Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙaƙwalwar Gida

Hoton "Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙa ) da aka haɗa da tashar Intanet ta gida. Irin waɗannan sabar yawanci suna ɗaukar sabar FTP na jama'a, gidan yanar gizon mai shi, da kuma wani lokacin ma gabaɗayan hosting don wasu ayyuka. Lamarin ya zama ruwan dare a farkon bayyanar Intanet na gida mai araha ta hanyar sadaukar da kai, lokacin da hayar uwar garken da aka keɓe a cibiyar bayanai ya yi tsada sosai, kuma sabar sabar ba ta yaɗu kuma har yanzu ba ta dace ba.

Mafi sau da yawa, an ware tsohuwar kwamfuta don uwar garken “ƙarƙashin gado”, wanda a ciki aka shigar da duk rumbun kwamfyutoci da aka samo. Hakanan zai iya aiki azaman na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa da Tacewar zaɓi. Duk ma'aikacin sadarwa mai mutunta kansa ya tabbata yana da irin wannan uwar garken a gida.

Tare da zuwan sabis na girgije mai araha, sabar gida ta zama ƙasa da shahara, kuma a yau mafi yawan abin da za a iya samu a cikin gidajen zama shine NAS don adana albam ɗin hoto, fina-finai da adanawa.

Labarin ya tattauna batutuwa masu ban sha'awa da ke da alaƙa da sabar gida da matsalolin da masu gudanar da su ke fuskanta. Bari mu ga yadda wannan al'amari ya yi kama da kwanakin nan kuma mu zaɓi abubuwan ban sha'awa da za ku iya ɗauka akan sabar ku mai zaman kansa a yau.

Sabar cibiyar sadarwar gida a Novaya Kakhovka. Hoto daga shafin nag.ru

Adireshin IP daidai

Babban abin da ake buƙata don uwar garken gida shine kasancewar adireshin IP na ainihi, wato, routable daga Intanet. Yawancin masu samarwa ba su ba da irin wannan sabis ɗin ga daidaikun mutane ba, kuma dole ne a samu ta hanyar yarjejeniya ta musamman. Sau da yawa mai badawa yana buƙatar ƙaddamar da kwangilar daban don samar da IP mai sadaukarwa. Wani lokaci ma wannan hanya ta ƙunshi ƙirƙirar NIC Handle na daban ga mai shi, saboda haka an sami cikakken sunansa da adireshin gida kai tsaye ta amfani da umarnin Whois. A nan dole ne mu yi hankali lokacin yin jayayya akan Intanet, tun da ba'a game da "ƙididdigar ta IP" ya daina zama abin dariya. Af, ba da dadewa ba aka yi wata badakala tare da mai bada Akado, wanda ya yanke shawarar sanya bayanan sirri na duk abokan cinikin sa a cikin whois.

Adireshin IP na dindindin vs DynDNS

Yana da kyau idan kun sami damar samun adireshin IP na dindindin - to kuna iya sauƙaƙe duk sunayen yanki zuwa gare shi kuma ku manta da shi, amma wannan ba koyaushe yana yiwuwa ba. Yawancin manyan masu samar da ADSL na tarayya sun ba abokan ciniki ainihin adireshin IP na tsawon lokacin zaman, wato, yana iya canzawa ko dai sau ɗaya a rana, ko kuma idan an sake kunna modem ko haɗin haɗin ya ɓace. A wannan yanayin, Dyn (tsari) sabis na DNS ya zo wurin ceto. Mafi mashahuri sabis Dyn.com, wanda ke da kyauta na dogon lokaci, ya ba da damar samun yanki a cikin yankin *.dyndns.org, wanda za'a iya sabuntawa da sauri lokacin da adireshin IP ya canza. Rubutu na musamman a gefen abokin ciniki koyaushe yana buga uwar garken DynDNS, kuma idan adireshin mai fita ya canza, nan da nan an shigar da sabon adireshin a cikin A-record na Reshen yanki.

Rufe tashoshin jiragen ruwa da ka'idoji da aka haramta

Yawancin masu samar da kayayyaki, musamman manyan ADSL, sun saba wa masu amfani da ke ɗaukar kowane sabis na jama'a akan adiresoshinsu, don haka sun hana haɗin shiga zuwa shahararrun tashoshin jiragen ruwa kamar HTTP. Akwai sanannun lokuta inda masu samarwa suka toshe tashar jiragen ruwa na sabar wasan, kamar Counter-Strike da Half-Life. Wannan al'ada ta shahara a yau, wanda wani lokaci yana haifar da matsala. Misali, kusan duk masu samarwa suna toshe tashoshin RPC da NetBios Windows (135-139 da 445) don hana yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta, da ma tashoshi masu shigowa akai-akai don Imel SMTP, POP3, IMAP yarjejeniya.

Masu ba da sabis na wayar tarho na IP ban da Intanet suna son toshe tashar jiragen ruwa na SIP don tilasta wa abokan ciniki amfani da sabis na wayar su kawai.

PTR da aika wasiku

Bayar da sabar saƙon ku babban jigo ne daban daban. Adana sabar imel na sirri a ƙarƙashin gadon ku wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonku gaba ɗaya ra'ayi ne mai jan hankali. Amma aiwatarwa a aikace ba koyaushe yana yiwuwa ba. Yawancin jeri na adireshin IP na ISP na gida ana toshe su har abada akan jerin wasikun banza (Jerin Toshe Manufofin), don haka sabar saƙon kawai sun ƙi karɓar haɗin SMTP masu shigowa daga adiresoshin IP na masu samar da gida. Sakamakon haka, ya kasance kusan ba zai yiwu a aika wasiƙa daga irin wannan uwar garken ba.

Bugu da ƙari, don samun nasarar aika wasiku, ya zama dole a shigar da daidaitaccen rikodin PTR akan adireshin IP, wato, jujjuya adireshin IP zuwa sunan yanki. Yawancin masu samarwa sun yarda da wannan kawai tare da yarjejeniya ta musamman ko lokacin ƙaddamar da kwangilar daban.

Muna neman sabar maƙwabta a ƙarƙashin gado

Yin amfani da bayanan PTR, za mu iya ganin wanne daga cikin maƙwabtanmu ta adiresoshin IP sun yarda su kafa rikodin DNS na musamman don IP ɗin su. Don yin wannan, ɗauki adireshin IP na gida kuma gudanar da umarni don shi whois, kuma muna samun kewayon adiresoshin da mai samarwa ke bayarwa ga abokan ciniki. Akwai iya zama da yawa irin wannan jeri, amma saboda gwaji, bari mu duba daya.

A cikin yanayinmu, wannan shine mai bada kan layi (Rostelecom). Muje zuwa 2 ip.ru kuma sami adireshin IP ɗin mu:

Af, Yanar gizo yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗancan masu samar da koyaushe suna ba da IP na dindindin ga abokan ciniki, koda ba tare da sabis na adireshin IP mai sadaukarwa ba. Koyaya, adireshin bazai canza tsawon watanni ba.

Bari mu warware gaba dayan adireshin kewayon 95.84.192.0/18 (kimanin adireshi dubu 16) ta amfani da nmap. Zabin -sL da gaske ba ya bincikar runduna, amma kawai aika tambayoyin DNS, don haka a cikin sakamakon za mu ga layin da ke ɗauke da yanki mai alaƙa da adireshin IP.

$ nmap -sL -vvv 95.84.192.0/18

......
Nmap scan report for broadband-95-84-195-131.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.131)
Nmap scan report for broadband-95-84-195-132.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.132)
Nmap scan report for broadband-95-84-195-133.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.133)
Nmap scan report for broadband-95-84-195-134.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.134)
Nmap scan report for broadband-95-84-195-135.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.135)
Nmap scan report for mx2.merpassa.ru (95.84.195.136)
Nmap scan report for broadband-95-84-195-137.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.137)
Nmap scan report for broadband-95-84-195-138.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.138)
Nmap scan report for broadband-95-84-195-139.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.139)
Nmap scan report for broadband-95-84-195-140.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.140)
Nmap scan report for broadband-95-84-195-141.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.141)
Nmap scan report for broadband-95-84-195-142.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.142)
Nmap scan report for broadband-95-84-195-143.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.143)
Nmap scan report for broadband-95-84-195-144.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.144)
.....

Kusan duk adiresoshin suna da daidaitaccen rikodin PTR kamar broadband-address.ip.moscow.rt.ru sai dai abubuwa guda biyu ciki har da mx2.merpassa.ru. Yin la'akari da yanki na mx, wannan sabar wasiƙa ce (musayar wasiƙa). Bari mu yi kokarin duba wannan adireshin a cikin sabis SpamHaus

Ana iya ganin cewa gaba dayan kewayon IP yana kan jerin toshe na dindindin, kuma wasiƙun da aka aiko daga wannan uwar garken ba za su iya isa ga mai karɓa ba. Yi la'akari da wannan lokacin zabar sabar don saƙo mai fita.

Ajiye sabar saƙo a cikin kewayon IP na mai ba da gida koyaushe mummunan ra'ayi ne. Irin wannan uwar garken zai sami matsalolin aikawa da karɓar wasiku. Ka tuna da wannan idan mai sarrafa tsarin ku ya ba da shawarar tura sabar saƙo kai tsaye a adireshin IP na ofis.
Yi amfani da ko dai ainihin hosting ko sabis na imel. Ta wannan hanyar za ku yi kira ƙasa da ƙasa don bincika ko wasiƙun ku sun zo.

Hosting akan hanyar sadarwa ta WiFi

Da zuwan kwamfutoci guda ɗaya kamar Raspberry Pi, ba abin mamaki ba ne ka ga gidan yanar gizon yana gudana akan na'ura mai girman sigar sigari, amma tun kafin Raspberry Pi, masu sha'awar suna gudanar da shafukan gida kai tsaye akan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na WiFi!

Babban mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na WRT54G, wanda ya fara aikin OpenWRT a cikin 2004

Na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ta Linksys WRT54G, wanda daga ita ce aka fara aikin OpenWRT, ba shi da tashoshin USB, amma masu sana'a sun sami siyar da GPIO fil a ciki waɗanda za a iya amfani da su azaman SPI. Wannan shine yadda mod ɗin ya bayyana wanda ke ƙara katin SD zuwa na'urar. Wannan ya buɗe babban 'yanci don kerawa. Kuna iya ma haɗa dukkan PHP! Ni da kaina na tuna yadda, kusan ba tare da sanin yadda ake siyarwa ba, na sayar da katin SD ga wannan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa. Daga baya, tashoshin USB zasu bayyana a cikin masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa kuma zaka iya saka filasha kawai.

A baya can, akwai ayyuka da yawa akan Intanet waɗanda aka ƙaddamar gaba ɗaya akan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na WiFi na gida; za a sami bayanin kula game da wannan a ƙasa. Abin takaici, ban iya samun rukunin yanar gizo guda ɗaya ba. Wataƙila kun san waɗannan?

Sabbin kabad daga tebur IKEA

Wata rana, wani ya gano cewa wani shahararren kofi daga IKEA da ake kira Lack ya yi aiki sosai a matsayin madaidaicin sabar 19-inch. Saboda farashinsa na $9, wannan tebur ya zama sananne sosai don ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin bayanan gida. Ana kiran wannan hanyar shigarwa Rashin Rack.

Teburin Ikea Lakk yana da kyau a maimakon majalisar ministocin uwar garke

Za a iya jera tebur ɗin ɗaya bisa ɗayan kuma a ƙirƙiri ɗakunan kabad na uwar garken na gaske. Abin baƙin cikin shine, saboda ƙaƙƙarfan lamintaccen katakon katako, sabobin masu nauyi sun haifar da faɗuwar tebur. Don amintacce, an ƙarfafa su da sasanninta na ƙarfe.

Yadda yaran makaranta suka hana ni Intanet

Kamar yadda ake tsammani, Ina kuma da sabar karkashin gadota, wanda dandalin tattaunawa mai sauƙi ke gudana, wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga batun da ya shafi wasa. Watarana wani yaro dan makaranta mai tsaurin kai, bai gamsu da haramcin ba, ya rarrashi ’yan uwansa, tare suka fara DDoS din dandalina daga kwamfutocin gidansu. Da yake duk tashar Intanet a wancan lokacin ta kai kimanin Megabits 20, sun yi nasarar gurgunta Intanet na gida gaba daya. Babu toshewar wuta ta taimaka, saboda tashar ta ƙare gaba ɗaya.
Daga waje abin yayi ban dariya sosai:

- Sannu, me yasa ba ku amsa min akan ICQ?
- Yi haƙuri, babu intanet, suna ƙoƙarin nemana.

Tuntuɓi mai ba da sabis bai taimaka ba, sun gaya mini cewa ba alhakinsu ba ne don magance wannan, kuma kawai za su iya toshe hanyoyin da ke shigowa gaba ɗaya. Don haka na zauna kwana biyu ba tare da Intanet ba har maharan sun gaji da shi.

ƙarshe

Kamata ya yi an sami zaɓi na ayyukan P2P na zamani waɗanda za a iya tura su akan sabar gida, kamar ZeroNet, IPFS, Tahoe-LAFS, BitTorrent, I2P. Amma a cikin shekaru biyun da suka gabata ra'ayi na ya canza da yawa. Na yi imani cewa ɗaukar duk wani sabis na jama'a akan adireshin IP na gida, musamman waɗanda suka haɗa da zazzage abun ciki na mai amfani, yana haifar da haɗarin da bai dace ba ga duk mazaunan da ke zaune a cikin ɗakin. Yanzu ina ba ku shawara da ku hana haɗin shiga daga Intanet gwargwadon yiwuwa, watsar da adiresoshin IP da aka keɓe, kuma ku adana duk ayyukanku akan sabar masu nisa akan Intanet.

Bi mai haɓaka mu akan Instagram

source: www.habr.com