Ɗaya daga cikin mafi ban mamaki kuma ba a fahimci "al'amura" ba shine kwakwalwar ɗan adam. Tambayoyi da yawa sun shafi wannan hadadden sashin jiki: me yasa muke yin mafarki, ta yaya motsin zuciyarmu ke tasiri ga yanke shawara, wane nau'in jijiyoyi ke da alhakin fahimtar haske da sauti, me yasa wasu mutane suke son sprat yayin da wasu ke son zaitun? Duk wadannan tambayoyi sun shafi kwakwalwa, domin ita ce cibiyar sarrafa jikin mutum. Shekaru da yawa, masana kimiyya sun ba da kulawa ta musamman ga kwakwalwar mutanen da ko ta yaya suka yi fice a cikin taron (daga masu ilimin kai har zuwa lissafin psychopaths). Amma akwai nau'in mutanen da dabi'un da ba a saba da su ba suna da alaƙa da shekarun su - matasa. Matasa da yawa suna da ma'anar sabani, ruhin sha'awar sha'awa da sha'awar samun kasada don amfaninsu. Masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania sun yanke shawarar yin nazari sosai a kan ɓoyayyen kwakwalwar matasa da hanyoyin da ke faruwa a cikinsu. Mun koyi abin da suka yi nasarar ganowa daga rahoton nasu. Tafi
Tushen bincike
Duk wata na'ura a cikin fasaha da kowace gabo a cikin jiki suna da nasu gine-ginen da ke ba su damar yin aiki yadda ya kamata. An tsara cortex na ɗan adam bisa ga tsarin aiki, kama daga unimodal na hankali bawo* kuma yana ƙarewa tare da transmodal kungiyar cortex*.
Sirrik cortex* wani bangare ne na cortex na cerebral da ke da alhakin tattarawa da sarrafa bayanan da aka samu daga gabobin (ido, harshe, hanci, kunnuwa, fata da tsarin vestibular).
Ƙungiyar cortex * wani ɓangare ne na ɓangaren kwakwalwa na kwakwalwa wanda ke da hannu wajen aiwatar da motsin da aka tsara. Lokacin da za mu yi kowane motsi, dole ne kwakwalwarmu ta san inda jiki da sassansa da za su motsa suke a wannan daƙiƙa, da kuma inda abubuwan da ke waje da muke shirin yin hulɗa da su suke. Misali, kana so ka dauki kofi, kuma kwakwalwarka ta riga ta san inda hannu da kofin da kanta suke.
An ƙayyade wannan matsayi na aiki ta hanyar tsarin jiki na hanyoyi farar fata*, wanda ke daidaita ayyukan jijiyoyi masu aiki tare da sani*.
Farin al'amari* - idan al'amarin launin toka ya ƙunshi neurons, to, kwayar halitta ta ƙunshi axon da aka rufe da myelin, tare da abubuwan motsa jiki daga jikin tantanin halitta zuwa wasu kwayoyin halitta da gabobin.
Fahimci* (cognition) - tsarin tsarin da ke hade da samun sabon ilimi game da duniyar da ke kewaye da mu.
Juyin Halitta na ƙwayar cuta a cikin primates da ci gaban kwakwalwar ɗan adam suna da alaƙa da haɓakar manufa da kuma sake fasalin yankunan haɗin gwiwar transmodal, waɗanda su ne tushen tsarin tafiyar da wakilci na bayanai da ƙa'idodin ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi don cimma burin.
Tsarin ci gaban kwakwalwa yana ɗaukar lokaci mai yawa, lokacin da yawancin matakai na inganta kwakwalwa a matsayin tsarin faruwa: myelination*, pruning synaptic* da sauransu.
Magani* - oligodendrocyte (wani nau'in sel masu taimako na tsarin juyayi) suna lullube ɗaya ko wani ɓangare na axon, sakamakon haka oligodendrocyte ɗaya yana sadarwa tare da neurons da yawa lokaci ɗaya. Mafi yawan aiki da axon, mafi yawan myelinated shi ne, saboda wannan yana ƙara ƙarfinsa.
Yadda ake yin datti* - rage yawan adadin synapses / neurons don haɓaka ingantaccen tsarin neuro, watau. kawar da haɗin da ba dole ba. A wasu kalmomi, wannan shine aiwatar da ka'idar "ba da yawa ba, amma ta inganci."
A lokacin ci gaban kwakwalwa, an kafa ƙayyadaddun aiki a cikin ƙungiyar transmodal cortex, wanda ke shafar kai tsaye ga ci gaban manyan ayyuka na zartarwa, kamar su. memory aiki*, sassaucin fahimta* и hana hanawa*.
Memorin aiki* - tsarin fahimi don adana bayanai na wucin gadi. Ana kunna wannan nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yayin aiwatar da ayyukan tunani da ke gudana kuma yana shiga cikin yanke shawara da samar da martanin ɗabi'a.
Sassaucin fahimta* - ikon canzawa daga wannan tunani zuwa wani da/ko tunanin abubuwa da yawa lokaci guda.
Ikon hanawa* (amsar hanawa) wani aiki ne na zartarwa wanda ke kula da ikon mutum don murkushe halayen halayensa na sha'awa (na halitta, al'ada ko rinjaye) ga abubuwan motsa jiki don aiwatar da amsa mafi dacewa ga wani yanayi na musamman (maganin waje).
Nazarin haɗin ginin-aiki na kwakwalwa ya fara tuntuni. Tare da zuwan ka'idar cibiyar sadarwa, ya zama mai yiwuwa a iya ganin haɗin gine-gine-aiki a cikin tsarin neurobiological da kuma rarraba su zuwa sassa. A ainihinsa, haɗin-tsari-aiki shine matakin da rarraba hanyoyin haɗin jiki a cikin yankin kwakwalwa yana goyan bayan ayyukan jijiya mai aiki tare.
An sami dangantaka mai ƙarfi tsakanin matakan haɗin ginin da aiki a ma'auni daban-daban na spatiotemporal. Wato, ƙarin hanyoyin bincike na zamani sun ba da damar rarraba wasu sassan kwakwalwa gwargwadon yanayin aikinsu da ke da alaƙa da shekarun yankin da girmansa.
Duk da haka, masanan kimiyya sun ce a halin yanzu akwai ƙananan shaida na yadda canje-canje a cikin gine-ginen fararen kwayoyin halitta a lokacin haɓaka kwakwalwar ɗan adam yana tallafawa daidaitawar ayyukan jijiya.
Haɗin tsarin-aiki shine tushen sadarwa mai aiki kuma yana faruwa lokacin da bayanin haɗin fararen al'amura na yanki na yankin cortical ya annabta ƙarfin haɗin aikin tsakanin yanki. Wato, aikin fararen fata zai bayyana a cikin kunna ayyukan zartarwa na kwakwalwa, don haka zai yiwu a tantance girman ƙarfin haɗin ginin-aikin.
Don bayyana alaƙar tsarin-aiki, masana kimiyya sun gabatar da zato guda uku waɗanda aka gwada yayin binciken.
Hasashen farko ya bayyana cewa haɗin tsarin-aiki zai nuna ƙwarewar aikin yankin cortical. Wato, haɗin tsarin aiki-tsari zai kasance mai ƙarfi a cikin cortex na somatosensory, saboda matakai waɗanda ke ƙayyade farkon haɓakar manyan matakan azanci. Sabanin haka, haɗin aikin-tsari zai zama ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin ƙungiyar transmodal cortex, inda sadarwar aiki na iya raunana ta hanyar ƙayyadaddun kwayoyin halitta da na jiki saboda saurin haɓaka juyin halitta.
Hasashen na biyu ya dogara ne akan myelination na dogara da aiki na dogon lokaci a lokacin haɓakawa kuma ya bayyana cewa ci gaban haɗin ginin tsarin zai kasance mai da hankali a cikin ƙungiyar transmodal cortex.
Hasashe na uku: haɗin tsarin-aiki yana nuna ƙwarewar aiki na yankin cortical. Sabili da haka, ana iya ɗauka cewa haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi-tsari-aiki a cikin cortex na ƙungiyar frontoparietal zai shiga cikin ƙididdiga na musamman waɗanda suka wajaba don aiwatar da ayyukan zartarwa.
Sakamakon bincike
Don siffanta ci gaban tsarin haɗin kai-aiki a cikin samari, masana kimiyya sun ƙididdige iyakar yadda haɗin ginin a cikin yankuna daban-daban na kwakwalwa ke goyan bayan haɗin kai a cikin ayyukan jijiya.
Yin amfani da bayanan neuroimaging multimodal daga mahalarta 727 masu shekaru 8 zuwa 23 shekaru, an gudanar da aikin watsawa mai yiwuwa kuma an tantance haɗin aiki tsakanin kowane yanki na cortical yayin aiki. n-baya ayyuka*hade da aikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.
Matsala n-baya* - wata dabara don ƙarfafa ayyukan wasu sassan kwakwalwa da gwada ƙwaƙwalwar aiki. An ba da batun tare da adadin kuzari (na gani, sauti, da sauransu). Dole ne ya ƙayyade kuma ya nuna ko wannan ko wannan abin ƙarfafawa ya kasance n wurare da suka wuce. Misali: TLHCHSCCQLCKLHCQTRHKC HR (matsalar baya 3, inda wata wasiƙa ta bayyana a matsayi na 3 a baya).
Haɗin aikin aikin jaha na hutu yana nuna jujjuyawar ayyukan jijiya. Amma yayin aikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai aiki, haɗin aiki na iya haɓaka takamaiman haɗin jijiyoyi ko yawan jama'a da ke cikin ayyukan zartarwa.
Hoto #1: Auna tsarin haɗin kai-aiki na kwakwalwar ɗan adam.
An gano nodes a cikin hanyoyin sadarwa na kwakwalwa da na aiki ta amfani da wani yanki na 400 na cortical parcellation dangane da yanayin aiki a cikin bayanan MRI na mahalarta binciken. Ga kowane ɗan takara na binciken, an fitar da bayanan haɗin kai na yanki daga kowane jeri na matrix na tsarin ko aiki kuma an wakilta shi azaman madaidaicin ƙarfin haɗin kai daga kumburin cibiyar sadarwa ɗaya zuwa duk sauran nodes.
Da farko, masana kimiyya sun bincika ko rarraba sararin samaniya na haɗin gine-gine-aiki ya zo daidai da ainihin kaddarorin ƙungiyar cortical.
Hoto #2
Yana da kyau a lura cewa dangantakar dake tsakanin tsarin yanki da bayanan haɗin aikin aiki sun bambanta sosai a ko'ina cikin cortex (2A). An lura da haɗin kai mai ƙarfi a cikin jigon jijiya na farko da na tsakiya na prefrontal cortices. Amma a gefe, na ɗan lokaci da yankunan gaba-gaba haɗin ya yi rauni sosai.
Don ƙarin ƙima mai fahimta game da alaƙar haɗin ginin tsarin-ayyukan aiki da ƙwarewar aiki, an ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙididdigar “haɗin kai”, wanda shine wakilcin hoto na ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun haɗin kai tsakanin wurare na musamman na aiki na kwakwalwa. Kowane yanki na kwakwalwa an sanya shi zuwa cibiyoyin sadarwa na jijiyoyi guda bakwai na gargajiya. Neuronal nodes na kwakwalwa tare da babban haɗin kai na haɗin kai yana nuna nau'i-nau'i daban-daban (haɗin kai tsakanin yankunan kwakwalwa) kuma, sabili da haka, na iya rinjayar tsarin tafiyar da bayanai tsakanin yankuna, da kuma motsin su. Amma nodes tare da ƙarancin sa hannu yana nuna ƙarin haɗin gwiwa a cikin yankin kwakwalwa da kansa, maimakon tsakanin yankuna da yawa. A sauƙaƙe, idan ƙididdigewa yana da girma, wurare daban-daban na kwakwalwa suna hulɗa da juna; idan yana da ƙasa, aiki yana faruwa a cikin yankin ba tare da haɗi tare da makwabta ba (2C).
Bayan haka, an tantance alaƙar da ke tsakanin bambancin tsarin haɗin kai-aiki da matsayi na ma'auni na ayyuka. Haɗin tsarin tsarin-ayyukan ya yi daidai da madaidaicin ginshiƙan haɗin haɗin aiki: yankunan azanci na unimodal suna nuna ingantacciyar hanyar haɗin kai-aiki, yayin da wuraren transmodal a saman manyan matakan aiki suna nuna ƙarancin haɗin gwiwa (2D).
Har ila yau, an gano cewa akwai dangantaka mai karfi tsakanin tsarin tsarin aiki da haɓakar juyin halitta na farfajiyar cortex (2E). Wuraren da aka adana sosai suna da ingantacciyar hanyar haɗin aiki-tsari, yayin da faɗuwar yankunan transmodal suna da raunin haɗin gwiwa. Irin waɗannan abubuwan lura suna goyan bayan hasashe cewa haɗin ginin-aiki shine nunin matsayi na cortical ƙwarewar ayyuka da haɓakar juyin halitta.
Hoto #3
Masana kimiyya sun sake tunatar da cewa binciken da aka yi a baya ya fi mayar da hankali kan nazarin tsarin haɗin kai-aiki a cikin kwakwalwar manya. A cikin wannan aikin, an ba da mahimmanci ga nazarin kwakwalwa, wanda har yanzu yana kan ci gaba, watau. akan nazarin kwakwalwar samari.
An gano cewa a cikin kwakwalwar samari, bambance-bambancen da suka shafi shekaru a cikin haɗin gine-gine-aiki sun bazu ko'ina a cikin ɓangarorin na ɗan lokaci, ƙananan parietal, da cortices na prefrontal (3A). An rarraba kayan haɓaka haɗin haɗin kai daidai gwargwado a cikin yankuna na cortical, misali. sun kasance a cikin wani yanki na musamman na yankunan cortical da suka rabu da aiki (3B), wanda ba a lura da shi a cikin kwakwalwar manya ba.
Girman bambance-bambancen shekaru a cikin haɗin ginin tsarin-ayyukan yana da alaƙa sosai tare da ƙimar sa hannun aiki (3С) da kuma aikin gradient (3D).
Rarraba sararin samaniya na bambance-bambancen da suka shafi shekaru a cikin haɗin gine-gine-aiki shima ya yi daidai da haɓakar juyin halitta na cortex. An lura da haɓaka mai alaƙa da shekaru a cikin haɗin gwiwa a cikin tsawaita ƙungiyar cortex, yayin da aka sami raguwa mai alaƙa da haɗin kai a cikin baƙon sensorimotor da aka kiyaye sosai (3E).
A cikin kashi na gaba na binciken, mahalarta 294 sun yi gwajin ƙwaƙwalwa na biyu shekaru 1.7 bayan na farko. Ta wannan hanyar, yana yiwuwa a ƙayyade dangantakar tsakanin canje-canjen da suka shafi shekaru a cikin haɗin gine-gine-aiki da canje-canje na ci gaban mutum-mutumin. Don wannan dalili, an ƙididdige canje-canje na tsayin daka a cikin haɗin kai-tsari.
Hoto #4
An sami muhimmiyar ma'amala tsakanin sauye-sauyen da suka shafi shekarun giciye da tsayin daka a cikin haɗin ginin-aiki (4A).
Don gwada dangantaka tsakanin canje-canje na tsayi a cikin tsari da haɗin aiki (4B) da canje-canje na tsayi a cikin ƙimar sa hannu na aiki (4С) An yi amfani da regression na layi. An sami sauye-sauye na tsayin daka a cikin haɗin kai don dacewa da sauye-sauye na tsayin daka a cikin rabon aikin aiki a cikin manyan wuraren haɗin gwiwa da aka rarraba, gami da dorsal da medial prefrontal cortices, ƙarancin parietal cortex, da cortex na ɗan lokaci na gefe (4D).
Hoto #5
Masana kimiyya sai sun nemi fahimtar sakamakon bambance-bambancen daidaikun mutane a cikin haɗin kai-tsari don ɗabi'a. Musamman, ko haɗin tsarin-aiki yayin aikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar aiki zai iya bayyana aikin zartarwa. An sami haɓakawa a cikin aikin zartarwa da ke da alaƙa da haɗin gwiwar tsarin aiki mai ƙarfi a cikin rostrolateral prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex na baya, da cortex na medial occipital cortex.5A).
Jimillar abubuwan lura da aka kwatanta a sama suna haifar da babban sakamako da yawa. Na farko, canje-canjen yanki a cikin haɗin kai-tsari-aiki sun yi daidai da ƙayyadaddun aikin da wani yanki na kwakwalwa ke da alhakinsa. An sami haɗin haɗin aiki mai ƙarfi a cikin sassan kwakwalwa waɗanda suka ƙware wajen sarrafa sauƙin bayanan azanci (kamar siginar gani). Kuma yankuna na kwakwalwa da ke cikin ƙarin hadaddun matakai (aikin zartarwa da kulawar hanawa) suna da ƙananan haɗin ginin-aiki.
An kuma gano haɗin ginin-aiki ya yi daidai da haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar kwakwalwa da aka gani a cikin primates. Nazarin kwatancen da aka yi a baya na ɗan adam, firamare, da kwakwalwar biri sun nuna cewa wurare masu azanci (kamar tsarin gani) ana kiyaye su sosai a tsakanin nau'ikan halittu kuma ba su faɗaɗa da yawa ba yayin juyin halitta na baya-bayan nan. Amma wuraren haɗin gwiwar kwakwalwa (misali, prefrontal cortex) sun sami haɓaka mai mahimmanci. Wataƙila wannan faɗaɗawa ya yi tasiri kai tsaye ga fitowar hadaddun iyawar fahimta a cikin mutane. An gano cewa sassan kwakwalwar da suka fadada cikin sauri a lokacin juyin halitta suna da raunin tsari da haɗin kai, yayin da wurare masu sauƙi suna da haɗin kai.
A cikin yara da matasa, haɗin ginin-aikin yana ƙaruwa sosai a cikin sassan gaba na kwakwalwa, waɗanda ke da alhakin aikin hanawa (watau kamun kai). Don haka, ci gaba na dogon lokaci na haɗin kai-aiki a cikin waɗannan yankuna na iya inganta aikin zartarwa da kamun kai, tsarin da ke ci gaba har zuwa girma.
Don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai game da nuances na binciken, Ina ba da shawarar yin kallo и masa.
Epilogue
Kwakwalwar ɗan adam ta kasance kuma za ta daɗe tana zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan sirrikan ɗan adam. Wannan tsari ne mai ban mamaki wanda dole ne yayi ayyuka da yawa, sarrafa matakai da yawa da adana bayanai masu yawa. Ga iyaye da yawa, babu wani abu mai ban mamaki fiye da kwakwalwar 'ya'yansu matasa. Halin su wani lokaci yana da wuya a kira ma'ana ko ma'ana, amma ana bayyana hakan ta hanyar tsarin ci gaban halittu da samuwar zamantakewa.
Tabbas, canje-canje a cikin haɗin ginin da aiki na wasu sassan kwakwalwa da kuma tasirin canjin hormonal na iya zama hujjar kimiyya ga halayen matasa na musamman, amma wannan ba yana nufin cewa ba sa buƙatar jagora. Mutum ba bisa ga dabi'a ba ne. Idan wani ya guje wa wasu, ba shakka ba don yanayin halittarmu ba ne. Don haka, sa hannun iyaye a cikin rayuwar ‘ya’yansu, wani muhimmin al’amari ne na ci gabansu.
Har ila yau, ya kamata a fahimci cewa ko da yana da shekaru uku, yaro ya riga ya zama mutum mai halinsa, sha'awarsa da kuma ra'ayinsa game da duniyar da ke kewaye da shi. Kada iyaye su zama marar ganuwa ga ɗansa, su bar shi ya tafi da yardar rai, amma kada ya zama bangon kankare mai ƙarfi, yana kare shi daga ilimin duniya. Wani wuri da kake buƙatar turawa, wani wuri kana buƙatar riƙe baya, wani wuri kana buƙatar ba da cikakkiyar 'yanci, kuma wani wuri, nuna ikon iyaye, kana buƙatar ka ce "a'a", koda kuwa yaron bai ji dadin wannan ba.
Zama iyaye yana da wuya, zama iyaye nagari ya fi wuya. Amma zama matashi ba shi da sauƙi. Jiki yana canzawa a waje, kwakwalwa yana canzawa, yanayin yana canzawa (akwai makaranta, yanzu jami'a), yanayin rayuwa yana canzawa. A zamanin yau, rayuwa ta kan yi kama da Formula 1, wanda babu wurin jinkiri. Amma babban gudun yana zuwa tare da babban haɗari, don haka mahayin da ba shi da kwarewa zai iya ji rauni. Aikin iyaye shi ne ya zama koci ga ɗansa don a kwantar da hankalinsa ya sake shi zuwa duniya a nan gaba, ba tare da tsoro ga makomarsa ba.
Wasu iyaye suna ɗaukar kansu mafi wayo fiye da wasu, wasu suna shirye su aiwatar da duk wata shawara da suka ji a Intanet ko daga maƙwabcinsu, wasu kuma kawai "violet" ne kawai a duk wani mawuyacin hali na iyaye. Mutane sun bambanta, amma kamar yadda sadarwa tsakanin sassanta ke da mahimmanci a cikin kwakwalwar ɗan adam, sadarwa tsakanin iyaye da 'ya'yansu na taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ilimi.
Godiya da kallon, tsaya sha'awar kuma sami kyakkyawan karshen mako kowa! 🙂
Wasu tallace-tallace 🙂
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