Game da madogarawa a cikin Proxmox VE

Labarin "The Magic of Virtualization: Gabatarwa zuwa Proxmox VE" mun sami nasarar shigar da hypervisor a kan uwar garke, an haɗa ajiya zuwa gare ta, mun kula da tsaro na asali, har ma da ƙirƙirar na'ura ta farko. Yanzu bari mu dubi yadda za a aiwatar da mafi yawan ayyuka na yau da kullun waɗanda dole ne a yi su don samun damar dawo da ayyuka koyaushe a yayin da aka gaza.

Proxmox na asali na kayan aikin yana ba ku damar ba kawai adana bayanai ba, har ma ƙirƙirar saitin hotunan tsarin aiki da aka riga aka tsara don turawa cikin sauri. Wannan ba wai kawai yana taimaka muku ƙirƙirar sabuwar uwar garken don kowane sabis a cikin ƴan daƙiƙa kaɗan idan ya cancanta ba, amma kuma yana rage raguwa zuwa ƙarami.

Ba za mu yi magana game da buƙatar ƙirƙirar madadin ba, tun da wannan a bayyane yake kuma ya daɗe da kasancewa axiom. Bari mu dakata kan wasu abubuwa da siffofi marasa ma'ana.

Da farko, bari mu dubi yadda bayanai aka ajiye a lokacin madadin hanya.

Ajiyayyen Algorithms

Bari mu fara da gaskiyar cewa Proxmox yana da ingantattun kayan aikin yau da kullun don ƙirƙirar kwafin kwafin injina. Yana sauƙaƙa adana duk bayanan injin ɗin ku kuma yana goyan bayan hanyoyin matsawa guda biyu, da kuma hanyoyi uku don ƙirƙirar waɗannan kwafin.

Bari mu fara duba hanyoyin matsawa:

1. LZO matsawa. Algorithm na matsawa bayanai mara asara an ƙirƙira baya a tsakiyar 90s. An rubuta lambar Markus Oberheimer (wanda aka aiwatar a cikin Proxmox ta hanyar amfani da lzop). Babban fasalin wannan algorithm shine buɗewa da sauri sosai. Saboda haka, duk wani madadin da aka ƙirƙira ta amfani da wannan algorithm za a iya tura shi cikin ƙaramin adadin lokaci idan ya cancanta.
2. GZIP matsawa. Amfani da wannan algorithm, madadin za a matsa akan tashi ta hanyar GNU Zip utility, wanda ke amfani da ƙaƙƙarfan Deflate algorithm halitta ta Phil Katz. Babban mahimmanci shine akan iyakar matsawar bayanai, wanda ke rage sararin faifai da ke cikin kwafin madadin. Babban bambanci daga LZO shine hanyoyin matsawa / ragewa suna ɗaukar lokaci mai yawa.

Hanyoyin ajiya

Proxmox yana bawa mai gudanar da tsarin zaɓin hanyoyin ajiya guda uku. Yin amfani da su, za ku iya magance matsalar da ake buƙata ta hanyar ƙayyade fifiko tsakanin buƙatar raguwa da amincin ajiyar da aka yi:

1. Yanayin ɗaukar hoto. Hakanan ana iya kiran wannan yanayin Live backup, tunda baya buƙatar dakatar da injin kama-da-wane don amfani da shi. Yin amfani da wannan tsarin ba ya katse aikin VM, amma yana da lahani biyu masu tsanani - matsaloli na iya tasowa saboda kulle fayil ta hanyar tsarin aiki da saurin ƙirƙira. Ajiyayyen da aka ƙirƙira tare da wannan hanya yakamata a gwada koyaushe a cikin yanayin gwaji. In ba haka ba, akwai haɗarin cewa idan gaggawar farfadowa ya zama dole, za su iya kasawa.
2. Yanayin dakatarwa. Injin kama-da-wane na ɗan lokaci yana “daskare” yanayin sa har sai an kammala aikin wariyar ajiya. Abubuwan da ke cikin RAM ba a goge su ba, wanda ke ba ku damar ci gaba da aiki daidai daga lokacin da aka dakatar da aikin. Tabbas, wannan yana haifar da raguwar lokacin uwar garken yayin da ake kwafin bayanai, amma babu buƙatar kashe/akan na'urar kama-da-wane, wanda ke da matukar mahimmanci ga wasu ayyuka. Musamman idan ƙaddamar da wasu ayyuka ba na atomatik ba ne. Duk da haka, irin waɗannan ma'ajin ya kamata kuma a tura su zuwa wurin gwaji don gwaji.
3. Yanayin Tsaida. Mafi amintaccen hanyar wariyar ajiya, amma yana buƙatar cikakken rufe na'urar kama-da-wane. Ana aika umarni don yin kashewa akai-akai, bayan tsayawa, ana yin ajiyar waje, sannan a ba da umarni don kunna na'urar kama-da-wane. Adadin kurakurai tare da wannan hanya ba ta da yawa kuma galibi ana rage su zuwa sifili. Ajiyayyen da aka ƙirƙira ta wannan hanya kusan koyaushe ana turawa daidai.

Yin aikin ajiyar wuri

Don ƙirƙirar madadin:

1. Bari mu je zuwa na'urar kama-da-wane da ake so.
2. Zabi wani abu Ajiye.
3. Danna maɓallin Ajiye yanzu. Wani taga zai buɗe wanda za ka iya zaɓar sigogi don madadin gaba.

   

4. A matsayin ajiya muna nuna wanda muka haɗa a bangaren da ya gabata.
5. Bayan zaɓar sigogi, danna maɓallin Ajiye kuma jira har sai an ƙirƙiri madadin. Za a yi rubutu game da wannan AIKI OK.

   

Yanzu rumbun adana bayanan da aka ƙirƙira tare da kwafin injunan kama-da-wane za su kasance don saukewa daga sabar. Hanya mafi sauƙi kuma mafi kowa na yin kwafi ita ce SFTP. Don yin wannan, yi amfani da sanannen abokin ciniki na FTP na giciye FileZilla, wanda zai iya aiki ta amfani da ka'idar SFTP.

1. A cikin filin Mai watsa shiri shigar da adireshin IP na uwar garken kayan aikin mu a cikin filin sunan mai amfani shigar da tushen a cikin filin Kalmar sirri - wanda aka zaba yayin shigarwa, kuma a cikin filin Tashar jiragen ruwa nuna "22" (ko kowane tashar jiragen ruwa da aka ƙayyade don haɗin SSH).
2. Danna maɓallin Haɗin sauri kuma, idan an shigar da duk bayanan daidai, to a cikin panel mai aiki za ku ga duk fayilolin da ke kan uwar garke.
3. Je zuwa kundin adireshi /mnt/ajiya. Duk abubuwan da aka ƙirƙira za su kasance a cikin babban kundin adireshi na "juji". Za su yi kama da:
   • vzdump-qemu-machine_lambar-lokaci-lokaci.vma.gz idan kun zaɓi hanyar GZIP;
   • vzdump-qemu-machine_number-date-time.vma.lzo a yanayin zabar hanyar LZO.

Ana ba da shawarar cewa nan da nan zazzage kwafin madadin daga uwar garken kuma adana su a wuri mai aminci, misali, a cikin ma'ajiyar girgijenmu. Idan kun buɗe fayil tare da ƙudurin vma, mai amfani mai suna iri ɗaya wanda ya zo tare da Proxmox, sannan a ciki za a sami fayiloli tare da kari. raw, conf и fw. Waɗannan fayilolin sun ƙunshi abubuwa masu zuwa:

• raw - hoton diski;
• conf - Tsarin VM;
• fw - saitunan wuta.

Ana dawowa daga madadin

Bari mu yi la'akari da halin da ake ciki inda aka share na'ura mai kama da gangan kuma ana buƙatar dawo da ita ta gaggawa daga maajiyar:

1. Bude wurin ajiya inda kwafin ajiyar yake.
2. Jeka tab Abun ciki.
3. Zaɓi kwafin da ake so kuma danna maɓallin Farfadowa.

   

4. Muna nuna ma'ajin da aka yi niyya da kuma ID ɗin da za a sanya wa injin bayan an gama aikin.
5. Danna maɓallin Farfadowa.

Da zarar maidowa ya cika, VM zai bayyana a cikin jerin da ake samu.

Rufe injin kama-da-wane

Alal misali, bari mu ɗauka cewa kamfani yana buƙatar yin canje-canje ga wasu ayyuka masu mahimmanci. Ana aiwatar da irin wannan canjin ta hanyar yin canje-canje da yawa ga fayilolin daidaitawa. Sakamakon ba shi da tabbas kuma kowane kuskure na iya haifar da gazawar sabis. Don hana irin wannan gwaji daga shafar uwar garken da ke gudana, ana ba da shawarar don clone na'urar kama-da-wane.

Tsarin cloning zai haifar da ainihin kwafin uwar garken kama-da-wane, wanda za'a iya yin kowane canje-canje ba tare da shafar aikin babban sabis ɗin ba. Bayan haka, idan an yi amfani da canje-canjen cikin nasara, za a ƙaddamar da sabon VM kuma an rufe tsohuwar. Akwai wata alama a cikin wannan tsari wanda ya kamata a tuna da shi koyaushe. Na'urar cloned za ta sami adireshin IP iri ɗaya da ainihin VM, ma'ana za a sami rikicin adireshi lokacin da ya fara.

Za mu gaya muku yadda za ku guje wa irin wannan yanayin. Nan da nan kafin cloning, ya kamata ku yi canje-canje ga saitunan cibiyar sadarwa. Don yin wannan, kuna buƙatar canza adireshin IP na ɗan lokaci, amma kar a sake kunna sabis na cibiyar sadarwa. Bayan an gama cloning akan babban injin, yakamata ku dawo da saitunan, sannan saita duk wani adireshin IP akan na'urar cloned. Don haka, za mu karɓi kwafi biyu na sabar iri ɗaya a adireshi daban-daban. Wannan zai ba ku damar shigar da sabon sabis da sauri cikin aiki.

Idan wannan sabis ɗin sabar gidan yanar gizo ce, to kawai kuna buƙatar canza rikodin A tare da mai ba da sabis na DNS ɗin ku, bayan haka za a aika buƙatun abokin ciniki na wannan sunan yankin zuwa adireshin injin kama-da-wane na cloned.

Af, Selectel yana ba duk abokan cinikin sa sabis na ɗaukar kowane adadin yanki akan sabar NS kyauta. Ana sarrafa rikodin duka ta hanyar kwamitin kulawa da kuma ta API na musamman. Kara karantawa game da wannan a tushen ilimin mu.

Rufe VM a cikin Proxmox aiki ne mai sauqi qwarai. Don yin wannan, kuna buƙatar yin abubuwa masu zuwa:

1. Je zuwa injin da muke bukata.
2. Zaɓi daga menu Kara magana clone.
3. A cikin taga da yake buɗewa, cika ma'aunin Suna.

   

4. Yi cloning a taɓa maɓallin clone.

Wannan kayan aiki yana ba ku damar yin kwafin injin kama-da-wane ba kawai akan uwar garken gida ba. Idan an haɗa sabar saƙo da yawa cikin tari, to ta amfani da wannan kayan aikin zaku iya matsar da kwafin da aka ƙirƙira nan da nan zuwa uwar garken zahiri da ake so. Abu mai amfani shine zaɓin ajiyar diski (parameter Ma'ajiyar manufa), wanda ya dace sosai lokacin motsi injin kama-da-wane daga kafofin watsa labarai na zahiri zuwa wani.

Tsarukan ma'ajiya ta zahiri

Bari mu ba ku ƙarin bayani game da tsarin tuƙi da aka yi amfani da su a cikin Proxmox:

1. raw. Mafi sauƙin fahimta da tsari. Wannan fayil ɗin bayanan rumbun kwamfutarka ta byte-for-byte ba tare da matsawa ko ingantawa ba. Wannan tsari ne mai dacewa sosai saboda ana iya hawa shi cikin sauƙi tare da daidaitaccen umarnin dutse akan kowane tsarin Linux. Haka kuma, wannan shi ne mafi sauri "nau'in" drive, tun da hypervisor ba ya bukatar aiwatar da shi ta kowace hanya.

   Babban hasara na wannan tsari shine cewa komai girman sarari da kuka ware don injin kama-da-wane, daidai adadin sararin faifan diski zai mamaye fayil ɗin RAW (ba tare da la'akari da ainihin wurin da aka mamaye a cikin injin kama-da-wane ba).

2. Tsarin Hoton QEMU (qcow2). Wataƙila mafi girman tsarin duniya don yin kowane ɗawainiya. Amfaninsa shi ne cewa fayil ɗin bayanan zai ƙunshi sararin da aka mamaye kawai a cikin injin kama-da-wane. Misali, idan an ware 40 GB na sarari, amma 2 GB kawai aka yi amfani da shi, to sauran sararin zai kasance don wasu VMs. Wannan yana da mahimmanci yayin adana sararin diski.

   Ƙananan rashin lahani na yin aiki tare da wannan tsari shine kamar haka: don hawan irin wannan hoton akan kowane tsarin, za ku fara buƙatar saukewa. direban nbd na musammanda kuma amfani da kayan aiki ku-nbd, wanda zai ba da damar tsarin aiki don samun damar fayil ɗin azaman na'urar toshe na yau da kullun. Bayan wannan, hoton zai zama samuwa don hawa, rarrabawa, duba tsarin fayil da sauran ayyuka.

   Ya kamata a tuna cewa duk ayyukan I/O lokacin amfani da wannan tsari ana sarrafa su a cikin software, wanda ke haifar da raguwa yayin aiki tare da tsarin faifai. Idan aikin shine ƙaddamar da bayanan bayanai akan uwar garke, to yana da kyau a zaɓi tsarin RAW.

3. Tsarin hoto na VMware (vmdk). Wannan tsari na asali ne ga VMware vSphere hypervisor kuma an haɗa shi cikin Proxmox don dacewa. Yana ba ku damar ƙaura injin kama-da-wane na VMware zuwa kayan aikin Proxmox.

   Ba a ba da shawarar yin amfani da vmdk akan ci gaba ba; wannan tsari shine mafi sauri a cikin Proxmox, don haka ya dace da yin ƙaura kawai, ba komai ba. Wataƙila za a kawar da wannan gazawar nan gaba.

Yin aiki tare da hotunan diski

Proxmox ya zo tare da ingantaccen kayan amfani da ake kira immu-img. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukansa shine canza hotunan faifai. Don amfani da shi, kawai buɗe na'ura mai kwakwalwa ta hypervisor kuma gudanar da umarni a cikin tsari:

qemu-img convert -f vmdk test.vmdk -O qcow2 test.qcow2

A cikin misalin da aka bayar, hoton vmdk na VMware Virtual drive da ake kira gwajin za a canza zuwa tsari quwa 2. Wannan umarni ne mai fa'ida sosai lokacin da kuke buƙatar gyara kuskure a zaɓin tsarin farko.

Godiya ga wannan umarni, zaku iya tilasta ƙirƙirar hoton da ake so ta amfani da hujja ƙirƙirar:

qemu-img create -f raw test.raw 40G

Wannan umarnin zai haifar da hoton gwaji a cikin tsari raw, 40 GB a girman. Yanzu ya dace don haɗawa da kowane injin kama-da-wane.

Maimaita girman faifai

Kuma a ƙarshe, za mu nuna muku yadda ake ƙara girman hoton diski idan saboda wasu dalilai babu isasshen sarari akansa. Don yin wannan, muna amfani da hujjar sake girman:

qemu-img resize -f raw test.raw 80G

Yanzu hotonmu ya zama girman 80 GB. Kuna iya duba cikakken bayani game da hoton ta amfani da hujja info:

qemu-img info test.raw

Kar a manta cewa fadada hoton kanta ba zai ƙara girman ɓangaren ba ta atomatik - zai ƙara sararin sarari kyauta. Don haɓaka ɓangaren, yi amfani da umarnin:

resize2fs /dev/sda1

inda / dev / sda1 - sashin da ake buƙata.

Automation na madadin

Yin amfani da hanyar hannu na ƙirƙirar madogarawa aiki ne mai tsananin wahala da ɗaukar lokaci. Shi ya sa Proxmox VE ya haɗa da kayan aiki don tsarawa ta atomatik. Bari mu ga yadda ake yin haka:

1. Yin amfani da mahaɗin yanar gizo na hypervisor, buɗe abu Cibiyar bayanai.
2. Zabi wani abu Ajiye.
3. Danna maɓallin Add.
4. Saita sigogi don mai tsarawa.

   

5. Duba akwatin Sanya.
6. Ajiye canje-canje ta amfani da maɓallin ƙirƙiri.

Yanzu mai tsara jadawalin zai ƙaddamar da shirin ta atomatik a daidai lokacin da aka ƙayyade, bisa ƙayyadaddun jadawali.

ƙarshe

Mun sake duba daidaitattun hanyoyin don tallafawa da maido da injunan kama-da-wane. Amfani da su yana ba ku damar adana duk bayanai ba tare da wata matsala ba kuma da sauri dawo da su idan akwai gaggawa.

Tabbas, ba wannan ba ita ce kawai hanya mai yiwuwa don adana mahimman bayanai ba. Akwai kayan aiki da yawa akwai, misali. Zumunta, wanda da shi za ku iya ƙirƙirar cikakkun kwafi da ƙari na abubuwan da ke cikin sabar tushen Linux.

Lokacin aiwatar da hanyoyin wariyar ajiya, yakamata koyaushe kuyi la'akari da cewa suna ɗora nauyin tsarin faifai. Don haka, ana ba da shawarar cewa a aiwatar da waɗannan hanyoyin yayin lokutan ƙarancin nauyi don guje wa jinkiri yayin ayyukan I / O a cikin injinan. Kuna iya saka idanu kan matsayin jinkirin aiki na diski kai tsaye daga mahaɗar gidan yanar gizon hypervisor ( sigar jinkiri na IO).

source: www.habr.com