Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i nā poʻe o ka wā e hiki mai ana e wehewehe i ka lā nui organik. I loko o ʻelua mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka nui o nā ʻikepili olaola e hiki ke nānā ʻia ma muli o ke kaʻina o ka genome kanaka. Ma mua o kēia, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke noʻonoʻo i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻike i mālama maoli ʻia i loko o ko mākou koko, hiki ke hoʻoholo i ko mākou kumu, e nānā i ke ʻano o ke kino i kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau, a hoʻololi hoʻi i kā mākou hoʻoilina biological.
Hōʻike mua kēia a me nā ʻatikala ʻē aʻe ma ma kā mākou pūnaewele. Nanea i ka heluhelu.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka bioinformatician maʻamau e like me ko ka mea polokalamu - ʻulaʻula maka, kūlou kūlou a me nā hōʻailona mai nā kīʻaha kofe ma ka pākaukau. Eia naʻe, ma kēia papa ʻaina ʻaʻole ka hana ma nā algorithm abstract a me nā kauoha, akā ma ke code o ke ʻano ponoʻī, hiki ke haʻi nui iā mākou e pili ana iā mākou a me ka honua a puni mākou.
Hoʻopili ka poʻe loea i kēia kahua me ka nui o ka ʻikepili (no ka laʻana, ʻo nā hopena o ka hoʻokaʻina ʻana i ka genome o hoʻokahi kanaka e lawe ma kahi o 100 gigabytes). No laila, ʻo ka hoʻoili ʻana i kēlā ʻano ʻike e pono ai nā ala ʻepekema Data a me nā mea hana. He mea kūpono ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka bioinformatician kūleʻa ʻaʻole wale i ka biology a me ke kemika, akā, ʻo nā ʻano loiloi data, statistics a me ka makemakika - ʻo ia ka mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia kāna ʻoihana. Pono pono ia mau loea ma nā wahi o ka lāʻau lapaʻau hou a me ka hoʻomohala lāʻau. ʻO nā mea nunui e like me IBM a me Intel , hoʻolaʻa i ke aʻo ʻana i nā bioinformatics.
He aha ka mea e pono ai e lilo i bioinformatician?
- Biology and Chemistry (university level);
- Matstat, algebra linear, manaʻo probability;
- Nā ʻōlelo papahana (Python a me R, e hoʻohana pinepine ana iā C ++);
- No ka bioinformatics structural: hoomaopopo ana i ka makemakika a me ke kumumanao o na hoohalike like ole.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke komo i ke kahua o ka bioinformatics me kahi ʻano biological background a me ka ʻike o ka papahana a me ka makemakika. No ka mea ma mua, ʻo ka hana ʻana me nā papahana bioinformatics mākaukau i kūpono, no ka mea hope, ʻoi aku ka algorithmic profile o ka mea kūikawā.
He aha ka hana a ka poʻe bioinformatician?
Ua māhele ʻia nā bioinformatics hou i ʻelua mau lālā nui - structural bioinformatics a me sequence bioinformatics. I ka hihia mua, ʻike mākou i kahi kanaka e noho ana i mua o ke kamepiula a holo i nā polokalamu e kōkua i ke aʻo ʻana i nā mea olaola (e like me ka DNA a i ʻole nā protein) i nā hiʻohiʻona 3D. Kūkulu lākou i nā hiʻohiʻona kamepiula e hiki ai ke wānana i ke ʻano o ka pilina o ka lāʻau lapaʻau me kahi protein, ke ʻano o ke ʻano spatial o kahi protein i loko o ke kelepona, he aha nā waiwai o ka molekala e wehewehe i kāna mau pilina me nā hale cellular, etc.
Hoʻohana ikaika ʻia nā ʻano bioinformatics Structural i ka ʻepekema hoʻonaʻauao a me ka ʻoihana: paʻakikī ke noʻonoʻo i kahi hui lāʻau lapaʻau hiki ke hana me ka ʻole o ia mau loea. I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua maʻalahi nā ʻano kamepiula i ke kaʻina hana o ka ʻimi ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau kūpono, e hana ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau i ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki a me ka maʻalahi.
ʻO SARS-CoV-2 RNA hilinaʻi RNA polymerase (hema), a me kona hui pū me ka RNA duplex.
He aha ka genome?
ʻO ka genome nā ʻike āpau e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻoilina o ke kino. Ma kahi kokoke i nā mea ola a pau, ʻo ka DNA ka mea lawe i ka genome, akā aia nā mea ola e hoʻouna i kā lākou ʻike hoʻoilina ma ke ʻano o RNA. Hāʻawi ʻia ka genome mai nā mākua i nā keiki, a ma kēia kaʻina hoʻoili, hiki ke hana nā hewa i kapa ʻia ʻo mutations.
Ka pilina o ka lāʻau remdesivir me ka RNA-dependent RNA polymerase o ka maʻi SARS-CoV-2.
Hoʻopili ka Sequence bioinformatics i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā mea ola - mai nā nucleotides pākahi, DNA a me nā genes, i nā genomes holoʻokoʻa a me kā lākou hoʻohālikelike ʻana me kekahi.
E noʻonoʻo i kahi kanaka e ʻike ana i mua ona i kahi pūʻulu o nā leka o ka alphabet (akā, ʻaʻole maʻalahi, akā he genetic a amino acid) a nānā i nā hiʻohiʻona i loko o ia mau mea, wehewehe a hōʻoia i ka helu helu, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano kamepiula. Hōʻike ka Sequence bioinformatics i ka hoʻololi ʻana i pili i kekahi maʻi a i ʻole ke kumu e hōʻiliʻili ai nā mea ʻino i loko o ke koko o ka mea maʻi. Ma waho aʻe o ka ʻikepili lapaʻau, e aʻo ana ka poʻe bioinformaticians i nā ʻano o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā mea ola a puni ka honua, ka ʻokoʻa o ka heluna kanaka ma waena o nā pūʻulu holoholona, a me nā kuleana a me nā hana o nā genes kikoʻī. Mahalo i kēia ʻepekema, hiki ke hoʻāʻo i ka maikaʻi o nā lāʻau lapaʻau a aʻo i nā ʻano hana olaola e wehewehe i kā lākou hana.
No ka laʻana, mahalo i ka loiloi bioinformatics, nā hoʻololi e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka cystic fibrosis, kahi maʻi monogenic i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka haki ʻana o ka gene o kekahi o nā kahawai chloride, ua loaʻa a wehewehe ʻia. A i kēia manawa ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ko mākou ʻike ʻana ʻo wai ka pili ola kokoke loa o ke kanaka a me ka noho ʻana o ko mākou mau kūpuna a puni ka honua. Eia kekahi, ʻo kēlā me kēia kanaka, ma ka heluhelu ʻana i kāna genome, hiki ke ʻike i kahi i hele mai ai kona ʻohana a me kona ʻano lāhui. Nui nā haole (, ) a me Lūkini (, ) nā lawelawe eʻae iāʻoe e kiʻi i kēia lawelawe no ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa (e pili ana i 20 tausani rubles).
Nā hualoaʻa o ka hōʻike hōʻike DNA no ke kumu a me ka pili o ka heluna kanaka mai MyHeritage.
Nā hopena o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka heluna kanaka DNA mai 23andMe.
Pehea ka heluhelu ʻana o ka genome?
I kēia lā, ʻo ka genome sequencing kahi kaʻina hana maʻamau e kūʻai ʻia i kēlā me kēia tausani rubles (me ka Rusia). No ka heluhelu ʻana i kāu genome, pono ʻoe e hāʻawi i ke koko mai kahi vein i kahi keʻena kūikawā: i loko o ʻelua pule e loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi hopena me ka wehewehe kikoʻī o kāu mau ʻano genetic. Ma kahi o kāu genome, hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā i nā genomes o kāu microbiota intestinal: e aʻo ʻoe i nā ʻano o ka bacteria e noho ana i kāu ʻōnaehana digestive, a loaʻa pū kekahi i ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo mai kahi loea meaʻai.
Hiki ke heluhelu ʻia ka genome me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, ʻo kekahi o nā mea nui i kēia manawa ʻo ia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "next generation sequencing". No ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia kaʻina hana, pono e loaʻa mua nā laʻana olaola. Ua like ka genome o kēlā me kēia cell o ke kino, no laila, lawe pinepine ʻia ke koko e heluhelu i ka genome (ʻo ia ka maʻalahi). A laila wāwahi nā pūnaewele a hoʻokaʻawale i ka DNA mai nā mea ʻē aʻe. A laila, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka DNA i loaʻa i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi he nui a ua "humuhumu ʻia" nā mea hoʻololi kūikawā i kēlā me kēia o lākou - nā kaʻina nucleotide i ʻike ʻia. A laila hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kaula DNA, a hoʻopili ʻia nā kaula hoʻokahi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻololi i kahi pā kūikawā kahi e hoʻokō ʻia ai ka sequencing. I ka wā o ke kaʻina hana, hoʻohui ʻia nā nucleotides i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia me ka fluorescently i ke kaʻina DNA. ʻO kēlā me kēia nucleotide i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ke hoʻopili ʻia, e hoʻopuka i kahi kukui o kahi lōʻihi nalu, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ke kamepiula. ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ka heluhelu ʻana o ka lolouila i nā kaʻina pōkole o ka DNA kumu, a laila hoʻohui ʻia i loko o ka genome kumu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā algorithm kūikawā.
ʻO kahi laʻana o ka ʻikepili e hana pū ana ka poʻe bioinformaticians me: amino acid sequence alignment.
Ma hea kahi e hana ai nā bioinformaticians a pehea ka nui o kā lākou loaʻa?
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke ala bioinformatics i ʻelua mau wahi nui-ʻoihana a me ka ʻepekema. ʻO kahi ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he ʻepekema bioinformatics e hoʻomaka maʻamau me kahi kūlana puka ma kahi kula nui. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, loaʻa i nā bioinformaticians kahi uku kumu e pili ana i kā lākou institute, ka helu o nā haʻawina a lākou e komo ai, a me kā lākou helu o nā pili - nā wahi i hoʻohana ʻia ai lākou. Ma ka manawa lōʻihi, ulu ka nui o nā haʻawina a me nā pilina, a ma hope o ʻelua mau makahiki o ka hana ʻana i kahi ʻoihana hoʻonaʻauao, loaʻa maʻalahi kahi bioinformatician i ka uku awelika (70-80 tausani rubles), akā nui ka hilinaʻi i ka hoʻoikaika a me ka hana ikaika. Hoʻopau ka poʻe bioinformaticians ʻike loa i kā lākou mau labs i kā lākou mau wahi o ka loea.
Ma hea ʻoe e aʻo ai no ka bioinformatics?
- Ke Kulanui Moku'āina ʻo Moscow - Kumu o Bioengineering a me Bioinformatics
- HSE - Ka Ikepili Ikepili ma Biology and Medicine (papahana a Kumu)
- MIPT - Keʻena o Bioinformatics
- Institute of Bioinformatics (NPO)
ʻAʻole like me kahi kula, ʻaʻohe mea o ka ʻoihana e hoʻolilo i ko lākou manawa e aʻo ai i kahi limahana i nā mākau e pono ai, no laila ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hele ʻana i laila. ʻO ke ala ʻoihana o kahi bioinformatician i ka ʻoihana ʻano like ʻole ma muli o kā lākou loea a me kahi. Ma ka awelika, ua loli nā uku ma kēia kahua tausani rubles, e pili ana i ka ʻike a me ka loea.
ʻO nā bioinformaticians kaulana
Hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka mōʻaukala o nā bioinformatics iā Frederick Sanger, he kanaka ʻepekema Pelekane i loaʻa ka Nobel Prize in Chemistry ma 1980 no kāna ʻike ʻana i kahi ala e heluhelu ai i nā kaʻina DNA. Mai ia manawa, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ke ʻano o ka heluhelu ʻana i kēlā me kēia makahiki, akā ua lilo ke ʻano "Sanger sequencing" i kumu no nā noiʻi hou aʻe ma kēia wahi.
Ma ke ala, nui nā papahana i hana ʻia e nā ʻepekema Lūkini i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa - no ka laʻana, ka genome assembler , - St. Petersburg genome assembler, i hana ʻia ma St. Petersburg Institute, kōkua i nā ʻepekema mai ka honua holoʻokoʻa e hōʻuluʻulu i nā kaʻina DNA pōkole i nā kaʻina nui e kūkulu hou i nā genomes kumu o nā meaola.
Nā ʻike a me nā hoʻokō o nā bioinformatics
I kēia mau lā, hana nā bioinformaticians i nā ʻike he nui. He mea hiki ʻole ke noʻonoʻo i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau no ka coronavirus me ka ʻole o ka wehewehe ʻana i kāna genome a me ka paʻakikī bioinformatics loiloi o nā kaʻina hana i ka wā o ka maʻi. International Ua hiki i nā ʻepekema ke hoʻohana i nā genomics comparative a me nā ʻano aʻo aʻo mīkini i hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i ka mea e like ai ka coronaviruses me nā pathogens ʻē aʻe.
Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo kekahi o kēia mau hiʻohiʻona ʻo ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i nā hōʻailona nuklear localization (NLS) o nā maʻi pathogenic e kū nei i ka wā evolution. Hiki i kēia noiʻi ke kōkua i ke aʻo ʻana i nā maʻi maʻi i hiki ke pilikia i ke kanaka i ka wā e hiki mai ana, a ke alakaʻi paha i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau.
Eia kekahi, ua hana nui nā bioinformaticians i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano hoʻoponopono genome hou, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻōnaehana CRISPR/Cas9 (kahi ʻenehana e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana pale. ). Mahalo i ka loiloi bioinformatics o ke ʻano o kēia mau protein a me kā lākou hoʻomohala ʻana, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka pololei a me ka pono o kēia ʻōnaehana i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, i hiki ai ke hoʻoponopono pono i nā genomes o nā mea ola he nui (me nā kānaka).
Hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa kahi ʻoihana i ʻimi ʻia mai ka ʻohi ʻana a i ʻole Level Up e pili ana i nā mākau a me ka uku ma o ka lawe ʻana i nā papa pūnaewele SkillFactory:
Nā papa hou aʻe
Source: www.habr.com