Ƙirƙirar motoci masu tuƙi waɗanda za su iya yanke shawara irin na ɗan adam ya kasance dogon buri na kamfanoni kamar Waymo, GM Cruise, Uber da sauransu. Intel Mobileye yana ba da samfurin lissafi na Responsibility-Sensitive Safety (RSS), wanda kamfanin ya bayyana a matsayin "hanyar ma'ana" wacce ke da alaƙa ta hanyar tsara autopilot don nuna hali "da kyau," kamar baiwa wasu motoci 'yancin hanya. A gefe guda, NVIDIA tana haɓaka Filin Tsaro na Tsaro, fasahar yanke shawara ta tsarin da ke sa ido kan ayyukan rashin tsaro na masu amfani da hanya ta hanyar nazarin bayanai daga na'urori masu auna abin hawa a ainihin lokacin. Yanzu ƙungiyar masana kimiyya daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) ta shiga wannan bincike tare da ba da shawarar wata sabuwar hanya dangane da yin amfani da taswirar GPS-kamar GPS da bayanan gani da aka samu daga kyamarori da aka sanya a cikin motar ta yadda matukin jirgin zai iya kewayawa a kan wanda ba a sani ba. hanyoyi kama da mutum.
Mutane sun kware wajen tukin motoci akan hanyoyin da ba su taɓa shiga ba. Muna kawai kwatanta abin da muke gani a kusa da mu da abin da muke gani akan na'urorin GPS ɗin mu don sanin inda muke da kuma inda muke buƙatar zuwa. Motoci masu tuka kansu, a daya bangaren, suna samun matukar wahala wajen kewaya sassan titin da ba a san su ba. Ga kowane sabon wuri, matukin jirgi yana buƙatar bincika sabuwar hanya a hankali, kuma galibi tsarin sarrafawa ta atomatik yana dogara da hadaddun taswirorin 3D waɗanda masu siyarwa suke shirya musu a gaba.
A cikin wata takarda da aka gabatar a wannan makon a taron kasa da kasa kan Robotics da Automation, masu binciken MIT sun bayyana tsarin tuki mai cin gashin kansa wanda "koyi" kuma yana tunawa da tsarin yanke shawara na direban ɗan adam yayin da suke kewaya hanyoyi a cikin ƙaramin yanki ta amfani da bayanai kawai daga bidiyo. kyamarori da taswira mai sauƙi kamar GPS. Mai horar da matukin jirgi zai iya tuka motar da babu direba a wani sabon wuri, yana kwaikwayon tukin ɗan adam.
Kamar dai ɗan adam, matuƙin jirgin kuma yana gano duk wani bambance-bambance tsakanin taswirar sa da fasalin hanyar. Wannan yana taimaka wa tsarin sanin ko matsayinsa akan hanya, firikwensin, ko taswira ba daidai ba ne don ya iya gyara hanyar abin hawa.
Don horar da tsarin da farko, wani ma'aikacin ɗan adam ya tuka motar Toyota Prius mai sarrafa kansa sanye da kyamarori da yawa da tsarin kewayawa na GPS don tattara bayanai daga titunan kewayen birni na gida, gami da tsarin hanyoyi daban-daban da cikas. Daga nan sai tsarin ya yi nasarar tuka motar ta hanyar da aka riga aka tsara a wani yankin dazuzzuka da aka yi niyyar gwada motocin masu cin gashin kansu.
"Tare da tsarinmu, ba dole ba ne ka horar da kowane hanya a gaba," in ji marubucin binciken Alexander Amini, ɗalibin kammala karatun digiri na MIT. "Zaku iya zazzage sabuwar taswira don motarku don kewaya hanyoyin da ba a taɓa gani ba."
"Manufarmu ita ce ƙirƙirar kewayawa mai cin gashin kansa wanda ke da juriya ga tuƙi a cikin sabbin wurare," in ji mawallafin marubuci Daniela Rus, darektan Kimiyyar Kwamfuta da Laboratory Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL). "Alal misali, idan muka horar da mota mai cin gashin kanta don yin tuƙi a cikin birane kamar titunan Cambridge, tsarin dole ne ya iya tuƙi cikin kwanciyar hankali a cikin dajin, koda kuwa bai taɓa ganin irin wannan yanayi ba."
Tsarin kewayawa na al'ada suna aiwatar da bayanan firikwensin ta hanyar na'urori masu yawa waɗanda aka saita don ayyuka kamar su yanki, taswira, gano abu, shirin motsi da tuƙi. Shekaru da yawa, ƙungiyar Daniela tana haɓaka tsarin kewayawa na ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshen waɗanda ke sarrafa bayanan firikwensin da sarrafa motar ba tare da buƙatar kowane na'urori na musamman ba. Har ya zuwa yanzu, duk da haka, ana amfani da waɗannan samfuran sosai don tafiya lafiya a kan hanya, ba tare da wata manufa ta gaske ba. A cikin sabon aikin, masu binciken sun sabunta tsarin su na ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshen don motsi zuwa manufa a cikin yanayin da ba a sani ba a baya. Don yin wannan, masana kimiyya sun horar da autopilot don yin hasashen cikakken yiwuwar rarraba ga duk yuwuwar umarnin sarrafawa a kowane lokaci yayin tuƙi.
Tsarin yana amfani da samfurin koyo na inji mai suna convolutional neural network (CNN), wanda akafi amfani dashi don gane hoto. A lokacin horo, tsarin yana lura da halayen tuki na direban ɗan adam. CNN tana daidaita jujjuyawar sitiyari tare da karkatar hanyar, wanda yake dubawa ta kyamarori da kan ƙaramin taswirar sa. A sakamakon haka, tsarin yana koyon mafi kusantar umarnin tuƙi don yanayin tuki daban-daban, kamar madaidaiciyar hanyoyi, madaidaitan hanyoyi huɗu ko T-junctions, cokali mai yatsu da juyawa.
"Da farko, a tsakiyar T-m, akwai hanyoyi daban-daban da mota za ta iya juya," in ji Rus. “Tsarin ya fara ne da tunanin duk waɗannan kwatance, kuma yayin da CNN ke samun ƙarin bayanai game da abubuwan da mutane ke yi a wasu yanayi a kan hanya, za a ga cewa wasu direbobi sun juya hagu wasu kuma sun juya dama, amma ba wanda ke tafiya kai tsaye. . An fitar da madaidaiciya gaba a matsayin jagora mai yuwuwa, kuma samfurin ya kammala cewa a wuraren T-junctions yana iya motsawa hagu ko dama kawai. "
Yayin tuƙi, CNN kuma tana fitar da fasalin hanyoyin gani daga kyamarori, yana ba shi damar hasashen yiwuwar sauye-sauyen hanya. Misali, yana bayyana alamar tsayawar ja ko layin da ya karye a gefen hanya a matsayin alamun wata mahadar mai zuwa. A kowane lokaci, tana amfani da hasashen yiwuwar rarraba umarnin sarrafawa don zaɓar mafi kyawun umarni.
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa, a cewar masu binciken, matuƙin jirgin nasu na amfani da taswirori waɗanda ke da sauƙin adanawa da sarrafawa. Tsarukan sarrafawa masu cin gashin kansu galibi suna amfani da taswirorin lidar, waɗanda ke ɗaukar kusan 4000 GB na bayanai don adana kawai birnin San Francisco. Ga kowane sabon makoma, dole ne motar tayi amfani da ƙirƙirar sabbin taswira, wanda ke buƙatar adadin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai yawa. A gefe guda kuma, taswirar da sabon Autopilot ya yi amfani da shi ya shafi duk duniya yayin da ya mallaki gigabytes 40 na bayanai kawai.
A lokacin tuƙi mai cin gashin kansa, tsarin kuma koyaushe yana kwatanta bayanansa na gani tare da bayanan taswira kuma yana nuna duk wani bambance-bambance. Wannan yana taimaka wa abin hawa mai cin gashin kansa ya fi sanin inda yake kan hanya. Kuma wannan yana tabbatar da cewa motar ta tsaya a kan hanya mafi aminci, koda kuwa ta karɓi bayanan shigar da suka saba wa juna: idan, a ce, motar tana tafiya a kan madaidaiciyar hanya ba tare da jujjuya ba, kuma GPS yana nuna cewa motar ta juya dama, motar za ta kasance. san tafiya kai tsaye ko tsayawa.
"A cikin duniyar gaske, na'urori masu auna firikwensin sun gaza," in ji Amin. "Muna son tabbatar da cewa matukin jirginmu ya jure ga gazawar firikwensin daban-daban ta hanyar ƙirƙirar tsarin da zai iya karɓar kowane siginar amo kuma har yanzu yana kewaya hanya daidai."
source: 3dnews.ru