Boys daga Missouri
Joseph Carl Robert Licklider ya yi tasiri sosai a kan mutane. Ko a shekarunsa na farko, kafin ya shiga harkar kwamfuta, yana da hanyar bayyana wa mutane komai.
"Lick shine watakila mafi hazaka da na taɓa sani," William McGill daga baya ya bayyana a cikin wata hira da aka rubuta jim kaɗan bayan mutuwar Licklider a 1997. McGill ya bayyana a cikin wannan hirar cewa ya fara saduwa da Lick lokacin da ya shiga Jami'ar Harvard a matsayin ilimin halin dan Adam. wanda ya sauke karatu a shekara ta 1948: “Duk lokacin da na zo wurin Lick da shaidar wasu alaƙar lissafi, na gano cewa ya riga ya san waɗannan alaƙar. Amma bai yi aiki da su dalla-dalla ba, kawai ... ya san su. Ko ta yaya zai iya wakiltar kwararar bayanai, kuma ya ga alaƙa iri-iri waɗanda sauran mutanen da ke sarrafa alamomin lissafi kawai ba za su iya gani ba. Yana da ban mamaki cewa ya zama ainihin sufi ga dukanmu: Ta yaya Fuskar jahannama take yin haka? Yaya yake ganin waɗannan abubuwa?
"Tattaunawa da Leake game da wata matsala," in ji McGill, wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban Jami'ar Columbia, "ya inganta hankalina da kusan maki talatin IQ."
(Godiya ga Stanislav Sukhanitsky don fassarar; duk wanda yake son taimakawa da fassarar - rubuta a cikin saƙo na sirri ko imel [email kariya])
Lick ya yi irin wannan ra'ayi mai zurfi a kan George A. Miller, wanda ya fara aiki tare da shi a Harvard Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. "Lick ya kasance 'Yaron Ba'amurke' na gaskiya - doguwa, kyakkyawa mai kyan gani wanda ke da kyau a komai." Miller zai rubuta wannan shekaru da yawa bayan haka. "Mai ban sha'awa mai hankali da kirkira, da kuma rashin bege - lokacin da kuka yi kuskure, Face ta gamsar da kowa cewa kun faɗi mafi kyawun wargi. Yana son barkwanci. Yawancin abubuwan da na tuna shine ya faɗi wasu maganganun banza masu ban sha'awa, yawanci daga kwarewarsa, yayin da yake nuna alamar Coca-Cola a hannu ɗaya."
Ba kamar ya raba mutane ba. Yayin da Lick a takaice ya ƙunshi halayen ɗan Missouri, babu wanda zai iya tsayayya da murmushinsa mai gefe ɗaya; duk wanda ya yi magana da shi ya mayar da murmushi. Ya dubi duniyar rana da abokantaka, kuma ya fahimci duk wanda ya hadu da shi a matsayin mutumin kirki. Kuma yawanci yana aiki.
Shi ɗan Missouri ne, bayan haka. Sunan da kansa ya samo asali ne tun zamanin da suka gabata a Alsac-Lorrain, wani gari da ke kan iyakar Faransa da Jamus, amma danginsa a bangarorin biyu suna zaune a Missouri tun kafin yakin basasa. Mahaifinsa, Joseph Licksider, ɗan ƙasa ne daga tsakiyar jihar, yana zaune kusa da birnin Sedalia. Yusuf kuma kamar saurayi ne mai hazaka da kuzari. A cikin 1885, bayan mahaifinsa ya mutu a wani hatsarin da ya shafi doki, Yusufu ɗan shekara goma sha biyu ya ɗauki nauyin iyali. Da ya gane cewa shi da mahaifiyarsa da ’yar’uwarsa ba za su iya gudanar da gonar da kansu ba, sai ya tura su duka zuwa St. Louis kuma ya fara aiki a tashar jirgin kasa da ke yankin har sai da ya tura ‘yar uwarsa makarantar sakandare da kwaleji. Bayan ya yi haka, Yusuf ya tafi karatu a wani kamfanin talla don koyon rubutu da ƙira. Kuma yayin da ya sami ƙwarewa a cikin waɗannan ƙwarewa, ya canza zuwa inshora, daga ƙarshe ya zama mai sayar da lambar yabo kuma shugaban Cibiyar Kasuwancin Saint Louis.
A lokaci guda, a lokacin taron farfado da Baptist, Joseph Licklider ya kama idon Miss Margaret Robnett. "Na kalli ta daya," in ji daga baya, "na ji muryarta mai dadi tana waka a cikin mawaka, kuma na san na sami matar da nake so." Nan take ya fara daukar jirgin kasa zuwa gonar iyayenta duk karshen mako da niyyar aurenta. Ya yi nasara. An haifi ɗansu ɗaya tilo a St. Louis a ranar 11 ga Maris, 1915. An saka masa suna Joseph bayan mahaifinsa da Carl Robnett bayan ƙanin mahaifiyarsa.
Siffar yaron ta rana ta kasance mai fahimta. Joseph da Margaret sun isa su zama iyayen ɗa na fari, sa'an nan yana da arba'in da biyu ita kuma ta talatin da huɗu, kuma sun kasance masu tsauri a al'amuran addini da kyawawan halaye. Amma sun kasance ma’aurata masu ƙauna da ƙauna waɗanda suke jin daɗin ɗansu kuma suna yin bikinsa a kai a kai. Sauran sun yi haka: matashi Robnett, kamar yadda suka kira shi a gida, ba kawai ɗa kaɗai ba, amma har ma jikan daya tilo a bangarorin biyu na iyali. Yayin da yake girma, iyayensa sun ƙarfafa shi ya koyi darussan piano, darussan wasan tennis, da duk wani abu da ya ɗauka, musamman a fannin fasaha. Kuma Robnett bai ba su kunya ba, kasancewar ya girma ya zama mutum mai haske, mai kuzari tare da raha, sha'awar da ba za ta iya ba, da kuma dawwamammen soyayya ga abubuwan fasaha.
Lokacin yana ɗan shekara goma sha biyu, alal misali, shi, kamar kowane yaro a Saint Louis, ya sami sha'awar kera jiragen sama samfurin. Watakila hakan ya faru ne saboda karuwar masana'antar kera jiragen sama a birninsa. Wataƙila saboda Lindbergh, wanda kawai ya yi balaguron solo a duniya a haye Tekun Atlantika a cikin jirgin da ake kira Ruhun Saint Louis. Ko wataƙila saboda jiragen sama abubuwan al'ajabi ne na fasaha na ƙarni. Ba komai - yaran Saint Louis sun kasance mahaukata masu kera jirgin sama. Kuma babu wanda zai iya sake ƙirƙirar su fiye da Robnett Licklider. Da izinin iyayensa ya maida dakinsa wani abu kamar aikin sare itatuwan balsa. Ya sayi hotuna da tsare-tsare na jirgin, kuma ya zana dalla-dalla zanen jirgin da kansa. Ya sassaƙa itacen balsam ɗin ba tare da kula sosai ba. Kuma ya tsaya har dare yana haɗa gunduwa-gunduwa, yana rufe fuka-fuki da jiki a cikin cellophane, da gaske yana zana sassan, kuma babu shakka ya ɗan wuce cikin ruwa da samfurin manne jirgin sama. Ya yi kyau sosai har wani kamfani na kayan ƙirƙira ya biya shi don zuwa wasan kwaikwayo na iska a Indianapolis don ya nuna wa iyaye maza da ’ya’ya a wurin yadda aka yi samfuran.
Kuma a sa'an nan, yayin da lokaci ya gabato don muhimmin ranar haihuwarsa na goma sha shida, sha'awarsa ya canza zuwa motoci. Ba sha'awar yin aiki da injuna ba ne, yana so ya fahimci ƙira da aikin su sosai. Don haka iyayensa suka ba shi izinin siyan motar da ba ta dace ba, muddin bai wuce ta ba fiye da doguwar titinsu mai lanƙwasa.
Matashi Robnett cikin farin ciki ya rabu kuma ya sake haɗa wannan injin mafarki akai-akai, yana farawa da injin kuma kowane lokaci yana ƙara sabon sashi don ganin abin da ya faru: "Ok, wannan shine yadda yake aiki da gaske." Margaret Licklider, wanda wannan baiwar fasaha mai tasowa ta burge shi, ta tsaya kusa da shi yayin da yake aiki a karkashin motar ta kuma mika masa makullan da yake bukata. Ta sami lasisin tuƙi a ranar 11 ga Maris, 1931, ranar haihuwarsa ta sha shida. Kuma a shekarun da suka biyo baya, ya ki biyan kudin mota sama da dala hamsin, ko wace siffa ce, zai iya gyara ta ya tuka mota. (Ya fuskanci fushin hauhawar farashin kaya, an tilasta masa ya ɗaga wannan iyaka zuwa $150)
Rob dan shekara sha shida, kamar yadda abokan karatunsa suka san shi a yanzu, ya yi tsayi tsayi, kyawawa, mai wasan motsa jiki a bayyanarsa da sada zumunci, da gashin rana da shudin idanu wanda ya yi kama da shi kansa Lindbergh. Ya buga wasan tennis mai gasa sosai (kuma ya ci gaba da buga wasa har sai da ya kai shekaru 20, lokacin da ya samu rauni wanda ya hana shi buga wasa). Kuma, ba shakka, yana da kyawawan halaye na Kudu. Ya zama dole ya kasance da su: kullum yana kewaye da mata marasa kyau daga kudu. Lickliders sun raba wani tsohon da babban gida a Jami'ar City, wani yanki na Jami'ar Washington, tare da mahaifiyar Yusufu, 'yar'uwar Margaret da mahaifinta, da kuma sauran 'yar'uwar Margaret. Kowace yamma tun Robnett yana da shekaru biyar, ya zama aikinsa da mutuncinsa ya gaisa da goggonsa, ya raka ta zuwa teburin cin abinci, ya riqe gadonta kamar yadda mai mutunci zai yi. Ko a lokacin da yake balagagge, an san Leake a matsayin mutum mai tsananin ladabi da dabara wanda ba kasafai ya daga muryarsa cikin fushi ba, wanda kusan ko da yaushe yakan sanya rigar riga da baka ko a gida, wanda kuma ya gagara zama a jiki lokacin da mace ta shiga dakin. .
Duk da haka, Rob Licklider kuma ya girma ya zama saurayi mai ra'ayi. Lokacin da yake ƙarami, bisa ga labarin da ya faɗa akai-akai daga baya, mahaifinsa ya yi hidima a cocin Baptist na yankinsu. Sa’ad da Yusufu ya yi addu’a, aikin ɗansa shi ne ya shiga ƙarƙashin maɓallan sashin jiki ya yi amfani da makullin, yana taimakon tsohuwar ƙwayar cuta wadda ba ta iya yi da kanta ba. Wata ranar Asabar da yamma mai barci, sa’ad da Robnett ke gab da yin barci a ƙarƙashin sashin jiki, ya ji mahaifinsa ya yi kuka ga ikilisiyarsa: “Ku masu neman ceto, ku tashi!”, saboda haka, da basira ya yi tsalle ya tashi ya buge shi. kansa a kasan makullin gabobin . Maimakon ya sami ceto, ya ga taurari.
Wannan gogewa, in ji Leak, ta ba shi haske nan take ga hanyar kimiyya: Koyaushe ka mai da hankali sosai a cikin aikinka da kuma cikin shelar bangaskiyarka.
Kashi uku na karni bayan wannan lamarin, ba shakka, ba zai yiwu a gano ko matashi Robnett ya koyi wannan darasi ta hanyar lanƙwasa maɓallan ba. Amma idan muka yi la'akari da nasarorin da ya samu a tsawon rayuwarsa ta gaba, za mu iya cewa babu shakka ya koyi wannan darasi a wani wuri. Ƙarƙashin ƙaƙƙarfan sha'awar sa na yin abubuwa da kuma sha'awarsa marar karewa shine cikakken rashin haƙuri ga aiki mara kyau, mafita mai sauƙi, ko amsoshi na fure. Ya ki yin sulhu ga talakawa. Matashin wanda daga baya zai yi magana game da "Intergalactic Computer System" kuma ya buga ƙwararrun takardu masu taken "System of Systems" da "Frameless, Cordless Rat Shocker" ya nuna tunanin da ke ci gaba da neman sababbin abubuwa kuma cikin wasa akai-akai.
Ya kuma yi ‘yar karamar rashin lafiya. Misali, sa’ad da ya shiga rikici da wauta a hukumance, bai taɓa yin tsayayya da shi kai tsaye ba; imani da cewa mutumi bai taɓa yin wani abu a cikin jininsa ba. Yana son ya juyar da ita. A lokacin da ya shiga kungiyar Sigma Chi a shekararsa ta farko a Jami’ar Washington, an sanar da shi cewa, ana bukatar kowane memba na kungiyar ya rika daukar sigari iri biyu tare da shi a kowane lokaci, idan wani babban dan kungiyar ya nemi a ba shi. daya a kowane lokaci na rana ko dare. Ba mai shan taba ba, da sauri ya fita ya sayi sigari na Masar mafi ƙanƙanta da ya iya samu a St. Louis. Babu wanda ya tambaye shi taba sigari bayan haka.
A halin yanzu, ƙin yarda na har abada na gamsuwa da abubuwa na yau da kullun ya kai shi ga tambayoyi marasa iyaka game da ma’anar rayuwa. Ya kuma canza halinsa. Ya kasance "Robnett" a gida kuma "Rob" ga abokan karatunsa, amma yanzu, a fili don jaddada sabon matsayinsa na dalibin kwaleji, ya fara kiran kansa da sunansa na tsakiya: "Kira ni fuska." Tun daga wannan lokacin, manyan abokansa ne kawai suke da ra'ayin wanene "Rob Licklider".
Daga cikin duk abubuwan da zai iya yi a jami'a, matashin Leake ya zaɓi karatu - yana farin cikin girma a matsayinsa na ƙwararre a kowane fanni na ilimi kuma a duk lokacin da Leake ya ji wani yana sha'awar sabon fannin karatu, shi ma yana son gwadawa. don nazarin wannan yanki . Ya karanci fasaha a shekararsa ta farko sannan ya koma aikin injiniya. Sannan ya koma physics da mathematics. Kuma, mafi disconcertingly, shi ma ya zama kwararre a cikin hakikanin duniya: a karshen shekararsa ta biyu, barayi sun tarwatsa kamfanin inshora na mahaifinsa don haka ya rufe, ya bar Yusufu ba tare da aiki ba kuma dansa ba tare da ikon biyan kuɗin koyarwa ba. An tilasta wa Lik barin karatunsa na shekara guda kuma ya tafi aiki a matsayin mai hidima a gidan abinci na masu ababen hawa. Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan ayyukan da za a iya samu a lokacin Babban Mawuyacin hali. (Joseph Licklider, yana hauka kawai yana zaune a gida kewaye da matan Kudu, wata rana ya sami taron masu bautar Baftisma na karkara waɗanda suke buƙatar minista; shi da Margaret sun ƙare sauran kwanakinsu suna hidima ɗaya bayan ɗaya, suna jin daɗin farin ciki bayan haka. .) Lokacin da Lick ya koma koyarwa a ƙarshe, yana kawo masa sha'awar da ake buƙata don neman ilimi mai zurfi, ɗaya daga cikin ayyukansa na ɗan lokaci yana kula da dabbobin gwaji a sashen ilimin halin ɗan adam. Kuma a lokacin da ya fara fahimtar nau'ikan binciken da furofesoshi suke yi, ya san bincikensa ya ƙare.
Abin da ya ci karo da shi shi ne ilimin halin “physiological” – wannan fanni na ilimi a wancan lokacin yana tsakiyar ci gabansa. A kwanakin nan, wannan fanni na ilimi ya sami sunan gabaɗayan ilimin neuroscience: yana magana ne game da daidaitaccen, cikakken binciken kwakwalwa da aikinta.
Dabi'a ce mai tushe tun daga karni na 19, lokacin da masana kimiyya irin su Thomas Huxley, babban mai kare Darwin, suka fara jayayya cewa halayya, kwarewa, tunani, har ma da hankali suna da tushen abin duniya da ke rayuwa a cikin kwakwalwa. Wannan matsayi ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi a wancan zamani, domin bai shafi kimiyya sosai ba kamar addini. A gaskiya ma, yawancin masana kimiyya da masana falsafa a farkon karni na sha tara sun yi ƙoƙari su yi jayayya ba wai kawai cewa kwakwalwa an yi shi da wani abu mai ban mamaki ba, amma cewa yana wakiltar wurin zama na hankali da wurin zama na rai, yana keta dukan dokokin kimiyyar lissafi. Binciken, duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba ya nuna akasin haka. A farkon 1861, wani bincike na yau da kullum game da marasa lafiya da suka lalata kwakwalwa da masanin ilimin lissafi na Faransa Paul Broca ya haifar da haɗin kai na farko tsakanin wani takamaiman aiki na hankali-harshe-da wani yanki na kwakwalwa: wani yanki na hagu na hagu kwakwalwa yanzu da aka sani da yankin Broca. A farkon karni na 20, an san cewa kwakwalwa wata gabo ce ta lantarki, tare da motsin rai da ake yadawa ta biliyoyin sirara, masu kama da na USB da ake kira neurons. A shekara ta 1920, an kafa cewa yankuna na kwakwalwa da ke da alhakin basirar motoci da tabawa suna cikin layi guda biyu na nau'in nau'i na neuronal da ke gefen kwakwalwa. Har ila yau, an san cewa cibiyoyin da ke da alhakin hangen nesa suna a bayan kwakwalwa - abin mamaki, wannan shi ne yanki mafi nisa daga idanu - yayin da cibiyoyin ji suna samuwa inda tunani zai iya ba da shawara: a cikin lobe na wucin gadi, a bayan baya. kunnuwa.
Amma ko da wannan aikin ya kasance mai tsauri. Tun daga lokacin da Leake ya ci karo da wannan fanni na ilimi a cikin shekarun 1930, masu bincike sun fara amfani da na'urorin lantarki masu inganci wadanda kamfanonin rediyo da tarho ke amfani da su. Yin amfani da electroencephalography, ko EEG, za su iya saurara kan ayyukan wutar lantarki na kwakwalwa, suna samun daidaitattun karatu daga na'urorin gano da aka sanya a kai. Masanan kimiyya kuma za su iya shiga cikin kwanyar su yi amfani da takamaiman abin da zai iya motsa jiki ga ita kanta kwakwalwa, sannan su auna yadda amsawar jijiya ke yaduwa zuwa sassa daban-daban na tsarin juyayi. (A shekara ta 1950, za su iya, a gaskiya, su motsa da karanta ayyukan ƙwayoyin jijiya guda ɗaya.) Ta hanyar wannan tsari, masana kimiyya sun iya gano hanyoyin jijiyar kwakwalwa tare da daidaitattun da ba a taɓa gani ba. A takaice dai, masana kimiyyar ilimin halittar jiki sun yi nisa daga farkon karni na 19 na hangen kwakwalwa a matsayin wani abu na sufi, zuwa hangen kwakwalwar karni na 20 inda kwakwalwa ta kasance wani abu da aka sani. Tsari ne na rikitarwa mai ban mamaki, don zama daidai. Amma duk da haka, tsarin ne wanda bai bambanta da na’urorin lantarki da ke dada sarkakiya da masana kimiyyar lissafi da injiniyoyi ke ginawa a dakunan gwaje-gwajensu ba.
Fuskar tana cikin sama. Physiological Psychology yana da duk abin da ya ke so: lissafi, Electronics, da kalubale na deciphering mafi hadaddun na'urar - kwakwalwa. Ya jefa kansa cikin filin, kuma ta hanyar koyo wanda, ba shakka, ba zai iya hangowa ba, ya ɗauki babban matakinsa na farko zuwa ofishin a Pentagon. Idan aka yi la’akari da duk abin da ya faru a baya, sha’awar farko ta Lick game da ilimin halin ɗan adam zai iya zama kamar ɓarna, ɓarna, ɓarna ga ɗan shekara ashirin da biyar daga ƙarshe na zaɓin sana’a a kimiyyar kwamfuta. Amma a haƙiƙanin gaskiya, iliminsa a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam shine tushen tunaninsa na amfani da kwamfuta. A gaskiya ma, duk majagaba na kimiyyar kwamfuta na zamaninsa sun fara aikin su a cikin 1940s da 1950s, tare da ilimin lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi, ko injiniyan lantarki, wanda tsarin fasaha ya sa su mayar da hankali ga ƙirƙira da inganta na'urori - yin inji mafi girma, da sauri. , kuma mafi aminci. Leak ya kasance na musamman domin ya kawo wa fagen mutunta iyawar mutane: ikon fahimta, daidaitawa, yin zaɓi, da nemo sabbin hanyoyin magance matsalolin da ba za a iya magance su ba. A matsayin masanin ilimin halin dan Adam na gwaji, ya sami waɗannan iyawar sun kasance masu ƙwarewa da mutuntawa kamar ikon kwamfutoci don aiwatar da algorithms. Kuma wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ainihin kalubalen da ya fuskanta shi ne ya danganta kwamfutar da mutanen da ke amfani da su, don yin amfani da karfin duka biyun.
A kowane hali, a wannan mataki alkiblar ci gaban Lik ya fito fili. A 1937, ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Washington da digiri uku a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, lissafi da kuma ilimin halin dan Adam. Ya zauna a karin shekara don kammala digirinsa na biyu a fannin ilimin halin dan Adam. (Rubutun digiri na masters da aka ba "Robnett Licklider" shine watakila rikodin shi na ƙarshe da ya bayyana a cikin bugawa.) Kuma a cikin 1938, ya shiga shirin digiri na digiri a Jami'ar Rochester a New York, daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin al'umma. don nazarin yanki na ji na kwakwalwa, yankin da ke gaya mana yadda ya kamata mu ji.
Tashin Leake daga Missouri ya shafi fiye da canjin adireshi kawai. A cikin shekaru ashirin na farko na rayuwarsa, Lick ya kasance ɗa abin koyi ga iyayensa, yana halartar taron Baptist da addu'a da aminci sau uku ko huɗu a mako. Duk da haka, bayan ya bar gida, ƙafarsa ba ta sake ketare ƙofar cocin ba. Ya kasa gaya wa iyayensa haka, domin ya gane cewa za su sha azaba mai tsanani sa’ad da suka ji cewa ya bar bangaskiyar da suke ƙauna. Amma ya sami hani na rayuwar Baptist ta Kudu da tsananin zalunci. Mafi mahimmanci, ba zai iya faɗin bangaskiyar da bai ji ba. Kamar yadda ya lura daga baya, sa’ad da aka tambaye shi yadda yake ji a taron addu’a, ya ce, “Ban ji kome ba.”
Idan abubuwa da yawa sun canza, aƙalla abu ɗaya ya rage: Leake ya kasance tauraro a sashin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Jami'ar Washington, kuma ya kasance tauraro a Rochester. Don karatun digirinsa na PhD, ya yi taswirar farko na ayyukan neuronal a cikin yanki na sauraro. Musamman ma, ya gano yankuna waɗanda kasancewarsu ke da mahimmanci don bambancewa tsakanin mitocin sauti daban-daban, ikon asali wanda ke ba mutum damar bambance yanayin kiɗan. Kuma daga karshe ya zama kwararre a fannin na’urorin lantarki na vacuum tube – ballantana ya zama mayen sihiri wajen kafa gwaje-gwaje – wanda har farfesa ya zo nemansa.
Har ila yau, Lick ya bambanta kansa a Kwalejin Swarthmore, a wajen Philadelphia, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in digiri na biyu bayan ya sami digiri na uku a 1942. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin da ya yi a wannan kwalejin, ya tabbatar da cewa, sabanin ka'idar Gestalt, fahimtar bayanai, Magnetic coils da aka sanya a kusa da shi. bayan kan batun ba ya haifar da karkatar da fahimta - duk da haka, suna sa gashin batun ya tsaya a ƙarshe.
Gabaɗaya, 1942 ba shekara ce mai kyau don rayuwar rashin kulawa ba. Ayyukan Lick, kamar na sauran masu bincike marasa adadi, na gab da ɗaukar juyi mai ban mamaki.
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source: www.habr.com