No nā makahiki he nui, ua hana nā ʻepekema mai nā wahi a pau o ka honua i ʻelua mau mea - ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana. A i kekahi manawa ʻaʻole maopopo ka mea o kēia mau mea paʻakikī. E lawe, no ka laʻana, nā LED maʻamau, he mea maʻalahi a maʻamau iā mākou ʻaʻole mākou e hoʻolohe iā lākou. Akā inā ʻoe e hoʻohui i kekahi mau excitons, kahi pine o polaritons a me tungsten disulfide e ʻono ai, ʻaʻole e hana hou nā LED. ʻO kēia mau huaʻōlelo abstruse nā inoa o nā mea maʻamau, ʻo ka hui pū ʻana i hiki i nā ʻepekema mai ke Kula Nui o New York ke hana i kahi ʻōnaehana hou e hiki ke hoʻoili i ka ʻike me ka māmā. E kōkua kēia hoʻomohala i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻenehana Li-Fi. He aha nā mea pono o ka ʻenehana hou i hoʻohana ʻia, he aha ka meaʻai no kēia "pāʻina" a he aha ka pono o ka LED exciton-polariton hou? E haʻi mai ka hōʻike a ka poʻe ʻepekema i kēia. Hele.
Kumu noiʻi
Inā maʻalahi nā mea a pau i hoʻokahi hua'ōlelo, a laila ua māmā kēiaʻenehana a me nā mea a pau e pili ana me ia. ʻO ka mea mua, nā polaritons, e kū mai ana i ka wā e launa pū ai nā photons me nā mea hoʻonaninani waena (phonons, excitons, plasmons, magnons, etc.). ʻO ka lua, ʻo nā excitons ka hoʻoulu uila i loko o kahi dielectric, semiconductor a metala paha, e neʻe ana ma o ke aniani a ʻaʻole pili i ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka uku uila a me ka nui.
He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i kēia mau quasiparticles makemake nui i ke anu; Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kā lākou hana ma nā mahana haʻahaʻa loa, kahi e kaupalena ʻia ai kā lākou hana pono. Akā ma mua kēlā. Ma kēia hana, ua hiki i nā ʻepekema ke lanakila i ka palena wela a hoʻohana iā lākou i nā mahana wela.
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nui o nā polaritons ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i nā kiʻi i kekahi i kekahi. Loaʻa i nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi me nā ʻātoma rubidium. I ke kaʻina o nā hui ʻana he nui, paʻi nā kiʻi kiʻi i kekahi i kekahi, akā i nā manawa kakaʻikahi ua hana lākou i mau pālua a me nā triplets, ʻoiai e nalowale ana ka ʻāpana atomic i hōʻike ʻia e ka rubidium atom.
Akā, no ka hanaʻana i kekahi mea me ka mālamalama, pono e hopuʻia. No kēia, pono kahi resonator optical, ʻo ia ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea reflective e hana i kahi nalu kukui kū.
I loko o kēia haʻawina, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā quasiparticles ʻē aʻe, nā exciton-polaritons, i hana ʻia ma muli o ka hui pū ʻana o nā excitons a me nā kiʻi kiʻi i paʻa ʻia i loko o kahi lua optical, he hana koʻikoʻi.
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole lawa kēia, no ka mea, pono ke kumu waiwai, no laila e ʻōlelo. A ʻo wai, inā ʻaʻole ka transition metal dichalcogenide (TDM), e hoʻokani maikaʻi i kēia hana ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe. No ka ʻoi aku ka pololei, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi monolayer o WS2 (tungsten disulfide) ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, nona ka ikaika hoʻopaʻa hoʻopaʻa exciton, a lilo ia i mea nui no ke koho ʻana i kahi kumu waiwai.
ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea āpau i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei i hiki ai ke hana i kahi LED polariton uila e hana ana ma ka lumi wela.
No ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia hāmeʻa, aia ka monolayer WS2 ma waena o nā ʻāpana tunneling hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) me nā papa graphene e hana ana ma ke ʻano he electrodes.
Nā hopena noiʻi
ʻO WS2, ʻo ia ka metala hoʻololi dichalcogenide, he mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo van der Waals (vdW). Hōʻike kēia i kona ʻano uila, optical, mechanical a me ka wela.
Ma ka hui pū ʻana me nā mea vdW ʻē aʻe, e like me ka graphene (ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi) a me ka hexagonal boron nitride (hBN, ma ke ʻano he insulator), hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia nā ʻano mea hana semiconductor hoʻokele uila, me nā LED. Ua ʻike mua ʻia nā hui like o nā mea van der Waals a me nā polariton, e like me ka ʻōlelo a ka poʻe noiʻi. Eia naʻe, ma nā palapala i hala, ua paʻakikī a maikaʻi ʻole nā ʻōnaehana hopena, a ʻaʻole i hōʻike i ka mana piha o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana.
ʻO kekahi o nā manaʻo i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka poʻe ma mua, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi paepae mea ʻelua. I kēia hihia, hiki ke hoʻokō i nā mea hana me nā ʻāpana hoʻokuʻu atomically lahilahi i hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia me nā mea vdW ʻē aʻe e hana ana ma ke ʻano he pili (graphene) a me nā pale tunneling (hBN). Eia kekahi, hiki i kēia ʻelua-dimensionality ke hoʻohui i nā LED polariton me nā mea vdW i loaʻa nā waiwai magnetic ʻokoʻa, superconductivity ikaika, a / a i ʻole nā hoʻololi topological nonstandard. Ma muli o ia hui pū ʻana, hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i kahi ʻano mea hou loa, nā waiwai o ia mea he mea maʻamau. Akā, e like me ka ʻōlelo a ka poʻe ʻepekema, he kumuhana kēia no ka noiʻi ʻana.
Kiʻi #1
Ma ke kiʻi 1 hōʻike i kahi ʻano hoʻohālike ʻekolu o kahi hāmeʻa e like me kahi keke papa. ʻO ke aniani luna o ka resonator optical he papa kālā, a ʻo ka lalo he 12-layer i puʻunaue ʻia. Bragg reflector*. Aia kahi ʻāpana tunnel ma ka ʻāpana hana.
Hāʻawi ʻia ka Bragg Reflector* - kahi hoʻolālā o kekahi mau papa, kahi e hoʻololi pinepine ai ka index refractive o ka mea i kēlā me kēia manawa i nā papa.
Aia ka ʻāpana tunnel i kahi heterostructure vdW me kahi monolayer WS2 (light emitter), nā ʻāpana hBN lahilahi ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka monolayer (tunnel barrier) a me ka graphene (nā electrodes transparent no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā electrons a me nā lua).
Ua hoʻohui ʻia ʻelua mau papa WS2 e hoʻonui i ka ikaika holoʻokoʻa o ka oscillator a no laila e loaʻa i kahi Rabi i ʻōlelo ʻia i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā mokuʻāina polariton.
Hoʻopili ʻia ke ʻano hana o ka resonator ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mānoanoa o ka papa PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate, ʻo ia hoʻi plexiglass).
Kiʻi 1b he kiʻi paʻi kēia o ka vdW heterostructure ma ka ʻili o kahi hōʻike Bragg i puʻunaue ʻia. Ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka noʻonoʻo o ka Bragg reflector i puʻunaue ʻia, ʻo ia ka ʻaoʻao lalo, he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa ka ʻāpana tunnel i loko o ke kiʻi, ʻo ia ka hopena o ka papa mānoanoa luna o ka hBN i ʻike ʻia.
Hōʻike 1c hōʻike ʻia ke kiʻikuhi ʻāpana o ka vdW heterostructure i ka geometry tunnel ma lalo o ka neʻe ʻana. ʻIke ʻia ka Electroluminescence (EL) ma luna aʻe o ka voltage paepae ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka pae Fermi o ka graphene kiʻekiʻe (lalo) ma luna (lalo) o ka hui WS2 conduction (valence), e ʻae ana i kahi electron (hole) e hoʻokomo i loko o ka conduction WS2 (valence) hui. Hoʻokumu kēia i nā kūlana maikaʻi no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā excitons i ka papa WS2 a ukali ʻia e ka radiative (radiative) electron-hole recombination.
ʻAʻole like me nā mea hoʻopuka kukui e pili ana i nā junctions pn, e koi ana i ka doping e hana, ʻo ka EL mai nā ʻaoʻao tunnel e hilinaʻi wale ʻia ma ke au o ka tunnel, ka mea e pale aku ai i nā poho optical a me nā loli i ka resistivity i hoʻololi ʻia e nā hoʻololi wela. I ka manawa like, hiki i ka hoʻolālā tunnel ke hāʻawi i kahi wahi radiation ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā mea hana dichalcogenide e pili ana i nā junctions pn.
Kiʻi 1d hōʻike i nā hiʻohiʻona uila o ka nui o kēia manawa tunneling (J) ma ke ʻano he hana o ka voltage bias (V) ma waena o nā electrodes graphene. ʻO ka piʻi nui ʻana o kēia manawa no ka volta maikaʻi a me ka maikaʻi ʻole e hōʻike ana i ka hiki ʻana mai o kahi au e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma o ka hale. Ma ka mānoanoa maikaʻi loa o nā papa hBN (~ 2 nm), ʻike ʻia kahi ʻano tunneling koʻikoʻi a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke ola o nā mea lawe implanted no ka recombination radiative.
Ma mua o ka hoʻokolohua electroluminescence, ua hōʻike ʻia ka hāmeʻa e ka reflectance kukui keʻokeʻo me ka hoʻonā angular e hōʻoia i ka hiki ʻana o ka paʻa exciton ikaika.
Kiʻi #2
Ma ke kiʻi 2 Hōʻike ʻia nā kikoʻī hoʻohālikelike i hoʻoholo ʻia mai ka ʻāpana hana o ka hāmeʻa, e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano anti-crossing. Ua ʻike pū ʻia ʻo Photoluminescence (PL) me ka hauʻoli ʻole (460 nm), e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻokuʻu ikaika ʻana mai ka lālā haʻahaʻa o ka polariton a me ka hoʻokuʻu nāwaliwali mai ka lālā o luna o ka polariton (2b).
maluna o 2c hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ka electroluminescence o kahi polariton no kahi hoʻokomo o 0.1 μA / μm2. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale Rabi a me ka detuning resonator i loaʻa ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā ʻano oscillator (laina keʻokeʻo paʻa a kikoʻī) i ka hoʻokolohua electroluminescence ʻo ～33 meV a me ～-13 meV, kēlā me kēia. Ua wehewehe ʻia ka detuning resonator e like me δ = Ec − Ex, kahi ʻo Ex ka ikehu exciton a ʻo Ec e hōʻike ana i ka ikehu o ka photon resonator me ka manawa ʻole i ka mokulele. Papa kuhikuhi 2d he ʻoki ʻia ma nā kihi ʻokoʻa mai ka hoʻopuehu electroluminescent. Maanei hiki ke ʻike maopopo i ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o nā ʻano polariton luna a me lalo me ka anticrossing e kū nei i ka exciton resonance zone.
Kiʻi #3
Ke piʻi aʻe nei ke au o ka tunneling, piʻi ka nui o ka EL. ʻIke ʻia ka EL nāwaliwali mai nā polaritons kokoke i ka paepae paepae (3), ʻoiai ma ka hoʻololi nui ʻana ma luna o ka paepae, ʻokoʻa ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o polariton (3b).
Ma ke kiʻi 3c hōʻike i ka pakuhi polar o ka ikaika EL ma ke ʻano he hana o ke kihi, e hōʻike ana i kahi cone hoʻokuʻu haiki o ± 15°. ʻAʻole hoʻololi ʻia ke ʻano o ka radiation no ka liʻiliʻi loa (ka ʻōuli ʻōmaʻomaʻo) a me ka kiʻekiʻe (ka ʻālani ʻalani) i kēia manawa. Ma ka 3d hōʻike ʻia ka ikaika hoʻohui ʻia no nā ʻano au o ka tunnel neʻe, ʻo ia ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ka pakuhi, he laina laina. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i kēia manawa i nā waiwai kiʻekiʻe hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻopuehu kūleʻa ʻana o nā polaritons ma ka lālā haʻahaʻa a hana i kahi hiʻohiʻona haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa ma muli o ka hana ʻana o nā polaritons. Eia nō naʻe, i kēia hoʻokolohua, ʻaʻole hiki kēia ma muli o ka palena i pili i ka dielectric breakdown o ka hBN tunneling barrier.
nā kiko ʻulaʻula ma luna 3d hōʻike i nā ana o kekahi hōʻailona - waho ka pono nui*.
Kuantum Efficiency* ʻO ia ka ratio o ka helu o nā kiʻi kiʻi nona ka absorption i hoʻokumu ʻia ai nā quasiparticles i ka huina o nā kiʻi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka maikaʻi quantum i ʻike ʻia i kēlā me nā LED polariton ʻē aʻe (e pili ana i nā mea kūlohelohe, carbon tubes, etc.). Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo 0.7 nm wale nō ka mānoanoa o ka papa kukui-emitting i loko o ka hāmeʻa ma lalo o ke aʻo ʻana, aʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kēia waiwai. ʻAʻole hūnā nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe loa ka helu helu quantum efficiency o kā lākou hāmeʻa, akā hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ma ke kau ʻana i ka nui o nā monolayers i loko o ka tunnel zone, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā ʻāpana lahilahi o ka hBN.
Ua ho'āʻo pū nā mea noiʻi i ka mana o ka resonator detuning ma ka polariton EL ma o ka hana ʻana i kahi mea hana ʻē aʻe, akā me ka detuning ikaika (-43 meV).
Kiʻi #4
Ma ke kiʻi 4 Hōʻike ʻia ka spectra EL me kahi hoʻonā angular o ia mea hana ma kahi kikoʻī o kēia manawa o 0.2 μA/μm2. Ma muli o ka detuning ikaika, hōʻike ka hāmeʻa i ka hopena bottleneck i haʻi ʻia i ka EL me ka nui o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i kahi kihi nui. Ua hōʻoia houʻia kēia ma ke kiʻi. 4b, kahi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻāpana polar o kēia mea me ka mua (2c).
No ka ʻike kikoʻī hou aku me nā nuances o ke aʻo ʻana, manaʻo wau e nānā .
Epilogue
No laila,ʻo nāʻike a me nā ana a pau i ho'ākākaʻia ma luna nei e hōʻoia i ka hikiʻana o ka electroluminescence polariton i loko o kahi heterostructure vdW i hoʻokomoʻia i loko o kahi microcavity optical. ʻO ka hoʻolālā tunnel o ka mea ma lalo o ke aʻo ʻana e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā electrons / holes a me ka hui hou ʻana i ka monolayer WS2, e lawelawe ana ma ke ʻano he kukui kukui. He mea nui ia ʻaʻole pono i ka ʻōnaehana tunnel o ka hāmeʻa i ka alloying o nā ʻāpana, e hōʻemi ana i nā poho a me nā loli e pili ana i ka mahana.
Ua ʻike ʻia he kuhikuhi kiʻekiʻe ka EL ma muli o ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ka resonator. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kumu maikaʻi o ka resonator a me kahi lako o kēia manawa e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono o nā LED microcavity, a me nā polaritons microcavity uila a me nā laser photon.
Ua hōʻoia hou kēia hana i ka transition metal dichalcogenides i nā waiwai kūʻokoʻa maoli a me kahi ākea ākea o nā noi.
Hiki i ia mau noiʻi a me nā hana hou ke hoʻoikaika nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā ʻenehana hoʻoili ʻikepili ma o nā LED a me nā kukui ponoʻī. ʻO ia mau ʻenehana futuristic e pili ana i ka Li-Fi, hiki ke hāʻawi i nā wikiwiki wikiwiki loa ma mua o ka Wi-Fi i kēia manawa.
Mahalo iā ʻoe no kou nānā ʻana, noho ʻimi a hauʻoli maikaʻi i kēlā me kēia pule! 🙂
Mahalo no kou noho pū ʻana me mākou. Makemake ʻoe i kā mākou ʻatikala? Makemake ʻoe e ʻike i nā mea hoihoi hou aʻe? E kākoʻo iā mākou ma ke kau ʻana i kahi kauoha a i ʻole ka ʻōlelo ʻana i nā hoaaloha, 30% ho'ēmi no nā mea hoʻohana Habr ma kahi kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa o nā kikowaena helu komo, i hana ʻia e mākou no ʻoe: (loaʻa me RAID1 a me RAID10, a hiki i 24 cores a hiki i 40GB DDR4).
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Source: www.habr.com