata a matsayin abubuwa na astrophysical waɗanda aka samu a lokacin fashewar supernova ko kuma kwance a cikin cibiyoyin taurari. Muna lura da su a kaikaice ta hanyar auna saurin taurari kusa da su. Shahararriyar gano raƙuman ruwa na LIGO a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015 misali ne na ƙarin abubuwan lura kai tsaye na karon baki. Kayayyakin lissafin da muke amfani da su don samun kyakkyawar fahimta game da yanayin bakar ramuka su ne: bambancin geometry, ma'aunin Einstein, da kuma hanyoyin nazari masu karfi da na lambobi da ake amfani da su wajen warware ma'auni na Einstein da kuma bayyana ma'auni na lokacin sararin samaniya wanda black holes ke haifarwa. Kuma da zaran za mu iya ba da cikakken bayanin lokaci na sararin samaniya ta hanyar baƙar fata, daga mahangar astrophysical, za a iya la'akari da batun rufe baki. Daga faffadan hangen nesa, akwai sauran daki mai yawa don bincike. Manufar wannan babi ita ce haskaka wasu ci gaban ka'idojin kimiyyar lissafi na zamani na black hole, inda aka haɗa ra'ayoyi daga thermodynamics da ka'idar ƙididdiga tare da alaƙa gabaɗaya don haifar da sabbin ra'ayoyin da ba zato ba tsammani. Mahimmin ra'ayi shine cewa baƙar fata ba abubuwa ne kawai na geometric ba. Suna da zafin jiki, suna da babban entropy, kuma suna iya nuna alamun haɗaɗɗiyar ƙima. Tattaunawarmu game da yanayin yanayin zafi da ƙididdigewa na ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na baƙar fata za su kasance mafi ɓarna kuma sama da ɗorewa fiye da nazarin abubuwan da za a iya gani kawai na lokacin sararin samaniya a cikin baƙar fata da aka gabatar a surori da suka gabata. Amma waɗannan, musamman ma ƙididdiga, al'amura sune mahimmanci da mahimmanci na ci gaba da bincike na ka'idar akan ramukan baƙi, kuma za mu yi ƙoƙari sosai don isar da, idan ba cikakkun bayanai ba, to aƙalla ruhun waɗannan ayyuka.
A cikin al'ada gama gari - idan muka yi magana game da bambancin lissafin lissafi na mafita ga equations Einstein - baƙar fata da gaske baƙar fata ne ta ma'anar cewa babu abin da zai kuɓuta daga gare su. Stephen Hawking ya nuna cewa wannan yanayin yana canzawa gaba ɗaya idan muka yi la'akari da tasirin ƙididdiga: ramukan baƙar fata suna fitowa don fitar da radiation a wani yanayin zafi, wanda aka sani da yanayin Hawking. Don ramukan baƙar fata na girman astrophysical (wato, daga stellar-mass zuwa manyan ramukan baƙar fata), zafin Hawking ba shi da komai idan aka kwatanta da yanayin yanayin yanayin microwave na duniya - radiation wanda ya cika dukkan sararin samaniya, wanda, ta hanya, zai iya. ita kanta ana daukarta a matsayin bambance-bambancen radiation na Hawking. Ƙididdigar Hawking don sanin yanayin zafin baƙar fata wani ɓangare ne na babban shirin bincike a cikin filin da ake kira black hole thermodynamics. Wani babban bangare na wannan shirin shi ne nazarin black hole entropy, wanda ke auna adadin bayanan da aka rasa a cikin black hole. Abubuwa na yau da kullun (kamar mug na ruwa, toshe na magnesium mai tsafta, ko tauraro) suma suna da entropy, kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan maganganun thermodynamics na black hole shine cewa baƙar fata mai girman girman da aka bayar yana da entropy fiye da kowane nau'i. na kwayoyin halitta da za a iya ƙunshe a ciki. yanki mai girman iri ɗaya, amma ba tare da samuwar baƙar fata ba.
Amma kafin mu zurfafa cikin lamuran da suka shafi Hawking radiation da black hole entropy, bari mu yi saurin zagaya cikin fagagen injiniyoyi, thermodynamics, da entanglement. An haɓaka injiniyoyin ƙididdiga musamman a cikin 1920s, kuma babban manufarsa ita ce bayyana ƙananan barbashi na kwayoyin halitta, kamar atom. Haɓaka injiniyoyin ƙididdiga ya haifar da lalacewar irin waɗannan mahimman ra'ayoyin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi a matsayin ainihin matsayi na ɗan adam: alal misali, matsayin na'urar lantarki yayin da yake motsawa a kusa da tsakiya na atomic ba za a iya tantance daidai ba. A maimakon haka, an sanya wa electrons abin da ake kira orbits, wanda ba za a iya tantance ainihin matsayinsu ba kawai ta hanyar ma'ana. Don dalilanmu, duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci kada mu matsa da sauri zuwa wannan ɓangaren abubuwan da ke yiwuwa. Bari mu ɗauki misali mafi sauƙi: hydrogen atom. Yana iya zama a cikin takamaiman yanayin ƙididdigewa. Mafi sauƙaƙan yanayin zarra na hydrogen, wanda ake kira ƙasa ƙasa, shine jihar da mafi ƙarancin kuzari, kuma wannan makamashin sananne ne. Gabaɗaya, injiniyoyi na ƙididdigewa suna ba mu (bisa ƙa'ida) don sanin yanayin kowane tsarin ƙididdiga tare da cikakkiyar daidaito.
Yiwuwar shiga cikin wasa lokacin da muka yi wasu nau'ikan tambayoyi game da tsarin injin ƙididdigewa. Alal misali, idan ya tabbata cewa atom ɗin hydrogen yana cikin yanayin ƙasa, muna iya tambaya, "Ina electron?" kuma bisa ga dokokin ƙididdiga
makanikai, za mu sami wasu kiyasin yuwuwar wannan tambaya ne kawai, kusan wani abu kamar: “wataƙila wutar lantarki tana nan a nesa har zuwa rabin angstrom daga tsakiya na atom ɗin hydrogen” (ɗaya angstrom daidai yake da. 
mita). Amma muna da damar, ta hanyar wani tsari na zahiri, don nemo matsayin electron ɗin daidai fiye da angstrom ɗaya. Wannan tsari gama gari a fannin kimiyyar lissafi ya ƙunshi harba photon ɗan gajeren zango zuwa cikin na'urar lantarki (ko kuma, kamar yadda masana kimiyya ke cewa, watsa photon ta hanyar lantarki) - bayan haka za mu iya sake gina wurin da electron ɗin yake a lokacin watsawa tare da daidaito kusan daidai da ma'aunin photon. Amma wannan tsari zai canza yanayin electron, ta yadda bayan wannan ba zai kasance cikin yanayin kasa na hydrogen atom ba kuma ba zai sami takamaiman makamashi ba. Amma na ɗan lokaci za a kusan ƙayyade matsayinsa (tare da daidaiton tsayin daka na photon da aka yi amfani da shi don wannan). Ƙididdiga ta farko na matsayin electron ɗin ba za a iya yin ta ta wata ma'ana mai yiwuwa ba tare da daidaiton angstrom guda ɗaya kawai, amma da zarar mun auna shi za mu san ainihin abin da yake. A takaice, idan muka auna tsarin injin ƙididdigewa ta wata hanya, to, aƙalla a cikin ma'anar al'ada, muna "tilasta" shi zuwa wani yanayi mai ƙima na adadin da muke aunawa.
Makanikai na ƙididdigewa ba kawai ga ƙananan tsarin ba, amma (mun yi imani) ga duk tsarin, amma ga manyan tsarin ƙa'idodin inji na ƙididdigewa da sauri ya zama mai rikitarwa. Mahimmin mahimmin ra'ayi shine haɗar ƙima, misali mai sauƙi wanda shine manufar juyi. Electrons guda ɗaya suna da juzu'i, don haka a aikace ɗaya na lantarki zai iya samun juyi sama ko ƙasa dangane da zaɓaɓɓen axis na sararin samaniya. Juyin na'urar lantarki abu ne da ake iya gani saboda lantarki yana haifar da filin maganadisu mai rauni, kwatankwacin filin maganadisu. Sannan juyi sama yana nufin gunkin arewa na electron yana nuni da ƙasa, sannan ya faɗi ƙasa yana nufin sandar arewa tana nunawa sama. Za a iya sanya electrons guda biyu a cikin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i, wanda ɗaya daga cikinsu yana da juyawa, ɗayan kuma yana da ƙasa, amma ba zai yiwu ba a gane ko wane electron yake da wane nau'i. A zahiri, a cikin ƙasa na helium atom, electrons guda biyu suna cikin daidai wannan yanayin, wanda ake kira spin singlet, tunda jimillar ma'aunin electrons biyun sifili ne. Idan muka raba waɗannan na'urorin lantarki guda biyu ba tare da canza juzu'insu ba, za mu iya cewa har yanzu suna juyi singileti tare, amma har yanzu ba za mu iya faɗi abin da juzu'in ɗayansu zai kasance ɗaya ɗaya ba. Yanzu, idan muka auna ɗaya daga cikin jujjuyawar su kuma muka tabbatar da cewa an nusar da shi sama, to za mu tabbata gaba ɗaya cewa na biyu yana fuskantar ƙasa. A cikin wannan yanayin, muna cewa spins an haɗa su - kuma ba ta da kanta tana da ƙayyadaddun ƙima, yayin da suke cikin ƙayyadaddun adadi.
Einstein ya damu sosai game da abin da ya faru na haɗe-haɗe: da alama yana barazana ga ainihin ka'idodin ka'idar alaƙa. Bari mu yi la'akari da yanayin na'urorin lantarki guda biyu a cikin yanayin spin singlet, lokacin da suke da nisa a sararin samaniya. Tabbas, bari Alice ta ɗauki ɗayan su kuma Bob ya ɗauki ɗayan. Bari mu ce Alice ta auna juyar da wutar lantarki ta ta gano cewa an nusar da shi sama, amma Bob bai auna komai ba. Har sai da Alice ta yi awo nata, ba a iya sanin ko menene juzu'in wutar lantarkin nasa ba. Amma da zaran ta gama auna ta, ta san sarai cewa juzu'in na'urar lantarki ta Bob tana karkata zuwa ƙasa (a wajen da yake kishiyar juyawar nata lantarki). Shin hakan yana nufin ma'aunin ta nan take ya sanya na'urar lantarki ta Bob a cikin wani yanayi mai juyi? Ta yaya hakan zai iya faruwa idan electrons sun rabu a sarari? Einstein da abokan aikinsa Nathan Rosen da Boris Podolsky sun ji cewa labarin auna tsarin da aka makale yana da matukar muni wanda ya yi barazana ga wanzuwar injiniyoyin adadi. Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox (EPR) da suka ƙirƙira yana amfani da gwajin tunani kwatankwacin wanda muka bayyana don kammala cewa injiniyoyin ƙididdiga ba zai iya zama cikakken bayanin gaskiya ba. Yanzu, bisa ga binciken bincike na gaba da ma'auni da yawa, an kafa yarjejeniya gaba ɗaya cewa EPR paradox ya ƙunshi kuskure kuma ka'idar ƙima daidai ce. Ƙididdigar haɗaɗɗiyar inji na gaske ne: ma'auni na tsarin da aka ruɗe zai daidaita ko da tsarin sun yi nisa a sararin samaniya.
Bari mu koma ga yanayin da muka sanya electrons guda biyu a cikin yanayin spin singlet muka ba Alice da Bob. Me za mu iya fada game da electrons kafin a yi ma'auni? Cewa su duka biyun tare suna cikin ƙayyadaddun yanayi (spin-singlet). Za a iya karkatar da wutar lantarki ta Alice sama ko ƙasa. Hakazalika, yanayin ƙididdigewa na lantarki na iya tare da yuwuwar daidai gwargwado ya zama ɗaya (spin up) ko ɗayan (spin down). Yanzu a gare mu manufar yiwuwar yana ɗaukar ma'ana mai zurfi fiye da da. A baya mun kalli wani yanayi na jimla (ƙasa na hydrogen zarra) kuma mun ga cewa akwai wasu tambayoyi "marasa dadi", kamar "Ina electron?" - tambayoyin da amsoshin sun wanzu ne kawai a cikin ma'ana mai yiwuwa. Idan muka yi tambayoyi "mai kyau", kamar "Mene ne makamashin wannan electron?", za mu sami tabbataccen amsoshi. Yanzu, babu wani “mai kyau” tambayoyi da za mu iya yi game da electron Alice da ba su da amsoshi da suka dogara da Bob ta electron. (Ba muna magana ne game da wawaye tambayoyi kamar "Shin Alice's electron ko da juzu'i ne?" - tambayoyi ga wanda akwai kawai daya amsa.) Don haka, don sanin ma'auni na daya rabin na entangled tsarin, za mu yi amfani da. harshe mai yiwuwa. Tabbaci yana tasowa ne kawai idan muka yi la'akari da alaƙa tsakanin tambayoyin da Alice da Bob za su iya yi game da na'urorin lantarki.
Mun fara da gangan tare da ɗayan mafi sauƙin tsarin injin ƙididdigewa da muka sani: tsarin jujjuyawar na'urorin lantarki guda ɗaya. Akwai fatan cewa za a gina kwamfutocin kwamfutoci a kan irin waɗannan tsare-tsare masu sauƙi. Tsarin juyi na kowane nau'i na electrons ko wasu daidaitattun tsarin ƙididdigewa yanzu ana kiran su qubits (gajeren "quantum bits"), yana mai da hankali kan rawar da suke takawa a cikin kwamfutoci masu yawa, kwatankwacin rawar da talakawa bits ke takawa a cikin kwamfutocin dijital.
Bari mu yi tunanin cewa mun maye gurbin kowane electron tare da tsarin ƙididdigewa da yawa da yawa, ba guda biyu ba, jimla. Misali, sun ba Alice da Bob sanduna na magnesium mai tsafta. Kafin Alice da Bob su bi hanyoyinsu na daban, sandunansu na iya yin hulɗa, kuma mun yarda cewa ta yin hakan sun sami wata ƙa'ida ta gama gari. Da zaran Alice da Bob suka rabu, sandunansu na magnesium suna daina hulɗa. Kamar yadda yake a cikin na'urorin lantarki, kowane mashaya yana cikin yanayin ƙididdigewa mara iyaka, kodayake tare, kamar yadda muka yi imani, sun samar da yanayi mai kyau. (A cikin wannan tattaunawa, muna ɗauka cewa Alice da Bob suna iya motsa sandunan magnesium ɗin su ba tare da dagula yanayin cikin su ta kowace hanya ba, kamar yadda muka ɗauka a baya cewa Alice da Bob za su iya raba electrons ɗin da suka haɗa su ba tare da canza juzu'in su ba.) Amma akwai. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin wannan gwajin tunani da gwajin lantarki shi ne rashin tabbas a cikin yanayin adadi na kowane mashaya yana da yawa. Mashigar na iya samun ƙarin jahohin ƙididdigewa fiye da adadin atom ɗin da ke cikin sararin samaniya. Wannan shi ne inda thermodynamics ya shigo cikin wasa. Tsarukan da ba su da kyau sosai na iya samun wasu ingantattun sifofin macroscopic. Irin wannan sifa ita ce, alal misali, zazzabi. Zazzabi shine ma'auni na yadda kowane ɓangaren tsarin zai iya samun matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙarfi, tare da yanayin zafi mafi girma daidai da yuwuwar samun ƙarfi mafi girma. Wani ma'aunin thermodynamic shine entropy, wanda ainihin daidai yake da logarithm na adadin jihohin da tsarin zai iya ɗauka. Wata sifa mai ma'aunin zafi da zai zama mahimmanci ga sandar magnesium ita ce magnetization net ɗin sa, wanda shine ainihin ma'aunin da ke nuna nawa yawan na'urorin lantarki da ke cikin mashaya fiye da na'urorin lantarki.
Mun kawo thermodynamics a cikin labarinmu a matsayin wata hanya ta bayyana tsarin da ba a san adadin jihohinsu daidai ba saboda cuɗewarsu da wasu tsarin. Thermodynamics kayan aiki ne mai ƙarfi don nazarin irin waɗannan tsarin, amma waɗanda suka ƙirƙira ba su yi tunanin aikace-aikacensa ta wannan hanyar ba. Sadi Carnot, James Joule, Rudolf Clausius sun kasance ƙwararrun juyin juya halin masana'antu na ƙarni na XNUMX, kuma sun kasance da sha'awar mafi amfani da duk tambayoyin: ta yaya injuna ke aiki? Matsi, girma, zafin jiki da zafi sune nama da jinin injuna. Carnot ya tabbatar da cewa makamashi a cikin nau'i na zafi ba za a iya juyar da shi gaba ɗaya zuwa aiki mai amfani kamar ɗaga kaya ba. Wasu makamashi koyaushe za a yi hasara. Clausius ya ba da babbar gudummawa ga ƙirƙirar ra'ayin entropy a matsayin kayan aiki na duniya don ƙayyade asarar makamashi yayin kowane tsari da ya shafi zafi. Babban nasararsa shine fahimtar cewa entropy baya raguwa - a kusan dukkanin matakai yana ƙaruwa. Hanyoyin da entropy ke ƙaruwa ana kiran su ba za su iya canzawa ba, daidai saboda ba za a iya juya su ba tare da raguwa a cikin entropy ba. Mataki na gaba don haɓaka makanikai na ƙididdiga Clausius, Maxwell da Ludwig Boltzmann (a tsakanin sauran mutane) sun ɗauka - sun nuna cewa entropy shine ma'aunin rashin lafiya. Yawancin lokaci, yayin da kuke yin aiki akan wani abu, yawancin rikicewar da kuke haifarwa. Kuma ko da ka ƙirƙiri wani tsari wanda manufarsa ita ce maido da tsari, babu makawa zai haifar da ƙarin entropy fiye da yadda za a lalata—misali, ta hanyar sakin zafi. Kirjin da ke shimfiɗa katako na ƙarfe a cikin tsari mai kyau yana haifar da tsari ta fuskar tsarin katako, amma yayin da yake aiki yana haifar da zafi mai yawa wanda gaba ɗaya entropy yana ƙaruwa.
Amma duk da haka, bambancin ra'ayi na thermodynamics na masana kimiyya na karni na XNUMX da kuma ra'ayin da ke da alaƙa da ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga ba shi da girma kamar yadda ake gani. A duk lokacin da tsarin ke mu'amala da wakili na waje, adadin adadinsa yana shiga cikin ma'auni tare da yanayin adadin wakili. Yawanci, wannan haɗin kai yana haifar da karuwa a cikin rashin tabbas na yanayin ƙididdiga na tsarin, a wasu kalmomi, zuwa karuwa a yawan adadin jihohin da tsarin zai iya kasancewa. Sakamakon hulɗa tare da wasu tsarin, entropy, wanda aka ƙayyade dangane da adadin adadin jihohin da ke samuwa ga tsarin, yawanci yana ƙaruwa.
Gabaɗaya, injiniyoyi na ƙididdigewa suna ba da sabuwar hanya don siffanta tsarin jiki wanda wasu sigogi (kamar matsayi a sararin samaniya) ba su da tabbas, amma wasu (kamar makamashi) galibi ana san su da tabbas. A cikin yanayin haɗar ƙima, sassa biyu daban-daban na tsarin suna da sanannen adadi gama-gari, kuma kowane sashi daban yana da yanayin rashin tabbas. Misalin misali na haɗe-haɗe shine nau'i-nau'i na juyi a cikin jihar guda ɗaya, wanda ba za a iya sanin wane juyi yake sama da wanda yake ƙasa ba. Rashin tabbas na yanayin ƙididdiga a cikin babban tsarin yana buƙatar tsarin thermodynamic wanda aka san ma'auni na macroscopic kamar zafin jiki da entropy tare da daidaito mai girma, kodayake tsarin yana da yawancin jihohin ƙididdiga na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.
Bayan kammala ɗan taƙaitaccen balaguron balaguron mu a cikin fagagen injiniyoyi na ƙididdiga, entanglement da thermodynamics, bari mu yi ƙoƙarin fahimtar yadda duk wannan ke haifar da fahimtar gaskiyar cewa ramukan baƙi suna da zafin jiki. Mataki na farko akan wannan shine Bill Unruh ya yi - ya nuna cewa mai saurin kallo a sararin samaniya zai sami zafin jiki daidai da haɓakarsa da aka raba ta 2π. Makullin lissafin Unruh shine cewa mai kallo yana motsawa tare da hanzari akai-akai a wata hanya ba zai iya ganin rabin lokacin lebur kawai ba. Rabin na biyu yana da gaske a bayan sararin sama kamar na bakin rami. Da farko yana da alama ba zai yiwu ba: ta yaya za a iya daidaita lokacin sararin samaniya ya zama kamar sararin samaniya na baƙar fata? Don fahimtar yadda wannan zai kasance, bari mu kira masu lura da mu masu aminci Alice, Bob da Bill don taimako. Bisa ga buƙatarmu, sun yi layi, tare da Alice tsakanin Bob da Bill, kuma tazarar da ke tsakanin masu sa ido a kowane nau'i na kilomita 6 daidai ne. Mun yarda cewa a lokacin sifili Alice za ta yi tsalle cikin roka ta tashi zuwa Bill (saboda haka nesa da Bob) tare da ci gaba da sauri. Roket ɗin nata yana da kyau sosai, yana iya haɓaka haɓakar hanzari sau tiriliyan 1,5 fiye da haɓakar hawan jini wanda abubuwa ke tafiya kusa da saman duniya. Tabbas, ba shi da sauƙi ga Alice ta jure irin wannan hanzari, amma, kamar yadda za mu gani a yanzu, an zaɓi waɗannan lambobi don wata manufa; A ƙarshen rana, muna tattaunawa ne kawai game da damar da za a iya samu, shi ke nan. Daidai lokacin da Alice ta yi tsalle cikin rokarta, Bob da Bill sun yi mata hannu. (Muna da 'yancin yin amfani da furcin "daidai lokacin da ...", domin yayin da Alice ba ta fara tashi ba tukuna, tana cikin tsarin tunani ɗaya da Bob da Bill, don haka duk zasu iya daidaita agogon su. .) Waving Alice, ba shakka, yana ganin Bill gare ta: duk da haka, kasancewa a cikin roka, za ta gan shi tun da wuri fiye da yadda wannan zai faru idan ta zauna a inda take, saboda roka da ita yana tafiya daidai da shi. Akasin haka, ta ƙaura daga wurin Bob, don haka za mu iya ɗauka cewa za ta gan shi yana daga mata hannu fiye da yadda ta gani idan ta zauna a wuri ɗaya. Amma gaskiyar ta fi mamaki: ba za ta ga Bob ba kwata-kwata! Wato, hotunan da ke tashi daga hannun Bob suna daga hannun Alice, ba za su taɓa samunta ba, ko da ba za ta taɓa iya kaiwa ga saurin haske ba. Da Bob ya fara daga hannu, yana dan kusanci da Alice, to, hotunan da suka tashi daga gare shi a lokacin tafiyarta sun ci ta, kuma da ya yi nisa kadan, da ba za su ci ta ba. A cikin wannan ma'anar ne muke cewa Alice kawai tana ganin rabin lokacin sararin samaniya. A lokacin da Alice ta fara motsi, Bob ya ɗan yi nisa fiye da sararin samaniyar da Alice ke gani.
A cikin bahasin mu na quantum entanglement, mun saba da ra'ayin cewa ko da ma'aunin injina gaba ɗaya yana da ƙayyadaddun yanayin ƙila, wasu sassa nasa ba za su samu ba. A gaskiya ma, lokacin da muka tattauna tsarin ƙididdiga mai rikitarwa, wani ɓangare na shi za a iya kwatanta shi daidai daidai da yanayin thermodynamics: ana iya sanya shi madaidaicin zafin jiki, duk da yanayin ƙididdiga na gaba ɗaya. Labarinmu na ƙarshe wanda ya shafi Alice, Bob da Bill yana kama da wannan yanayin, amma tsarin ƙididdiga da muke magana akai a nan ba komai bane, kuma Alice yana ganin rabinsa kawai. Bari mu yi ajiyar cewa lokacin sararin samaniya gaba ɗaya yana cikin yanayin ƙasa, wanda ke nufin babu ɓarna a ciki (ba shakka, ba ƙidaya Alice, Bob, Bill da roka ba). Amma ɓangaren sararin samaniya da Alice ke gani ba zai kasance a cikin ƙasa ba, amma a cikin yanayin da ke tattare da ɓangaren da ba ta gani ba. Lokaci-lokacin sararin samaniya da Alice ta gane yana cikin wani hadadden yanayi, yanayin adadi mara iyaka wanda ke da ƙarancin zafin jiki. Ƙididdigar Unruh ya nuna cewa wannan zafin ya kai kusan 60 nanokelvins. A taƙaice, kamar yadda Alice ke haɓakawa, da alama an nutsar da ita a cikin wani dumin wanka na radiation tare da zafin jiki daidai (a cikin raka'o'in da suka dace) zuwa haɓakar da aka raba ta
Shinkafa 7.1. Alice tana motsawa tare da hanzari daga hutawa, yayin da Bob da Bill ba su da motsi. Haɗawar Alice ne kawai ta yadda ba za ta taɓa ganin hotunan da Bob ya aika mata a t = 0. Duk da haka, ta karɓi photon ɗin da Bill ya aika mata a t = 0. Sakamakon shine cewa Alice tana iya lura da rabin lokacin sararin samaniya.
Abin ban mamaki game da lissafin Unruh shi ne, ko da yake suna nuni daga farko zuwa ƙarshe zuwa sararin samaniya, sun saba wa sanannun kalmomin King Lear, "Babu wani abu daga cikin kome." Ta yaya sararin sarari zai iya zama mai rikitarwa? A ina za a iya samun barbashi? Gaskiyar ita ce, bisa ga ka'idar ƙididdiga, sararin samaniya ba shi da komai. A ciki, nan da can, abubuwan farin ciki na ɗan gajeren lokaci suna bayyana kuma suna ɓacewa, wanda ake kira kwayoyin halitta, wanda makamashin zai iya zama mai kyau da kuma mummunan. Wani mai kallo daga nan gaba mai nisa - bari mu kira ta Carol - wanda zai iya ganin kusan dukkanin sararin samaniya zai iya tabbatar da cewa babu wani abu mai dorewa a ciki. Haka kuma, kasancewar barbashi tare da ingantacciyar kuzari a cikin wannan ɓangaren sararin samaniya wanda Alice ke iya lura da shi, saboda haɗaɗɗiyar ƙima, yana da alaƙa da haɓaka daidai da alamar kuzari a cikin ɓangaren sararin samaniya wanda ba a iya gani ga Alice. Dukan gaskiya game da fanko spacetime a matsayin dukan da aka bayyana wa Carol, da cewa gaskiyar ita ce, babu barbashi a can. Duk da haka, abin da Alice ta samu ya gaya mata cewa barbashi suna nan!
Amma sai dai itace cewa yanayin da Unruh ya ƙididdigewa alama ce kawai almara - ba haka ba ne dukiya na sararin samaniya kamar haka, amma dai dukiya na mai kallo yana fuskantar ci gaba a cikin sararin samaniya. Duk da haka, nauyi da kansa shine "ƙarfi" mai ƙarfi a cikin ma'anar cewa "hanzarin" da yake haifarwa ba kome ba ne face motsi tare da geodesic a cikin ma'auni mai lankwasa. Kamar yadda muka yi bayani a Babi na 2, ka'idar Einstein na daidaito ta bayyana cewa hanzari da nauyi suna daidai da gaske. Daga wannan ra'ayi, babu wani abu na musamman mai ban mamaki game da sararin samaniya na black hole yana da zafin jiki daidai da lissafin Unruh na zafin jiki na mai saurin kallo. Amma, za mu iya tambaya, wace ƙimar hanzari ya kamata mu yi amfani da ita don ƙayyade zafin jiki? Ta hanyar nisa da nisa daga ramin baki, za mu iya sanya jan hankalinsa ya zama mai rauni kamar yadda muke so. Shin wannan yana nufin cewa don tantance ingancin zafin rami mai baƙar fata da muke aunawa, muna buƙatar amfani da ƙaramin ƙimar hanzari daidai? Wannan tambayar ta zama mai ma'ana, domin, kamar yadda muka yi imani, yanayin zafi na abu ba zai iya raguwa ba bisa ka'ida ba. Ana ɗauka cewa yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙima mai ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙima waɗanda za a iya auna su ko da ta wurin mai kallo mai nisa.
source: www.habr.com