Manya-manyan fangs, kaƙƙarfan muƙamuƙi, gudu, hangen nesa mai ban mamaki da ƙari abubuwa ne da mafarauta na kowane iri da ratsi suke amfani da su wajen farauta. Ita dai ganima, ita ma ba ta son ta zauna da tafukanta na ninke (fuka-fukai, kofato, flippers, da dai sauransu) kuma tana zuwa da sabbin hanyoyin da za a bi don gujewa kusancin da ba a so da tsarin narkewar mafarauci. Wasu sun zama gwanayen kama-karya, wasu suna shafa wa kansu guba, wasu kuma suna jefar da ciki a gaban mai laifin (sannu kucumbers). Amma akwai kuma wadanda tsarin kariyarsu ba a ganuwa ko ma ji gare mu. Asu abinci ne da aka fi so na jemagu. Domin miliyoyin shekaru da yawa, dukansu biyu sun goge fasahar duban dan tayi. Beraye suna amfani da shi don nemo ganima, kuma asu na amfani da shi don gano mafarauta. Amma "an riga an riga an riga an yi garkuwa da shi" bai isa ga asu ba, don haka sun haɓaka ikon ƙirƙirar "tsangwama na rediyo" wanda ke rushe ultrasonic "hangen nesa" na jemagu. Ta yaya suke yin hakan, idan aka yi la’akari da rashin kurma 100%, kuma yaya tasirin yake taimaka musu wajen guje wa mutuwa? Za mu nemi amsoshi a cikin rahoton ƙungiyar bincike. Tafi
Tushen bincike
Lokacin da kuke farauta da dare, kuna buƙatar samun kyakkyawan gani sosai, ko jin ƙamshi, ko kyakkyawan ji. Jemage sun zaɓi na ƙarshe, a wata ma'ana. Amfani da ecolocation yana da matukar amfani ga jemagu. Na farko, farauta da dare yana iyakance adadin haɗarin haɗari da gasa a cikin neman abinci. Na biyu, akwai kwari da yawa a cikin dare, wanda ke nufin yiwuwar cin abinci bayan 18:00 ya fi girma.
Jemage suna samar da duban dan tayi a cikin mitoci daban-daban dangane da nau'in. Bugu da ƙari, ko da a cikin nau'in nau'in nau'i ɗaya, mitar yana canzawa akan lokaci: a farkon 130-150 kHz, sannan 30-40 kHz.
Yayin farauta, jemagu suna fitar da raƙuman ruwa na ultrasonic waɗanda ke “ratsawa” cikin abubuwan da ke kewaye da su, gami da ganima mai yiwuwa. Jemage yana kama raƙuman ruwa da ke haskakawa kuma yana iya yin tafiya a cikin cikas ko kuma ya mai da hankali kan harinsa a kan abin da ya gani.
Lokacin da juyin halitta ya rarraba baiwa, asu ma ba su tsaya a gefe ba. Suna iya samar da amo na ultrasonic ko siginar ƙarya waɗanda ke shawo kan jemagu cewa ba za su iya ci ba. Wasu nau'ikan asu suna amfani da stridulation. Wannan sabon abu baƙon abu yana da sauƙin bayyanawa: tuna yadda crickets "waƙa" a lokacin rani? Wannan shi ne stridulation. Wani mai haske, ko kuma mai ban sha'awa, maigidan wannan baiwa shine cicadas.
Madadin tushen sautuna a cikin asu na iya zama kaɗa “castanets” - gyare-gyaren tsarin al'aurar (eh, masana kimiyya da ake kira al'aurar da ke samar da sautin sauti, kuna tsammanin mutanen kimiyya ba su da ƙima?).
Duk da haka, yawancin jinsunan asu suna amfani da tymbals (kada a ruɗe su da kuge) - nau'ikan cuticular na musamman a saman jiki tare da "matashi" iska a ƙasa.
A cikin binciken da aka yi nazari a yau, masana kimiyya sun ba da hankali ga nau'in asu na Yponomeuta, wanda yawancin nau'in (kuma akwai kimanin ɗari daga cikinsu) suna da wani abu mai ban mamaki a cikin arsenal - wani yanki mai haske a kan fuka-fuki ba tare da ma'auni tsakanin veins Cu1b ba.
ku 2. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa yawancin ƙugiya suna kusa da wannan yanki, wanda zai iya nuna cewa wannan yanki yana da hannu wajen samar da sauti ta hanyar stridulation (yiwuwa).
A cikin hoton da ke gefen hagu (A) an tsara yankin da aka yi da translucent a cikin farin, kuma a cikin hoton da ke hannun dama (B) hotuna SEM na wannan yanki.
Masana kimiyya sun kafa wa kansu aikin amsa tambayoyi da yawa: shin wannan yanki mai jujjuyawa yana samar da sauti ko a'a, menene halayen sautinsa (idan ya yi), da kuma yadda asu ke amfani da waɗannan sautuna a rayuwarta.
Babban batutuwa, waɗanda ya kamata su taimaka wajen samun amsoshin tambayoyin da ke sama, mutane ne na nau'in asu guda biyu - Y. evonymella da Y. cagnagella.
Nemo bambance-bambance 10: Y. evonymella (hagu) da Y. cagnagella (dama).
An kwashe batutuwan daga daji yayin da suke cikin matakin tsutsa. An adana jakunkuna da aka samu a cikin kwantena na musamman 297 x 159 x 102 mm a zazzabi na 21 ° C.
Sakamakon kallo
Masanan kimiyya sun rubuta jiragen sama masu kyauta da ƙayyadaddun batutuwa: 15 kyauta da 2 ƙayyadaddun jiragen Y. evonymella; Jiragen sama 9 da aka yi rikodin na Y. cagnagella. A lokacin jirgin, asu suna samar da maɓallan ultrasonic iri ɗaya yayin kowane wingbeat (zanen da ke ƙasa).
Spectrogram na ultrasonic dannawa a lokacin wingbeat guda ɗaya na asu.
Hoton da ke sama yana nuna wurare masu launi da yawa. Na farko (ja) shine mitar sautunan da asu na dangin Arctiinae ke samarwa akan jemagu. Kuma na biyu (blue) shine kewayon ji na jemagu na nau'in Eptesicus fuscus.
An yi rikodin jimlar bugun bugun ultrasonic guda biyu yayin lilo: ɗaya a farkon lilo da na biyu a ƙarshen lilo. A lokacin yunƙurin farko ne yawan dannawa ya fi girma. Yawan dannawa a kowane bugun jini, yin hukunci ta hanyar lura, ya yi daidai da adadin ratsi a cikin yankin translucent. A cikin Y. evonymella, matsakaicin darajar dannawa ta 1 ultrasonic bugun jini shine 12.6 ± 1.7, kuma akwai ratsi na 11 a cikin yankin translucent (lura lambobi akan hoton SEM na reshe).
Bayan haka, masanan kimiyya sun cire tymbals (yanki na 260 x 800 µm) daga mutane 12 Y. evonymella da kuma rikodin sauti yayin jirginsu kafin da bayan cirewa. An kuma ƙidaya adadin dannawa a kowane lokacin ms 100, wanda yayi daidai da kusan bugun fuka-fuki 3.
Mutane bakwai ba su samar da dannawa ba bayan an cire su, takwas sun samar da dannawa 1 kawai, kuma an samar da dannawa huɗu, amma a cikin ƙananan lambobi kuma tare da ƙaramin girma. Kamar yadda ya bayyana, a cikin waɗannan hudun, ba a cire su gaba ɗaya ba a cikin wuraren da ake kira tymbal (translucent yankunan), don haka an cire su daga ƙarin bincike.
Gwaji, masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa asu na nau'ikan gwaji guda biyu suna samar da sauti. Yanzu sun yanke shawarar gwada su don sauraron (20 mutane na nau'in Y. evonymella da 4 mutane na Y. cagnagella).
Masana kimiyya sun buga duban dan tayi yayin da batutuwa ke tashi cikin yardar kaina a cikin dakin gwaji. Babu wani mutum guda da ya mayar da martani ga wannan. An sake maimaita gwajin, amma an rarraba mutane ta nau'in nau'in zuwa kwantena daban-daban, inda suke hutawa. Kuma a sake, babu wanda ko motsi.
A lokaci guda, ta hanyar sanya mutane 10 na Y. evonymella a cikin ɗakin jirgin guda ɗaya, masana kimiyya sun ga yadda batutuwan da juna suka yi. Kuma ya kasance daidai da a cikin gwaje-gwajen da suka gabata, wato, babu.
Me game da stridulation? Masana kimiyyar sun duba ko asu na gwajin sun nuna alamun gogayya na kowane sassan jiki don samar da sauti. Kuma kamar yadda ya juya, babu. Yi la'akari da motsi na fuka-fukan asu a lokacin da ake sarrafawa a cikin bidiyon da ke ƙasa.
A cikin wannan bidiyon za mu iya ganin irin canje-canjen da ke faruwa a cikin matsayi na fuka-fuki da sassan su a yayin da ake yin kullun.
Tare da wurin da ake yin nazari, ba a sami gogayya a wasu sassan jikin asu ba a kowane lokaci yayin lilo. Amma dannawa ko ta yaya ya bayyana. Kuma wannan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar jujjuya reshen hind tare da axis ɗinsa daga tushe zuwa ƙasa a cikin matakan sama da na ƙasa na fiɗa.
Cikakken bincike na wannan tsari ya nuna cewa yayin jujjuyawa (motsin motsin gaɓoɓin gaɓoɓi) a farkon maƙarƙashiyar, sassan tsuliya da jugal na reshe suna ninka ƙasa kusa da ɓangaren gabanta tare da tsagi.
Jirgin asu, kallon gefe.
Wannan tsari yana faruwa daga tip zuwa tushe na reshe, don haka yankin translucent yana da hannu. A lokacin wannan, ultrasonic dannawa faruwa.
Teburin da ke sama yana nuna sakamakon bincike na dannawa goma da aka rubuta a cikin madaidaiciyar hanya (90 °) don duk batutuwa (14 Y. evonymella da 9 Y. cagnagella). An kafa sigogi na Spectral, tsawon lokaci da girman dannawa.
Bugu da ƙari, an gudanar da bincike ta dannawa (5 ga kowane mutum 8) na daidaitawa a kwance (0 °, 45 °, 90 ° da 180 °).
Matsakaicin matakin sauti na batutuwa takwas Y. evonymella da aka rubuta daga wurare huɗu: 0° - makirufo a gaban asu, 45° - gefen gaba, 90° - gefe, 180° - baya.
Babu bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci: 0 ° da 45 °, Z = 0,3, p = 1,0; 0 ° da 180 °, Z = -2,3, p = 0,13; 45 ° da 180 °, Z = -2,4, p = 0,11.
Masana kimiyya sun kuma yi lissafin yadda jemagu za su ji tazarar asu dangane da matsayinsu. Sakamakon shine kamar haka: 6.0 ± 0.4 m a 0 °, 6.5 ± 0.4 m a 45 °, 7.9 ± 0.7 m a 90 ° da 5.6 ± 0.4 m a 180 °. Ana nuna waɗannan alamun a cikin ginshiƙi na sama (В).
Kuma a nan a kan jadawali А muna ganin girman sautin da aka nuna, wanda ya bambanta a cikin kewayon -35 ... -43 dB a mitoci a cikin kewayon 20 ... 160 kHz.
Don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai kan binciken, Ina ba da shawarar yin nazari sosai .
Epilogue
Juyin Halitta na iya zama marar ƙa’ida, mara tausayi, baƙon abu har ma da ban dariya, kamar yadda misalin asu da ake nazari ya nuna. Ko da yake kurma gaba ɗaya, waɗannan halittun ba su da “murya”. Yin amfani da wurare masu haske a kan fuka-fukan su yayin kifawa, asu suna samar da dannawa na ultrasonic wanda ke rikitar da jemagu masu sha'awar cin su.
Irin wannan karbuwa da ba a saba gani ba gaskiya ne, amma zai haifar da muhawara da yawa kan yadda aka kafa ta, da wane irin sauyi na juyin halitta da asu suka bi wajen samar da irin wannan tsarin, da kuma inda duk ya faro.
Mun sake samun tabbaci cewa duniya tana cike da halittu masu ban mamaki waɗanda ba su daina mamakin iyawarsu waɗanda ba mu da masaniya a kansu.
Kuma, ba shakka, ranar Juma'a a waje:
Anan, duk wanda ke fama da mottephobia (tsoron asu) tabbas zuciyarsa ta tsaya cikin firgici.
Na gode da karantawa, ku kasance da sha'awar kuma ku sami kyakkyawan mutanen karshen mako.
Na gode da kasancewa tare da mu. Kuna son labaran mu? Kuna son ganin ƙarin abun ciki mai ban sha'awa? Goyon bayan mu ta hanyar ba da oda ko ba da shawara ga abokai, Rangwamen 30% ga masu amfani da Habr akan keɓaɓɓen analogue na sabar matakin shigarwa, wanda mu muka ƙirƙira muku: (akwai tare da RAID1 da RAID10, har zuwa 24 cores kuma har zuwa 40GB DDR4).
VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 Cores) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps kyauta har zuwa bazara lokacin biya na tsawon watanni shida, zaka iya yin oda .
Dell R730xd sau 2 mai rahusa? Nan kawai a cikin Netherlands da Amurka! Karanta game da
source: www.habr.com