Paul Graham: ko'u mau kii

Loaʻa iaʻu nā kumuhana he nui i hiki iaʻu ke kākau a kākau e pili ana. ʻO kekahi o lākou he "kiʻi".

ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole kēia he papa inoa o nā poʻe hanohano loa o ka honua. Manaʻo wau ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke hōʻuluʻulu i kēlā papa inoa, ʻoiai me ka makemake nui.

No ka laʻana, ʻo Einstein, ʻaʻole ʻo ia ma kaʻu papa inoa, akā pono ʻo ia i kahi i waena o ka poʻe i mahalo nui ʻia. Ua nīnau au i kekahi hoa oʻu e aʻo ana i ka physics inā he akamai maoli ʻo Einstein, a ua pane ʻo ia me ka ʻae. No laila, no ke aha ʻaʻole ia ma ka papa inoa? ʻO kēia no ka mea, eia ka poʻe i hoʻoikaika iaʻu, ʻaʻole ka poʻe i hiki ke hoʻoikaika iaʻu inā ua ʻike wau i ka waiwai piha o kā lākou hana.

Pono wau e noʻonoʻo e pili ana i kekahi a ʻike inā ʻo ia kaʻu meʻe. Ua ʻokoʻa nā manaʻo. No ka laʻana, ʻo Montaigne, ka mea nāna i hana i ka ʻatikala, aia ma waho o kaʻu papa inoa. No ke aha mai? A laila, nīnau wau iaʻu iho, he aha ka mea e kapa ai i ke kanaka he meʻe? ʻIke ʻia he pono wale ʻoe e noʻonoʻo i ka mea e hana ai kēia kanaka ma koʻu wahi i kahi kūlana i hāʻawi ʻia. ʻAe, ʻaʻole kēia he mahalo.

Ma hope o koʻu hōʻuluʻulu ʻana i ka papa inoa, ʻike wau i kahi pae maʻamau. ʻElua mau hiʻohiʻona ka poʻe a pau ma ka papa inoa: mālama nui lākou i kā lākou hana, akā naʻe, he ʻoiaʻiʻo maoli lākou. Ma kaʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole wau e manaʻo e hoʻokō i nā mea āpau a ka mea nānā. He mau mea hoʻonāukiuki lākou a pau no kēia kumu, ʻoiai ua hūnā lākou iā ia i nā pae like ʻole.

Jack Lambert

Paul Graham: ko'u mau kii

Ua ulu au ma Pittsburgh i ka makahiki 70. Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe ma laila i kēlā manawa, paʻakikī ke noʻonoʻo i ka manaʻo o ke kūlanakauhale no nā Steelers. He ino na lono kūloko a pau, e make ana ka oihana kila. Akā, ʻo ka Steelers ka hui maikaʻi loa i ka pôpeku kulanui, a ma kekahi mau ʻano e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano o ko mākou kūlanakauhale. ʻAʻole lākou i hana i nā hana mana, akā ua hana wale lākou i kā lākou hana.

Ua kaulana nā mea pāʻani ʻē aʻe: Terry Bradshaw, Franco Harris, Lyn Swan. Akā, ua hewa lākou, a ke nānā mau nei ʻoe i nā mea pāʻani. Me he mea lā iaʻu, ma ke ʻano he loea pôpeku ʻAmelika he 12 makahiki, ʻo Jack Lambert ka mea maikaʻi loa o lākou a pau. He lokoino loa ʻo ia, ʻo ia ke kumu i maikaʻi loa ai. ʻAʻole makemake wale ʻo ia e pāʻani maikaʻi, makemake ʻo ia i kahi pāʻani maikaʻi loa. I ka wā i loaʻa ai i ka mea pāʻani o ka hui ʻē aʻe ka pōleʻa i loko o kāna hapalua o ke kahua, ua lawe ʻo ia i mea hoʻomāinoino pilikino.

He wahi ʻoluʻolu loa ka ʻāina ʻo Pittsburgh i nā makahiki 1970. He luuluu ma ke kula. Ua koi ʻia nā poʻe mākua a pau e hana i kā lākou hana ma nā hui nui. ʻO nā mea a pau a mākou i ʻike ai ma ka pāpaho ua like ia a ua hana ʻia ma kahi ʻē aʻe. ʻO Jack Lambert ka mea ʻokoʻa. ʻAʻole au i ʻike i kekahi e like me ia.

Kenneth Clark

Paul Graham: ko'u mau kii

ʻO Kenneth Clarke kekahi o nā mea kākau moʻolelo maikaʻi ʻole. ʻAʻole ʻike ka hapa nui o ka poʻe kākau e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala o ke kiʻi, a he nui nā mea liʻiliʻi e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i kēia. Akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o Clarke i kāna hana e like me ka mea e noʻonoʻo ai.

No ke aha ia mea kūikawā? Ka maikaʻi o ka manaʻo. I ka wā mua, he mea maʻamau paha ke ʻano o ka ʻōlelo, akā he hoʻopunipuni kēia. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka heluhelu ʻana i ka Nudity me ka hoʻokele Ferrari wale nō: ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻoe, paʻa ʻoe i ka noho e ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe. ʻOiai ʻoe e maʻa iā ia, e kiola ʻia ʻoe i ka wā e huli ai ke kaʻa. Hoʻopuka koke kēia kanaka i nā manaʻo a ʻaʻohe ala e hopu ai. E hoʻopau ʻoe i ka heluhelu ʻana i ka mokuna me kou mau maka ākea a me ka ʻakaʻaka ma kou mau maka.

Mahalo i ka moʻolelo palapala Civilization, kaulana ʻo Kenneth i kona lā. A inā makemake ʻoe e kamaʻāina me ka mōʻaukala o ka noʻeau, ʻo Civilization kaʻu e paipai nei. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia ʻāpana ma mua o nā mea i koi ʻia e nā haumāna e kūʻai i ke aʻo ʻana i ka mōʻaukala noʻeau.

Larry Michalko

Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kanaka i ka wā kamaliʻi ko lākou kumu aʻoaʻo ma kekahi mau mea. ʻO Larry Michalko koʻu kumu aʻo. I koʻu nānā ʻana i hope, ʻike au i kekahi laina ma waena o ka papa ʻekolu a me ka papa ʻehā. Ma hope o koʻu hālāwai ʻana me Mr. Mikhalko, ua ʻokoʻa nā mea a pau.

No ke aha ia? ʻO ka mea mua, ua ʻimi ʻo ia. ʻAe, ʻoiaʻiʻo, nui kaʻu mau kumu i aʻo maikaʻi ʻia, akā ʻaʻole hoihoi. ʻAʻole kūpono ʻo Larry i ke ʻano o ke kumu kula, a ke manaʻo nei au ua ʻike ʻo ia. He mea paʻakikī paha iā ia, akā na mākou nā haumāna he mea leʻaleʻa. ʻO kāna mau haʻawina he huakaʻi hele i kahi honua ʻē aʻe. No laila makemake wau e hele i ke kula i kēlā me kēia lā.

ʻO kekahi mea i hoʻokaʻawale iā ia mai nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, ʻo kona aloha iā mākou. ʻAʻole wahaheʻe nā keiki. ʻAʻohe kumu ʻē aʻe i nā haumāna, akā ʻimi ʻo Mr. Mihalko e lilo i hoaaloha no mākou. ʻO kekahi o nā lā hope loa o ka papa 4, hoʻokani ʻo ia iā mākou i kahi moʻolelo James Taylor o "Ua Loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi hoaaloha." E kāhea wale mai iaʻu a ma hea wau e lele ai. Ua make ʻo ia i ka 59 o kona mau makahiki mai ka maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi. ʻO ka manawa wale nō aʻu i uē ai ma kona hoʻolewa.

ʻO Leonardo

Paul Graham: ko'u mau kii

Ua ʻike koke wau i kahi mea aʻu i hoʻomaopopo ʻole ai i koʻu wā kamaliʻi: ʻo nā mea maikaʻi loa a mākou e hana ai no mākou iho, ʻaʻole no nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻIke ʻoe i nā kiʻi pena ma nā hale hōʻikeʻike a manaʻoʻiʻo ua pena wale ʻia lākou no ʻoe. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau hana i manaʻo ʻia e hōʻike i ka honua, ʻaʻole e hoʻomāʻona i nā kānaka. ʻOi aku ka ʻoluʻolu o kēia mau ʻike i kekahi manawa ma mua o kēlā mau mea i hana ʻia e māʻona.

ʻO Leonardo he mau ʻano like ʻole. ʻO kekahi o kāna mau ʻano hanohano: ua hana ʻo ia i nā mea nui he nui. I kēia mau lā, ʻike wale ka poʻe iā ia ma ke ʻano he mea pena kiʻi nui a me ka mea hana i ka mīkini lele. Mai kēia hiki iā mākou ke manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo Leonardo he moeʻuhane nāna i hoʻolei i nā manaʻo āpau o nā kaʻa hoʻokuʻu. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hana ʻo ia i ka nui o nā ʻike loea. No laila, hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo ʻaʻole ʻo ia he mea pena kiʻi maikaʻi, akā he ʻenekinia maikaʻi nō hoʻi.

Noʻu, ʻo kāna mau kiʻi pena ka mea nui. I loko o ia mau mea ua ho'āʻoʻo ia eʻimi i ka honua,ʻaʻole e hōʻike i ka nani. Eia nō naʻe, kū pū nā kiʻi pena a Leonardo me nā mea pena kiʻi o ka honua. ʻAʻohe mea ʻē aʻe, ma mua a ma hope paha, i maikaʻi ke nānā ʻole.

Robert Morris

Paul Graham: ko'u mau kii

Ua ʻike mau ʻia ʻo Robert Morris e ka pololei i nā mea āpau. Me he mea lā e ʻike pono ʻoe e hana i kēia, akā he mea maʻalahi loa ia. Mai ʻōlelo i kekahi mea inā ʻaʻole ʻoe maopopo. Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe ʻike i nā mea a pau, mai kamaʻilio nui.

ʻOi aku ka pololei, ʻo ka hoʻopunipuni ka hoʻolohe ʻana i ka mea āu e makemake ai e ʻōlelo. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia hana hoʻopunipuni, ʻo Robert, i koʻu ʻike, hoʻokahi wale nō hana hewa ʻana, i kona wā haumāna. I ka puka ʻana mai o Mac, ʻōlelo ʻo ia ʻaʻole kūpono nā kamepiula liʻiliʻi no ka hacking maoli.

Ma keia hihia, aole ia i kapaia he maalea. Inā ua ʻike ʻo ia he hoʻopunipuni kēia, inā ua kuhi hewa ʻo ia i kāna manawa hauʻoli. Loaʻa iā Robert kēia ʻano i loko o kona koko. He ʻoiaʻiʻo nō hoʻi ʻo ia. ʻAʻole wale ʻo ia ka pololei i nā manawa a pau, akā ʻike pū ʻo ia he pololei ʻo ia.

Ua manaʻo paha ʻoe i ka maikaʻi o ka hana hewa ʻole, a ua hana nā mea a pau. He paʻakikī loa ka nānā nui ʻana i nā hewa i loko o kahi manaʻo e like me ka manaʻo holoʻokoʻa. Akā ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻaʻohe mea e hana i kēia. ʻIke wau i ka paʻakikī. Ma hope o ka hālāwai ʻana me Robert, ua hoʻāʻo wau e hoʻohana i kēia kumumanaʻo i ka lako polokalamu, me he mea lā ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i ka lako.

P. G. Woodhouse

Paul Graham: ko'u mau kii

I ka hopena, ua ʻike ka poʻe i ke koʻikoʻi o ke kanaka o ka mea kākau ʻo Wodehouse. Inā makemake ʻoe e ʻae ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea kākau i kēia lā, pono ʻoe e hoʻonaʻauao. Inā ua ʻike ʻia kāu mea hana i ka lehulehu a he ʻakaʻaka, a laila ke wehe nei ʻoe iā ʻoe iho i ka kānalua. ʻO ia ka mea e hoʻohauʻoli loa ai i ka hana a Wodehouse - ua kākau ʻo ia i kāna mea i makemake ai a hoʻomaopopo ʻo ia e hana ʻia ʻo ia me ka hoʻowahāwahā ʻia e kona mau hoa.

Ua ʻike ʻo Evelyn Waugh iā ia ʻo ia ka mea maikaʻi loa, akā i kēlā mau lā ua kapa ʻia e ka poʻe he ʻano hoʻohiwahiwa a i ka manawa like ʻole. I kēlā manawa, hiki i kekahi moʻolelo autobiographical maʻamau a kahi haumāna puka kula hou ke hilinaʻi i ka mālama ʻana i ka mahalo nui ʻia mai ka hale palapala.

Ua hoʻomaka paha ʻo Wodehouse me nā ʻātoma maʻalahi, akā ʻo ke ʻano o kona hoʻohui ʻana iā lākou i loko o nā molekala he aneane hala ʻole. ʻO kona puʻupuʻu. He mea hilahila iaʻu e kākau e pili ana i kēia. Hiki iaʻu ke noʻonoʻo i ʻelua mau mea kākau ʻē aʻe e hele kokoke mai iā ia ma ke ʻano: Evelyn Waugh lāua ʻo Nancy Mitford. Ua hoʻohana kēia mau ʻekolu i ka ʻōlelo Pelekane me he mea lā no lākou.

Akā ʻaʻohe mea a Woodhouse. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i hilahila no ia mea. Ua mālama ʻo Evelyn Waugh lāua ʻo Nancy Mitford i ka manaʻo o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe iā lāua: makemake ʻo ia e ʻike ʻia he aliʻi; makaʻu ʻo ia ʻaʻole lawa kona akamai. Akā ʻaʻole mālama ʻo Woodhouse i ka manaʻo o kekahi iā ia. Ua kākau pololei ʻo ia i kāna makemake.

ʻO Alexander Calder

Paul Graham: ko'u mau kii

Aia ʻo Calder ma kēia papa inoa no ka mea hauʻoli iaʻu. Hiki i kāna hana ke hoʻokūkū me Leonardo? ʻAʻole paha. E like me nā mea ʻole i hiki i ka 20th century hiki ke hoʻokūkū. Akā ʻo nā mea maikaʻi a pau i Modernism aia i Calder, a hana ʻo ia me kāna ʻano maʻalahi.

ʻO ka mea maikaʻi e pili ana i ka Modernism ʻo kāna mea hou, kona hou. Ua hoʻomaka ke ʻano o ke kenekulia 19 e ʻā.
ʻO nā kiʻi pena i kaulana i kēlā manawa, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka pena kiʻi like me nā hale nui—nui, kāhiko, a hoʻopunipuni. ʻO ka Modernism ka manaʻo e hoʻomaka hou, e hana i nā mea me nā manaʻo koʻikoʻi like me nā keiki. ʻO nā mea pena kiʻi i hoʻohana i kēia mea maikaʻi loa, ʻo ia ka poʻe i mālama i ka hilinaʻi kamaliʻi, e like me Klee a me Calder.

He mea kupanaha ʻo Klee no ka mea hiki iā ia ke hana ma nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole. Akā ʻo nā mea ʻelua, makemake nui au iā Calder no ka mea ʻoi aku ka hauʻoli o kāna hana. ʻO ka hope loa, ʻo ka manaʻo o ka hana noʻeau e hoʻohuli i ka mea nānā. He mea paʻakikī ke wānana i kāna mea e makemake ai; ʻO ka manawa pinepine, he mea hoihoi i ka wā mua, ma hope o hoʻokahi mahina e luhi ʻoe. ʻAʻole ʻoluʻolu nā kiʻi o Calder. Noho mālie lākou ma laila, e hoʻomālamalama ana i ka manaʻo maikaʻi e like me kahi pākaukau ʻaʻole e pau. E like me kaʻu e ʻike ai mai nā puke a me nā kiʻi, ʻo ka hauʻoli i ka hana a Calder he hōʻike ia o kona hauʻoli ponoʻī.

Jane Austen

Paul Graham: ko'u mau kii

Mahalo nā kānaka a pau iā Jane Austen. Hoʻohui i koʻu inoa i kēia papa inoa. Manaʻo wau ʻo ia ka mea kākau maikaʻi loa o nā manawa a pau. Ua hoihoi au i ka holo ana o na mea. Ke heluhelu nei au i ka hapa nui o nā puke moʻolelo, ʻike nui au i nā koho a ka mea kākau e like me ka moʻolelo ponoʻī. ʻOiai hoihoi au i kāna hana ʻana, ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke hoʻomaopopo no ka mea ʻo ia ka maikaʻi o kāna kākau ʻana i ʻike ʻole ʻia kāna mau moʻolelo. Manaʻo wau e heluhelu ana i kahi wehewehe o ka mea i hana maoli ʻia. I koʻu wā liʻiliʻi, heluhelu au i nā puke he nui. ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke heluhelu hou i ka hapa nui o lākou no ka mea ʻaʻole lawa ka ʻike i loko o lākou. He mea liʻiliʻi loa nā moʻolelo i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka mōʻaukala a me ka biography. Akā ʻo ka heluhelu ʻana iā Austen e like me ka heluhelu ʻana i ka moʻolelo. Ua kākau maikaʻi ʻo ia ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻike iā ia.

John McCarthy

Paul Graham: ko'u mau kii

Ua haku ʻo John McCarthy iā Lisp, ke kahua (a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi o ka huaʻōlelo) o ka naʻauao hana, a he lālā mua ia o nā keʻena ʻepekema kamepiula kiʻekiʻe ma MIT a me Stanford. ʻAʻohe mea e hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea nui, akā noʻu he mea kūikawā ʻo ia ma muli o Lisp.

He mea paʻakikī iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo i ka lele ʻana o ka manaʻo i kēlā manawa. ʻO ka mea hoʻohālikelike, ʻo kekahi o nā kumu i paʻakikī loa i kāna hoʻokō ʻana, ʻo ia ka holomua. Ma kahi kokoke i kēlā me kēia ʻōlelo papahana i haku ʻia i nā makahiki he 20 i hala iho nei, aia nā manaʻo mai Lisp, a i kēlā me kēia makahiki e lilo ka awelika ʻōlelo papahana e like me Lisp.

I ka makahiki 1958 ʻaʻole maopopo loa kēia mau manaʻo. I ka makahiki 1958, ua noʻonoʻo ʻia ka papahana ma nā ʻano ʻelua. Ua manaʻo kekahi poʻe iā ia he mea makemakika a hōʻoia i nā mea āpau e pili ana i ka mīkini Turing. Ua ʻike kekahi poʻe i ka ʻōlelo hoʻolālā ma ke ʻano he ala e hana ai i nā mea a hoʻomohala i nā ʻōlelo i hoʻoikaika nui ʻia e ka ʻenehana o ia manawa. ʻO McCarthy wale nō i lanakila i nā ʻokoʻa o ka manaʻo. Ua kūkulu ʻo ia i ka ʻōlelo makemakika. Akā ua hoʻomohala ʻo ia i kahi huaʻōlelo i kūpono ʻole, a i ʻole, ua ʻike ʻo ia.

Puhi kuha

Paul Graham: ko'u mau kii

I koʻu kākau ʻana i kēia papa inoa, ʻike wau iaʻu iho e noʻonoʻo ana i nā poʻe e like me Douglas Bader lāua ʻo Reginald Joseph Mitchell a me Geoffrey Quill, a ʻike wau ʻoiai ua hana lākou a pau i nā mea he nui i ko lākou ola, aia kekahi mea i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe i hoʻopaʻa iā lākou: Spitfire.
He papa inoa kēia o nā meʻe. Pehea e hiki ai ke kaʻa i loko? No ka mea, ʻaʻole kēia kaʻa he kaʻa wale nō. ʻO ia ka prisma o nā koa. Ua komo ka manaʻo nui i loko ona, a ua puka mai ka wiwo ʻole mai loko mai ona.

He mea maʻamau ke kapa ʻana i ke Kaua Honua ʻElua he hakakā ma waena o ka maikaʻi a me ka hewa, akā ma waena o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kaua, ʻo ia nō. ʻO ka nemesis mua o ka Spitfire, ka ME 109, he mokulele paʻakikī. He mīkini pepehi kanaka. ʻO Spitfire ke ʻano o ka manaʻolana. ʻAʻole wale i kēia mau laina nani: ʻo ia ka piko o ka mea hiki ke hana ʻia. Akā, ua pololei mākou i ko mākou hoʻoholo ʻana ma mua o kēlā. Ma ka lewa wale no ka u'i.

Steve Jobs

Paul Graham: ko'u mau kii

Hoʻomanaʻo mau ka poʻe i ola i ka wā i pepehi ʻia ai ʻo Kennedy i ko lākou wahi i lohe ai. Ke hoʻomanaʻo pono nei au i koʻu wahi i ka wā i nīnau mai ai kekahi hoaaloha iaʻu inā ua lohe au ua loaʻa ʻo Steve Jobs i ka maʻi kanesa. Me he mea lā ua nalo ka honua mai lalo o koʻu mau wāwae. Ma hope o ʻelua kekona, ua haʻi mai ʻo ia iaʻu he ʻano maʻi maʻi ʻaʻai hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia a maikaʻi ʻo ia. Akā, me he mea lā e mau ana kēlā mau kekona.

ʻAʻole maopopo iaʻu inā e hoʻokomo ʻo Jobs ma ka papa inoa. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā poʻe ma Apple e makaʻu iā ia, he hōʻailona maikaʻi ʻole ia. Akā mahalo ʻo ia. ʻAʻohe huaʻōlelo e hiki ke wehewehe ʻo wai ʻo Steve Jobs. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i hana i nā huahana Apple iā ia iho. ʻO ka mōʻaukala, ʻo ka hoʻohālikelike kokoke loa i kāna mea i hana ai, ʻo ia ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā kiʻi i ka wā o ka Renaissance nui. Ma ke ʻano he Luna Nui o ka ʻoihana, ʻokoʻa kēia iā ia. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā luna e hāʻawi i kā lākou makemake i kā lākou mau subordinates. ʻO ka paradox o ka hoʻolālā ʻana, i ka nui a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka koho e ka manawa. Akā ʻo Steve Jobs ka ʻono—no ka ʻono maikaʻi loa i hōʻike ai ʻo ia i ka honua i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻono ma mua o ko lākou manaʻo.

ʻO Isaac Newton

Paul Graham: ko'u mau kii

He kuleana ʻē ʻo Newton i kaʻu pantheon o nā koa: ʻo ia kaʻu e hoʻopiʻi ai iaʻu iho. Ua hana ʻo ia i nā mea nui no ka liʻiliʻi o kona ola. He mea maʻalahi loa ke hoʻohilahila ʻia ke hana ʻoe i nā mea liʻiliʻi. Ua kama'āina nā nīnau āu e pane ai. Loaʻa iā ʻoe nā uku koke-ʻo ka mea nui, loaʻa iā ʻoe nā makana hou aʻe i kou manawa inā e hana ʻoe i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi. Akā, ke inaina nei au i ka ʻike ʻana ʻo ia ke ala i ka pōuliuli kūpono. No ka hana ʻana i nā mea nui maoli, pono ʻoe e ʻimi i nā nīnau i manaʻo ʻole ʻia e ka poʻe he nīnau. He poʻe ʻē aʻe paha e hana nei i kēia manawa, e like me Newton, akā ʻo Newton koʻu kumu hoʻohālike no kēia ʻano noʻonoʻo. Ke hoʻomaka nei au e hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano o kona manaʻo. Hoʻokahi wale nō kou ola. No ke aha e hana ʻole ai i kahi mea nui? ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "paradigm shift" he mea luhi i kēia manawa, akā aia ʻo Kuhn i kekahi mea. A ma hope o kēia e waiho ana he pā o ka palaualelo a me ka naʻaupō i kēia manawa i kaʻawale mai iā mākou, a e ʻike koke ʻia ana ka lahilahi iā mākou. Inā mākou e hana e like me Newton.

Mahalo iā Trevor Blackwell, Jessica Livingston, a me Jackie McDonough no ka heluhelu ʻana i nā kikoʻī o kēia ʻatikala.

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Source: www.habr.com

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