Kwayar Linux ta cika shekaru 30 da haihuwa

A ranar 25 ga Agusta, 1991, bayan watanni biyar na haɓakawa, ɗalibi 21 mai shekaru 1.08 Linus Torvalds ya sanar a rukunin labarai na comp.os.minix ƙirƙirar samfurin aiki na sabon tsarin aiki na Linux, wanda aka kammala tashar jiragen ruwa na bash. 1.40 da gcc 17 an lura. An sanar da sakin farko na jama'a na Linux a ranar 0.0.1 ga Satumba. Kernel 62 ya kasance 10 KB a girman a cikin nau'i mai matsewa kuma ya ƙunshi kusan layin 28 dubu na lambar tushe. Kwayar Linux ta zamani tana da layukan lamba sama da miliyan 2010. A cewar wani bincike na 13 da Tarayyar Turai ta ba da izini, kimanin kuɗin haɓaka aikin da ya yi kama da kwaya na Linux na zamani daga karce zai wuce dalar Amurka biliyan ɗaya (an yi lissafin lokacin da kernel yana da layukan lamba miliyan 3). bisa ga wasu ƙididdiga - fiye da biliyan XNUMX

Kwayar Linux ta sami wahayi daga tsarin aiki na MINIX, wanda Linus bai so ba saboda iyakanceccen lasisi. Daga baya, lokacin da Linux ya zama sanannen aiki, masu son zuciya sun yi ƙoƙari su zargi Linus da yin kwafin wasu ƙananan tsarin MINIX kai tsaye. Andrew Tanenbaum, marubucin MINIX, ya kori harin, wanda ya sanya ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibansa don gudanar da cikakken kwatancen lambar Minix da sigar jama'a na farko na Linux. Sakamakon binciken ya nuna kasancewar matches marasa mahimmanci guda huɗu kawai na tubalan lambar saboda buƙatun POSIX da ANSI C.

Tun asali Linus yayi tunanin kiran kernel Freax, daga kalmomin "kyauta", "freak" da X (Unix). Amma an ba da sunan "Linux" ga kwaya godiya ga Ari Lemmke, wanda, bisa ga buƙatar Linus, ya sanya kernel a kan uwar garken FTP na jami'a, yana ba da sunan shugabanci tare da tarihin ba "freax," kamar yadda Torvalds ya nema, amma "linux. ” Abin lura shi ne cewa hamshakin dan kasuwan nan William Della Croce ya yi nasarar yin rijistar alamar kasuwanci ta Linux kuma ya so ya karbo masarautu na tsawon lokaci, amma daga baya ya canza ra’ayinsa kuma ya mayar da duk wani hakki ga alamar kasuwanci ga Linus. An zaɓi mascot na hukuma na kernel Linux, Tux the penguin, sakamakon gasar da aka gudanar a 1996. Sunan Tux yana nufin Torvalds UniX.

Haɓaka haɓakar codebase (yawan layin lambar tushe) na kernel:

• 0.0.1 - Satumba 1991, 10 dubu layin code;
• 1.0.0 - Maris 1994, 176 dubu layin code;
• 1.2.0 - Maris 1995, 311 dubu layin code;
• 2.0.0 - Yuni 1996, 778 dubu layin code;
• 2.2.0 - Janairu 1999, layukan layukan miliyan 1.8;
• 2.4.0 - Janairu 2001, layukan layukan miliyan 3.4;
• 2.6.0 - Disamba 2003, 5.9 miliyan layin code;
• 2.6.28 - Disamba 2008, 10.2 miliyan layin code;
• 2.6.35 - Agusta 2010, 13.4 miliyan layin code;
• 3.0 - Agusta 2011, layukan lamba miliyan 14.6.
• 3.5 - Yuli 2012, layukan lamba miliyan 15.5.
• 3.10 - Yuli 2013, 15.8 miliyan layin code;
• 3.16 - Agusta 2014, 17.5 miliyan layin code;
• 4.1 - Yuni 2015, 19.5 miliyan layin code;
• 4.7 - Yuli 2016, 21.7 miliyan layin code;
• 4.12 - Yuli 2017, 24.1 miliyan layin code;
• 4.18 - Agusta 2018, layukan lamba miliyan 25.3.
• 5.2 - Yuli 2019, layukan lamba miliyan 26.55.
• 5.8 - Agusta 2020, layukan lamba miliyan 28.4.
• 5.13 - Yuni 2021, layukan lamba miliyan 29.2.

Babban Ci gaban Ci gaba:

• Linux 0.0.1 - Satumba 1991, saki na farko na jama'a yana goyan bayan i386 CPU kawai kuma yana tashi daga floppy;
• Linux 0.12 - Janairu 1992, lambar ta fara rarraba a ƙarƙashin lasisin GPLv2;
• Linux 0.95 - Maris 1992, ya kara da ikon gudanar da tsarin Window X, aiwatar da tallafi don ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ɓangaren musanyawa.
• Linux 0.96-0.99 - 1992-1993, an fara aiki akan tarawar sadarwar. An gabatar da tsarin fayil na Ext2, an ƙara goyon baya ga tsarin fayil na ELF, an gabatar da direbobi don katunan sauti da masu kula da SCSI, loda na'urorin kernel da tsarin fayil / proc.
• A 1992, an fara rarraba SLS da Yggdrasil. A lokacin rani na 1993, an kafa ayyukan Slackware da Debian.
• Linux 1.0 - Maris 1994, sakin farko a hukumance;
• Linux 1.2 - Maris 1995, wani gagarumin karuwa a yawan direbobi, goyon baya ga Alpha, MIPS da SPARC dandamali, fadada cibiyar sadarwa tari damar, bayyanar fakiti tace, NFS goyon bayan;
• Linux 2.0 - Yuni 1996, goyon bayan tsarin multiprocessor;
• Maris 1997: LKML, Linux kernel developer list aikawasiku an kafa;
• 1998: An ƙaddamar da gungu na tushen Top500 na farko na Linux, wanda ya ƙunshi nodes 68 tare da Alpha CPUs;
• Linux 2.2 - Janairu 1999, ingantaccen ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ƙarin tallafi ga IPv6, aiwatar da sabon tacewar wuta, gabatar da sabon tsarin sauti;
• Linux 2.4 - Fabrairu 2001, goyon bayan 8-processor tsarin da 64 GB na RAM, Ext3 fayil tsarin, USB goyon bayan, ACPI;
• Linux 2.6 - Disamba 2003, SELinux goyon bayan, atomatik kwaya siga tuning kayan aikin, sysfs, sake tsara tsarin kula da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya;
• A cikin 2005, an gabatar da Xen hypervisor, wanda ya haifar da zamanin haɓakawa;
• A watan Satumba na 2008, an ƙaddamar da farkon fitowar dandamali na Android bisa tushen Linux kernel;
• A cikin Yuli 2011, bayan shekaru 10 na ci gaba na reshe na 2.6.x, an canza canjin zuwa lambar 3.x. Adadin abubuwan da ke cikin ma'ajiyar Git ya kai miliyan 2;
• A cikin 2015, an saki Linux kernel 4.0. Adadin abubuwan git a cikin ma'ajiyar ya kai miliyan 4;
• A cikin watan Afrilun 2018, an ketare matakin abubuwan git miliyan 6 a cikin ma'ajiyar kwaya.
• A cikin Janairu 2019, an kafa reshen kernel Linux 5.0. Ma'ajiyar ta kai abubuwan git miliyan 6.5.
• Kernel 2020, wanda aka buga a watan Agusta 5.8, ya zama mafi girma dangane da adadin canje-canjen kernels yayin duk kasancewar aikin.
• Kernel 5.13 ya kafa rikodin adadin masu haɓakawa (2150), waɗanda canje-canjen su sun haɗa a cikin kwaya.
• A cikin 2021, an ƙara lambar don haɓaka direbobi a cikin yaren Rust zuwa reshen kernel na Linux na gaba. Ana ci gaba da aiki don haɗa abubuwan haɗin gwiwa don tallafawa Rust cikin ainihin kwaya.

Kashi 68% na duk canje-canje zuwa ainihin kamfanoni 20 ne suka yi. Misali, lokacin haɓaka kernel 5.13, 10% na duk canje-canje an shirya ta Intel, 6.5% na Huawei, 5.9% ta Red Hat, 5.7% ta Linaro, 4.9% ta Google, 4.8% ta AMD, 3.1% ta NVIDIA, 2.8 % ta Facebook, 2.3% - SUSE, 2.1% - IBM, 1.9% - Oracle, 1.5% - ARM, 1.4% - Canonical. 13.2% na canje-canje an shirya su ta hanyar masu ba da gudummawa masu zaman kansu ko masu haɓakawa waɗanda ba su bayyana a sarari cewa suna aiki ga wasu kamfanoni ba. 1.3% na canje-canje an shirya ta dalibai, daliban digiri da kuma wakilan cibiyoyin ilimi. Dangane da adadin layukan lambar 5.13 da aka ƙara a cikin kwaya, AMD shine jagora, wanda rabonsa shine 20.2% (direban amdgpu yana da kusan layin lamba miliyan 3, wanda shine kusan 10% na jimlar kernel - miliyan 2.4). ana lissafin layukan ta fayilolin kai da aka samar ta atomatik tare da bayanai don rajistar GPU).

source: budenet.ru