Ra'ayina na sirri game da mujallar a cikin yanayi 6-5 na wanzuwarsa. Labarin ya ƙunshi matsakaicin adadin zargi na Murzilka da Hotuna masu ban dariya, don haka masu ba da hakuri na almara na wallafe-wallafen Soviet na iya zama mafi kyawun karanta wannan labarin.
Duk samfoti da ke ƙarƙashin yanke hanyoyin haɗin kai ne zuwa cikakkun hotuna na shafukan mujallu masu dacewa.
1990: Zaman Zinare
A ƙarshen 80s, jimlar buƙatun da ba za a iya sarrafawa ba don madadin akida ba tare da farfagandar gurguzu na gargajiya ya samo asali a cikin al'ummar Soviet. Wannan kuma ya shafi jaridu na kowane lokaci. Ƙirƙirar ɗan takara mai ƙarfi a cikin layi na mujallu na yara yana kan ajanda. Aikin Tram ya sami babban tallafin gwamnati kuma nan da nan ya kaddamar da shi tare da rarraba miliyan biyu. A lokaci guda kuma, mujallar ta ba da hujjar albarkatun da aka zuba a ciki, nan da nan ya zama sananne.
Menene abin farin ciki game da sabuwar mujallar? Menene a ciki wanda ba a cikin wallafe-wallafen yara na Soviet gaji ba?
An rubuta wannan labarin tare da tallafin EDISON Software.
Ra'ayin abokin ciniki:
Wannan yana da ban sha'awa kuma yana da amfani a sani:
Karye alamu
Idan aka kwatanta da kyawawan Hotunan "Funny Pictures" da "Murzilka" masu ban dariya, ƙirƙira ta gudana daga kowane shafi.
Ƙimar da ba daidai ba da tsari sun bayyana duka a matakin hotuna da kuma a matakin rubutu. A lokaci guda kuma, an haɗa tsarin ƙirƙira tare da matsakaicin tsari, lokacin da aka maimaita shafukan da ke cikin salo iri ɗaya akan kowane maudu'i don batutuwa da yawa a jere (sa'an nan kuma ko da wani bakin ciki ka lura cewa an kammala jerin kuma ba a nan. a cikin sababbin al'amura).
Anan, alal misali, jigon jigo ne game da karin magana da maganganun da aka keɓe ga batutuwan da suka shafi wasu sassan jiki. Mai zane Baldin yana ƙirƙirar zane-zane masu ban mamaki waɗanda kuke son kallo na dogon lokaci, yin nazarin kowane dalla-dalla. Haɗin ban dariya na musamman a cikin ruhun Kharms tare da salon fasaha mai ban sha'awa.
Af, yawan amfani da jigogi na "serial" a cikin shekara, ko aƙalla a cikin batutuwa da yawa a jere, ya bambanta "Tram" da kyau. Wannan kuma ya kasance a cikin mujallu na Soviet (alal misali, labarun game da abubuwan da Hercules suka yi a cikin kowane fitowar VK na 1984), amma wannan ya kasance banda tsarin mulki.
Ilimin kimiyya
Duk da cewa hotunan kawai sharar gida ne, duk rubutun an yi nufin yara masu tunani da iyaye masu tunani (wanda ya yanke shawarar sayen mujallar). Kodayake hotuna masu ban mamaki a gani sun mamaye rubutun, kalmomin galibi sun fi mahimmanci kuma sun fi ban sha'awa.
An ba da babbar mahimmanci a cikin mujallar don samar da yara da ilimin kimiyya na zamani, kuma an sanya abun ciki a cikin sa hannu mara kyau na "Tram". Game da sararin samaniya mai girma hudu, Mobius tsiri, harshen Esperanto, bishiyar iyali na gidan Rurik, hangen nesa, yanayin barci da sauran abubuwa masu ban sha'awa an bayyana su ta hanyar da ta bayyana ga yaro da babba.
Rashin hankali da banƙyama
Lokacin zabar abu, kwamitin edita gaba ɗaya ya watsar da "lisping" wanda ke da halayen "Hotuna masu ban dariya", ya maye gurbinsa tare da halayen wasan kwaikwayo na yara da kansu, duka ga duniyar manya da kansu.
Ba daidaituwa ba ne cewa a cikin shafukan mujallu na iya saduwa da irin wannan mawaƙa "m" kamar Igor Irtenyev, Grigory Oster har ma, Allah gafarta mini, Viktor Shenderovich. Mujallar ta ƙunshi ɗimbin allurai na ban dariya masu dacewa da ban dariya a cikin salon Kharms (kamar, hakika, Kharms da kansa).
Darajoji da halayen abin koyi ba su ne babban abu ga yaro ba
"Tram" da gaske watsi da moralizing halayyar Soviet yara mujallu. An yarda da yara kamar yadda suke. An ƙarfafa sha'awar ilimi, amma ba a tilasta shi ba. Ba a gabatar da manyan maki da ɗabi'a abin koyi a matsayin halayen dole na ɗa ''daidai'' ba. Bugu da ƙari, an yi wa ’yan mata masu kyau da ’ya’ya maza ba’a a shafukan mujallar. Wasu abubuwan ban dariya sun zama kamar sun yarda da hooligans da ɗaliban C-grade, amma a zahiri, an gabatar da ra'ayin cewa aikin ilimi na yau da kullun ba shine babban abu ba.
Mujallar Tram ta kasance mai ban sha'awa domin ta fahimci yancin kowane yaro ya zama kansa kawai, ba tare da sanya sha'awar zama "yar makarantar Soviet mai kyau ba."
Yin watsi da haruffa masu maimaitawa
Shawarar da ta yi nasara ita ce, a gaskiya, mujallar ta yi watsi da yawan amfani da duk wata alama (ko rukuni na irin wannan) kamar Murzilka ko Club of Merry Men.
Matsalar Murzilka da Merry Men ita ce, mujallu sun cika da su. Suna kawai bacin rai tare da kasancewarsu mai ban haushi akan kowane murfin, a cikin duk abubuwan ban dariya, a cikin mafi yawan kacici-kacici da labarai. Yara sun dade suna "cirewa" tare da su.
Tabbas, wasu haruffa masu maimaitawa sun kasance a cikin "Tram," amma an yi amfani da su akai-akai, ba a cikin kowane fitowar ba da kuma wani wuri a cikin shafukan ƙarshe. Misali, akwai ban dariya ba kasafai game da jami'in bincike Bertram Weiss da mataimakinsa Composter kare. Duk da haka, ba za a iya kiran su "fuskar" na mujallar ba. Allorun labari game da su wani nau'i ne na kacici-kacici.
Babban haruffa a kan shafukan ba zane-zane ba ne, amma yara da kansu. Idan "Hotunan Ban dariya" da "Murzilka" mujallu ne ga yara, sannan "Tram" - game da yara.
Wasannin allo
Babban batu shine wasanni marasa daidaituwa. A cikin wasanni daga "Funny Pictures", 'yan m motifs ana maimaita daga shekaru goma zuwa shekaru goma, yawanci a cikin mafi sauki kisa - "tafiya a cikin maze daga aya A zuwa aya B", "ƙayyade abin da abu nasa ne mai shi", da dai sauransu .
A cikin "Tram" matakin wasanni ya kasance mafi girma. Ko da wannan yana motsawa ta hanyar labyrinth, to, tare da wasu rikice-rikice marasa daidaituwa a cikin abin da dole ne ku warware matsalolin dabaru masu ban mamaki. Baƙi na mujallu na yau da kullun sune wasannin chess da checkers. Kuma kusan ko da yaushe waɗannan wasanni ne ba na ɗaya ba, amma na mahalarta biyu ko fiye, ko da waɗannan sanannun labyrinths ne.
Yara mawallafa ne
Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan wakilci na ƙirƙira na yara a kan shafukan.
Kowace fitowa tana kunshe da adadi mai yawa na wakoki, zane-zane, labarai, barkwanci, da kacici-kacici da kananan masu karatu suka aiko da kansu.
Wannan ya jawo yara kusa da mujallar; ba kawai masu karatunta ba ne, amma masu halitta.
1991: Tuni Orthodox, amma har yanzu yana da kyau
A shekara mai zuwa mujallar kuma ta kiyaye babban matakin inganci. Daga cikin fasalulluka na wannan shekara, zamu iya lura da ƙasidar da ba makawa ba a ɓoye a cikin hoton batun akan murfin.
Wani sanannen sabon abu na 1991, wanda ya yi kama da rigima a kwanakin nan, shine kasancewar shafi na Orthodox (ko ma biyu) a kowace fitowar mujallu. Duk da haka, a cikin waɗannan kwanaki har ma Komsomol "Hotuna masu ban dariya" sun fara yin zunubi kamar wannan, yanzu suna ba da rahoto da sauri lokacin da Kirsimeti da Easter za su kasance.
Mujallar Tram za ta kula da yanayin Orthodox har zuwa ƙarshe. Koyaya, wannan bai shafi salo, abun ciki da ingancin sauran kayan ba. Maimakon ibada, mujallar har yanzu ta fi son kimiyya, maimakon tawali’u, har ila tana gayyatar yara su zama kansu.
Tare da wannan, zan iya lura da ɗan ƙaramin zargi game da tsarin mulkin Soviet a cikin mujallar siyasa gabaɗaya. A cikin shekarar da ta gabata, wannan zargi ya kasance mai wuyar gaske kuma yana da ban tsoro sosai, a matakin gajeriyar barkwanci. A bana ma an sami mafi ƙarancin siyasa a cikin mujallar, amma ta zo a fili.
Anan, alal misali, wani yanki ne daga fitowar Agusta (Kwamitin Gaggawa zai faru ne kawai a ƙarshen wannan watan):
1992: Zaman Mantuwa
Ƙararrawar ƙararrawa ta farko ita ce rashin na ƙarshe, fitowar 12th don 1991. A shekara ta gaba, 1992, ba a buga mujallar kwata-kwata ba.
Bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, Asusun Yara na Soviet mai suna V.I. Lenin (wanda aka ba da mujallar Tram) an sake tsara shi a cikin Asusun Yara na Rasha. Ba a sami kuɗi don samun kuɗin Tram ba, kuma mujallar, tare da rarraba miliyan biyu, da alama ba zato ba tsammani kuma ta daina wanzuwa har abada.
Sai dai wadanda suka kirkiro mujallar ba su yi kasa a gwiwa ba. An sami babban mai ba da tallafi (banki wanda ya daɗe daga Kuzbass) kuma a shekara mai zuwa aka ci gaba da buga shahararren littafin. Gaskiya ne, tare da rarrabawa sau 20 ƙasa da baya. Kasuwar kyauta ta tsara cewa kwafin dubu 100 shine matsakaicin abin da ke da ma'ana don bugawa.
Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa "Murzilka" da "Funny Pictures" (wanda, kamar Legends na Soviet periodicals, ci gaba da samun kudi da jihar), kuma ba su kula da su multimillion-dollar Figures. A zahiri bayan 'yan shekaru sun ragu zuwa kwafi dubu 100-200 a kowane wata, kuma a halin yanzu rarrabawar ba ta wuce dubu 50 ba.
1993: Farkon Ƙarshe
Hutun shekara-shekara na tilastawa bai amfana da mujallar ba. Da alama a gare ni a zahiri cewa wannan shekara "Tram" ya zama mai ban sha'awa ba zato ba tsammani. Misalai da matani kamar sun rasa sihiri na asali, abun ciki ya zama ko ta yaya maras fahimta, talakawa ko wani abu. Mujallar ta yi hasarar tsohuwar sha'awar ta a wani wuri.
An daina amfani da jigogi masu ƙetare da ke gudana ta batutuwa da yawa. Mummunan alamar ita ce an fara amfani da hotuna maimakon misalai. Tsarin ya zama mafi sauƙi, kusan na farko. Misali, idan jerin gajerun rubutu ne (barkwanci, kacici-kacici, gajerun wakoki), to, a cikin mafi kyawun shekaru, galibi ana watsewa cikin rudani a duk shafin da aka gauraye da kwatancen mahaukata – to ya yi kyau sosai. Yanzu komai ya zama an tsara shi da kyau a cikin ginshiƙai biyu masu ban sha'awa, ba tare da zane-zane ba, amma tare da cikewar monochromatic.
Abubuwan shigarwa na Orthodox wani lokaci sun fara ɗaukar shafuka da yawa. Maimakon ba'a, sai aka fara buga barkwanci na yau da kullun. Kuma gabaɗaya, raha ya zama mara daɗi. Matasa masu karatu sun kusan daina aika aikinsu. A maimakon haka, wani bakon sashe na la “sanin juna” ya bayyana, inda yara a taƙaice suka rubuta game da sha’awarsu, suna nuna shekarunsu kuma su bar cikakken adireshin gidansu don wasiƙa. Mujallar tawaye a wasu lokuta ta fara kama da jaridun tallace-tallace na kyauta (tare da barkwanci da tallace-tallace na soyayya a shafi na karshe) ga matsakaitan matan gida.
1994: Dinosaurs and Programming
A wannan shekarar da alama mujallar ta fara komawa kan turba.
Da fari dai, mun koma ga ra'ayin wani shekara-shekara jigo. Wannan karon shi ne dinosaur. Kowace fitowa ta yi bayani dalla-dalla game da daya daga cikin nau'ikan ciyayi da suka mutu, an gina ba'a da labaru a kewayensu.
Tabbas, ra'ayin ya kasance a bayyane na sakandare (An sake sakin Jurassic Park na Spielberg a shekara guda da ta gabata, wanda ya tsara salon duniya don dabbobi masu rarrafe), amma ya riga ya yi kyau cewa mujallar ba kawai ta sake fitar da wani batun ba, amma tana ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar tsari. abun ciki.
Wannan shekara kuma tana da ban sha'awa tare da jerin labaran ilimantarwa da aka sadaukar don shirye-shirye (babban editan Tim Sobakin shi ne mai tsara shirye-shirye ta ilimi da sana'a na farko, ta hanyar).
Ba na tsammanin waɗannan labarun suna da kyau ga yara na tsakiya (yawan dogayen tattaunawa, busassun tattaunawa, babu hotuna), amma watakila wannan shine daya daga cikin yunƙurin farko a Rasha don yin magana a hankali game da shirye-shirye a shafukan mujallar yara.
Duk da waɗannan ƙananan canje-canje masu kyau, wani abu mai haɗari ya faru da mujallar Tram - a ƙarshe ya daina zama sabon abu mujallar yara.
1995: Karshe
Kuma a wannan shekara babu wani abin al'ajabi da ya faru. A bayyane yake cewa littafin ba zai koma matakin 1990-91 ba. Lokacin da aka fara buga batutuwan “biyu” a cikin Fabrairu-Maris (mafi daidai, kawai ba kowane wata ba, amma sau ɗaya kowane wata biyu), ya bayyana a fili cewa mujallar ba za ta daɗe ba. Kuma haka ya faru, fitowar Yuni (kawai na huɗu a wannan shekara) ya zama na ƙarshe.
source: www.habr.com