"ʻAʻohe wahi e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka ʻenehana e hana ana ma nā alapine lekiō. Hoʻopau nā hopena maʻalahi"
Ma Nowemapa 26, 2018 ma 22:53 pm Moscow manawa, ua lanakila hou ʻo NASA - ua pae maikaʻi ka InSight probe ma ka ʻili o Mars ma hope o ke komo hou ʻana, ka iho ʻana a me ka pae ʻana, i kapa ʻia ma hope "ʻeono a me ka hapa mau minuke o ka weliweli." ʻO kahi wehewehe kūpono, no ka mea, ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻenekinia NASA ke ʻike koke inā ua pae maikaʻi ʻia ka ʻike ākea ma ka ʻili o ka honua, ma muli o ka lohi o ka manawa o nā kamaʻilio ma waena o ka Honua a me Mars, ma kahi o 8,1 mau minuke. I loko o kēia pukaaniani, ʻaʻole hiki iā InSight ke hilinaʻi i kāna mau antenna hou a ikaika - ua hilinaʻi nā mea āpau i nā kamaʻilio UHF kahiko (ua hoʻohana lōʻihi ʻia kēia ʻano i nā mea āpau mai nā hoʻolaha TV a me nā walkie-talkies i nā polokalamu Bluetooh).
ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻouna ʻia nā ʻikepili koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka mokuʻāina o InSight ma nā nalu lekiō me ke alapine o 401,586 MHz i ʻelua mau satelite -, WALL-E a me EVE, a laila hoʻouna i ka ʻikepili ma ka wikiwiki o 8 Kbps i nā antenna 70-mika i loaʻa ma ka Honua. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā Cubesats ma ka rocket like me InSight, a ua hele pū lākou me ia i kāna huakaʻi i Mars e nānā i ka pae ʻana a hoʻouna koke i ka ʻikepili i ka home. ʻO nā moku Martian ʻē aʻe e kaapuni ana, e like me (MRS), i loko o kahi kūlana ʻoluʻolu a ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hāʻawi mua i ka leka manawa maoli me ka mea hoʻokele. ʻAʻole e ʻōlelo ʻia ua hilinaʻi ka pae holoʻokoʻa i ʻelua Cubesats ka nui o ka pahu hoʻokolohua, akā hiki i ka MRS ke hoʻouna i ka ʻikepili mai InSight ma hope o kahi kali lōʻihi.
Ua ho'āʻo maoli ka pae ʻana o InSight i ka hoʻolālā kamaʻilio holoʻokoʻa o NASA, "ka Mars Network". ʻO ka hōʻailona mai ka InSight lander, i hoʻouna ʻia i nā satelite orbit, e hōʻea i ka Honua, ʻoiai inā hāʻule nā satelite. Pono ʻo WALL-E a me EVE no ka hoʻololi koke ʻana i ka ʻike, a ua hana lākou. Inā ʻaʻole i hana kēia mau Cubsats no kekahi kumu, ua mākaukau ʻo MRS e pāʻani i kā lākou kuleana. Ua hana kēlā me kēia o lākou ma ke ʻano he node ma kahi pūnaewele like-Internet, e hoʻokele ana i nā ʻeke ʻikepili ma o nā terminal like ʻole i hana ʻia me nā lako like ʻole. I kēia lā, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o lākou ʻo ka MRS, hiki ke hoʻouna i ka ʻikepili i ka wikiwiki a hiki i 6 Mbps (a ʻo ia ka moʻolelo o kēia manawa no nā misionari interplanetary). Eia nō naʻe, pono ʻo NASA e hana i nā wikiwiki wikiwiki i ka wā i hala - a pono e hoʻololi wikiwiki i ka ʻikepili i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
E like me kāu ISP, ʻae ʻo NASA i nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele kamaʻilio me ka mokulele i ka manawa maoli.
Uena Lewa hohonu
Me ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka NASA ma ka lewa, ʻike mau ʻia nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio maikaʻi, e uhi ana i ka nui a me ka nui o nā wahi: ʻo ka mua he orbit Earth haʻahaʻa, a laila geosynchronous orbit a me ka Moon, a ʻaʻole i liʻuliʻu ua hele hohonu nā kamaʻilio i ka lewa. Ua hoʻomaka ia me kahi lekiō paʻa lima i hoʻohana i nā kahua pūʻali koa US ma Nigeria, Singapore, a me Kaleponi e loaʻa i ka telemetry mai Explorer 1, ka satellite mua i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā ʻAmelika i ka makahiki 1958. Me ka mālie akā ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua ulu kēia kumu i loko o nā ʻōnaehana memo o kēia lā.
ʻO Douglas Abraham, ke poʻo o ka hoʻolālā a me nā ʻōnaehana wanana ma ka Interplanetary Network Directorate o NASA, e hōʻike ana i ʻekolu mau ʻoihana kūʻokoʻa i kūkulu ʻia no ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka lewa. Hoʻohana ʻia ka Near Earth Network me ka mokulele ma ka ʻōpuni honua haʻahaʻa. "He pūʻulu antenna, ʻo ka hapa nui he 9m a 12m. Aia kekahi mau mea nui, 15m a 18m," wahi a ʻAberahama. A laila, ma luna o ka orbit geosynchronous o ka Honua, aia kekahi mau ukali a me nā satelite data (TDRS). "Hiki iā lākou ke nānā i lalo i nā satelite ma ka orbit honua haʻahaʻa a kamaʻilio pū me lākou, a laila hoʻouna i kēia ʻike ma o TDRS i ka honua," wehewehe ʻo ʻAberahama. "Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻōnaehana hoʻoili data satellite ʻo ka NASA space network."
ʻAʻole naʻe i lawa ka TDRS e kamaʻilio me kahi mokulele i hele lōʻihi aku ma mua o ka orbit o ka Moon a i nā hōkū ʻē aʻe. "No laila pono mākou e hana i kahi pūnaewele e uhi ana i ka ʻōnaehana solar holoʻokoʻa. A ʻo kēia ka Deep Space Network, DSN, "wahi a ʻAberahama. ʻO ka Martian Network kahi hoʻonui .
Hāʻawi ʻia i ka laulā a me nā hoʻolālā, ʻo DSN ka mea paʻakikī loa o nā ʻōnaehana i helu ʻia. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he pūʻulu kēia o nā antennas nui, mai 34 a 70 m ke anawaena. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia o nā pūnaewele DSN ʻekolu mau antenna 34m a me hoʻokahi antenna 70m. Aia kekahi kahua ma Goldstone (Kaleponi), kahi kokoke i Madrid (Sepania), a ʻo ke kolu ma Canberra (Australia). Aia kēia mau pūnaewele ma kahi o 120 degere ke kaʻawale a puni ka honua, a hāʻawi i ka uhi XNUMX/XNUMX no nā mokulele āpau ma waho o ka orbit geosynchronous.
ʻO nā antenna 34m ka mea nui o DSN a hele mai i ʻelua ʻano: nā antenna kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kahiko a me nā antenna alakaʻi nalu hou. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ʻo ka antenna waveguide he ʻelima mau aniani RF kikoʻī e hōʻike ana i nā hōʻailona ma lalo o kahi paipu i kahi lumi hoʻomalu lalo, kahi e pale maikaʻi ʻia ai nā mea uila e nānā ana i kēlā mau hōʻailona mai nā kumu āpau. ʻO nā antenna 34-mika, e hana hoʻokahi a i ʻole nā hui o 2-3 mau kīʻaha, hiki ke hāʻawi i ka hapa nui o ka kamaʻilio e pono ai e NASA. Akā no nā hihia kūikawā kahi e lōʻihi loa ai ka mamao no nā antenna 34m liʻiliʻi, hoʻohana ka hoʻokele DSN i 70m monsters.
"He hana koʻikoʻi lākou i kekahi mau hihia," wahi a ʻAberahama no nā antenna nui. ʻO ka mea mua ke mamao loa ka mokulele mai ka Honua a hiki ʻole ke hoʻokumu i ke kamaʻilio me ia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kīʻaha liʻiliʻi. "ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi ʻo ka New Horizons mission, ua lele ʻoi aku ma mua o Pluto, a i ʻole ka mokulele Voyager, aia ma waho o ka ʻōnaehana solar. ʻO nā antenna 70-mika wale nō e hiki ke komo iā lākou a hāʻawi i kā lākou ʻikepili i ka Honua, "wahi a ʻAberahama.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā kīʻaha 70-mika ke hiki ʻole i ka mokulele ke hoʻohana i ka antenna booster, ma muli paha o kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi i hoʻolālā ʻia e like me ke komo ʻana o ka orbital, a i ʻole no ka hewa loa. ʻO ka antenna 70-mika, no ka laʻana, ua hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻihoʻi palekana iā Apollo 13 i ka Honua. Ua hāpai pū ʻo ia i ka lālani kaulana a Neil Armstrong, "He ʻanuʻu liʻiliʻi no ke kanaka, he paepae nui no ke kanaka." A hiki i kēia lā, noho mau ʻo DSN i ka ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio ʻoi loa a paʻakikī i ka honua. "Akā, no nā kumu he nui, ua hōʻea ʻo ia i kona palena," ʻōlelo ʻo ʻAberahama. "ʻAʻohe wahi e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka ʻenehana e hana ana ma nā alapine lekiō. Ke pau nei nā hoʻonā maʻalahi."
ʻEkolu mau kahua kahua 120 degere ke kaʻawale
Nā papa DSN ma Canberra
DSN complex ma Madrid
DSN ma Goldstone
lumi hoʻomalu ma ka Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Lekiō a me nā mea e hiki mai ana ma hope
ʻAʻole mea hou kēia moʻolelo. ʻO ka mōʻaukala o nā kamaʻilio ākea hohonu kahi hakakā mau e hoʻonui i nā alapine a hoʻopōkole i nā lōʻihi nalu. Ua hoʻohana ʻo Explorer 1 i nā alapine o 108 MHz. Ua hoʻolauna ʻo NASA i nā antenna ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i kākoʻo i nā alapine mai ka L-band, mai 1 a 2 GHz. A laila hiki mai ka huli o ka S-band, me nā alapine mai 2 a 4 GHz, a laila ua hoʻololi ke keʻena i ka X-band, me nā alapine o 7-11,2 GHz.
I kēia lā, ke hoʻololi hou nei nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio ākea - i kēia manawa ke neʻe nei lākou i ka band 26-40 GHz, ka Ka-band. "ʻO ke kumu o kēia ʻano, ʻo ka pōkole o nā nalu a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā alapine, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā helu ʻikepili hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa," wahi a ʻAberahama.
Aia nā kumu no ka manaʻo maikaʻi, no ka mea, ua kiʻekiʻe loa ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻomohala kamaʻilio ma NASA. ʻO kahi pepa noiʻi 2014 mai ka Jet Propulsion Laboratory e haʻi nei i ka ʻikepili throughput no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana: inā mākou i hoʻohana i nā ʻenehana kamaʻilio o Explorer 1 e hoʻololi i kahi kiʻi iPhone maʻamau mai Jupiter a i ka Honua, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o 460 mau manawa ma mua o ka Universe o kēia manawa. ʻO nā paionia 2 a me 4 mai nā makahiki 1960, ua lawe ʻia nā makahiki 633. Ua hana ʻo Mariner 000 mai 9 i 1971 mau hola. I kēia lā e lawe i ka MPC ʻekolu mau minuke.
ʻO ka pilikia wale nō, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka nui o ka ʻikepili i loaʻa e nā mokulele e ulu like me ka wikiwiki, inā ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o ka ulu ʻana o ka hiki ke hoʻouna. Ma luna o 40 mau makahiki o ka hana, ua hoʻopuka ʻo Voyagers 1 a me 2 i 5 TB o ka ʻike. ʻO ka satelite NISAR Earth Science, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia no ka hoʻomaka ʻana ma 2020, e hana i 85 TB o ka ʻikepili i kēlā me kēia mahina. A inā hiki i nā satelite o ka Honua ke hana i kēia, he moʻolelo ʻokoʻa loa ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka nui o ka ʻikepili ma waena o nā hōkū. ʻO kahi MRS wikiwiki loa e hoʻouna i 85 TB o ka ʻikepili i ka Honua no 20 mau makahiki.
“He 2020 Mbps a i ʻole ke kiʻekiʻe o ka helu ʻana o ka hoʻoili ʻikepili no ka ʻimi ʻana iā Mars i ka hopena o 2030s a me 150s mua, no laila e hana kāua i ka makemakika," wahi a ʻAberahama. - Inā hiki i kahi mokulele MPC-class ma kahi mamao loa mai iā mākou a i Mars hiki ke hoʻouna ma kahi o 1 Mbps i kahi antenna 70-mika ma ka Honua, a laila e koi ʻia kahi laina o 150 150-mika antennas e hoʻokumu i ke kamaʻilio ma ka wikiwiki o 70 Mbps. . ʻAe, ʻoiaʻiʻo, hiki iā mākou ke hele mai me nā ala akamai e hōʻemi iki i kēia helu lapuwale, akā aia ka pilikia: paʻakikī loa ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ke kamaʻilio interplanetary i ka wikiwiki o 150 Mbps. Eia kekahi, ke holo nei mākou i waho o ka spectrum o nā alapine i ʻae ʻia. "
E like me ka hōʻike ʻana o ʻAberahama, e hana ana ma ka hui S a i ʻole X, hoʻokahi misionari me ka mana o 25 Mbps e noho i ka spectrum i loaʻa. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka hakahaka ma Ka-band, akā ʻelua wale nā satelite o Mars me ka bandwidth o 150 Mbps e noho i ka spectrum holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ʻoi aku ka pono o ka pūnaewele interplanetary ma mua o ka lekiō e hana - e hilinaʻi ia i nā lasers.
ʻO ka hiki ʻana mai o nā kamaʻilio optical
Hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka manaʻo o nā kamaʻilio optika i kahi patent i waiho ʻia e Alexander Graham Bell i ka makahiki 1880. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Bell i kahi ʻōnaehana i kuhikuhi ʻia ai ka lā, i kālele ʻia i kahi kaola haiki loa, i kahi diaphragm hoʻomanaʻo i haʻalulu ma muli o nā kani. Ua hoʻololi nā haʻalulu i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka mālamalama e hele ana i ka lens i loko o ka mea ʻike kiʻi crude. Hoʻololi nā hoʻololi i ke kū'ē o ka photodetector i ke kahe e kahe ana ma ke kelepona.
ʻAʻole paʻa ka ʻōnaehana, haʻahaʻa loa ka leo, a haʻalele ʻo Bell i kēia manaʻo. Akā ma kahi kokoke i 100 mau makahiki ma hope mai, me nā lasers a me nā fiber optics, ua hoʻi hou nā ʻenekini NASA i kēlā manaʻo kahiko.
"Ua ʻike mākou e pili ana i nā palena o nā ʻōnaehana lekiō, no laila i ka hopena o 1970s, mua o 1980s, ma ka Jet Propulsion Laboratory, ua hoʻomaka lākou e kūkākūkā i ka hiki ke hoʻouna i nā leka mai kahi hohonu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lasers space," wahi a ʻAberahama. No ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i ka mea a hiki ʻole i nā kamaʻilio optical ākea hohonu, ua kauoha ka lab i kahi haʻawina ʻehā makahiki, ʻo ka Deep Space Relay Satellite System (DSRSS), i ka hopena o 1980s. Ua manaʻo ʻia ka haʻawina e pane i nā nīnau koʻikoʻi: pehea e pili ana i nā pilikia o ke aniau a me ka ʻike (ma hope o nā mea a pau, hiki i nā hawewe lekiō ke hele maʻalahi i nā ao, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki i nā lasers)? He aha inā ʻoi aku ka ʻoi o ka ʻokiʻoki o ka Sun-Earth-probe? E hoʻokaʻawale paha kahi mea ʻike ma ka Honua i kahi hōʻailona optical nāwaliwali mai ka lā? A ʻo ka hope, ʻehia ka nui o kēia mau kumukūʻai a pono paha ia? "Ke ʻimi nei mākou i nā pane i kēia mau nīnau," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo ʻAberahama. "Akā naʻe, ke hōʻoia nei nā pane i ka hiki ke hoʻoili ʻia ka ʻikepili optical."
Manaʻo ka DSRSS e kūpono kahi kiko ma luna o ka lewa honua no nā kamaʻilio ʻike a me ka lekiō. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio optical i hoʻokomo ʻia ma ke kikowaena orbital ma mua o nā hale hana honua, me nā antennas 70-mika. Ua manaʻo ʻia e kau i kahi kīʻaha 10-mika ma kahi orbit kokoke i ka Honua, a laila hoʻokiʻekiʻe iā ia i geosynchronous. Eia naʻe, ʻo ke kumukūʻai o ia ʻōnaehana - ʻo ia ka satellite me kahi kīʻaha, kahi rocket hoʻomaka a me ʻelima mau mea hoʻohana. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia ke aʻo ʻana i ke kumukūʻai o ka ʻōnaehana kōkua e pono ai, e hele mai i ka hana i ka wā o ka hala ʻole o ka satellite.
E like me kēia ʻōnaehana, ua hoʻomaka ka Lab e nānā i ka hoʻolālā ʻāina i wehewehe ʻia ma ka Ground Based Advanced Technology Study (GBATS) i mālama ʻia ma ka Lab a puni ka manawa like me DRSS. Ua hele mai nā poʻe i hana ma GBATS me ʻelua mau manaʻo ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo ia ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ʻeono mau kikowaena me nā antenna 10-mika a me nā antenna spare mika, aia he 60 degere kaʻawale kekahi i kekahi a puni ka equator. Pono e kūkulu ʻia nā kahua ma nā puʻu mauna, kahi i maopopo ai ka 66% o nā lā o ka makahiki. No laila, ʻike mau ʻia nā kikowaena 2-3 i nā mokulele mokulele, a he ʻokoʻa ko lākou wā. ʻO ka lua o ka koho he ʻeiwa mau kikowaena, i hui pū ʻia i nā pūʻulu ʻekolu, a loaʻa iā 120 degere mai kēlā me kēia. Pono e hoʻonoho ʻia nā kikowaena i loko o kēlā me kēia hui ma kahi o 200 km kaʻawale i ka laina o ka ʻike, akā i loko o nā pūnaewele like ʻole.
ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā hale kiʻi GBATS ma mua o ke ala ākea, akā ua pilikia pū kekahi. ʻO ka mua, no ka hele ʻana o nā hōʻailona ma ka lewa o ka Honua, ʻoi aku ka ʻino o ka hoʻokipa ʻana i ke ao ma mua o ka hoʻokipa pō ma muli o ka lani mālamalama. ʻOiai ke akamai o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, e hilinaʻi ʻia nā kikowaena optical ma luna o ka honua i ke aniau. ʻO kahi mokulele mokulele e ʻimi ana i ka laser ma kahi kahua kahua e hoʻololi i nā kūlana ʻino a hoʻokumu hou i ke kamaʻilio me kahi kikowaena ʻē aʻe i uhi ʻole ʻia e nā ao.
Eia nō naʻe, me ka ʻole o nā pilikia, ua kau nā papahana DSRSS a me GBATS i ke kumu kumu no nā ʻōnaehana optical hohonu a me nā hoʻomohala hou o nā ʻenekinia ma NASA. ʻO ia wale nō ke kūkulu ʻana i ia ʻōnaehana a hōʻike i kāna hana. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, he mau mahina wale nō ia.
Hoʻoponopono i ka papahana
I kēlā manawa, ua lawe mua ʻia ka lawe ʻana i ka ʻikepili optical ma ke ākea. Ua hana ʻia ka hoʻāʻo mua i ka makahiki 1992 i ka wā e hele ana ka mākaʻikaʻi Galileo no Jupiter a huli aʻe i kāna pahupaʻi kiʻekiʻe i ka Honua no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi pūʻulu laser mai ka 60 cm Table Mountain Observatory Telescope a me ka 1,5 m USAF Starfire Optical Telescope. ma Nu Mekiko. I kēlā manawa, aia ʻo Galileo i 1,4 miliona km mai ka Honua, akā ua paʻi nā kukuna laser ʻelua i kāna kamera.
Ua hiki no i na Kepani a me ka Europa Space Agencies ke hookumu i ke kama'ilio optical ma waena o na kahua kahua a me na satellite ma ka orbit o ka Honua. A laila hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokumu i kahi pilina 50 Mbps ma waena o nā satelite ʻelua. I kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻokumu kahi hui Kelemania i kahi loulou optical bi-directional 5,6 Gbps coherent ma waena o kahi satellite NFIRE ma Earth orbit a me kahi kahua kahua ma Tenerife, Sepania. Akā ua pili kēia mau hihia āpau me ka orbit kokoke i ka Honua.
ʻO ka loulou optical mua loa e hoʻopili ana i kahi kahua kahua a me kahi mokulele i ka orbit a puni i kahi honua ʻē aʻe i ka ʻōnaehana solar i hoʻokomo ʻia i Ianuali 2013. He kiʻi ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo 152 x 200 pika o ka Mona Lisa i lawe ʻia mai ka Next Generation Satellite Laser Range Station ma NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center i ka Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) ma 300 bps. Hoʻokahi ala ke kamaʻilio. Ua hoʻouna ʻo LRO i ke kiʻi i loaʻa mai ka Honua ma o ka lekiō maʻamau. Pono ke kiʻi i kahi hoʻoponopono hewa liʻiliʻi, akā me ka ʻole o kēia hoʻopili ʻana ua maʻalahi ke ʻike. A i kēlā manawa, ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kahi ʻōnaehana ikaika loa i ka Moon.
Mai ka papahana Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter i ka makahiki 2013: No ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā hewa hoʻouna i hoʻokomo ʻia e ka lewa o ka Honua (hema), ua hoʻohana nā ʻepekema ma Goddard Space Flight Center i ka hoʻoponopono hewa Reed-Solomon ('ākau), i hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā CD a me nā DVD. Loaʻa nā hewa maʻamau i nā pika (keʻokeʻo) a me nā hōʻailona hoʻopunipuni (ʻeleʻele). Hōʻike ka pahu keʻokeʻo i kahi hoʻomaha iki i ka hoʻouna ʻana.
«» (LADEE) komo i ka orbit o ka mahina ma ka la 6 o Okatoba, 2013, a he pule wale no ma hope mai ua hoopuka aku i kana laser pulsed no ka lawe ikepili. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo NASA e hoʻonohonoho i ke kamaʻilio ʻelua ala ma ka wikiwiki o 20 Mbps ma kēlā ala a me ka wikiwiki o ka moʻolelo o 622 Mbps ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka pilikia wale nō ka pōkole o ke ola o ka misionari. Ua hana ʻo LRO kamaʻilio Optical no kekahi mau minuke. Ua kamaʻilio ʻo LADEE me kāna laser no 16 mau hola no 30 mau lā. Pono e hoʻololi kēia kūlana i ka wā e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai ka Laser Communications Demonstration Satellite (LCRD), i hoʻonohonoho ʻia no Iune 2019. ʻO kāna hana ʻo ia e hōʻike i ka hana ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio e hiki mai ana ma ke ākea.
Ke kūkulu ʻia nei ʻo LCRD ma NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory me ka hui pū ʻana me Lincoln Laboratory ma MIT. E loaʻa iā ia ʻelua mau kikowaena optical: hoʻokahi no ke kamaʻilio ʻana ma ka orbit honua haʻahaʻa, ʻo kekahi no kahi ākea hohonu. Pono ka mea mua e hoʻohana i ke kī kī ʻokoʻa (DPSK). E hoʻouna ka transmitter i nā pulse laser ma ke alapine o 2,88 GHz. Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia ʻenehana, e hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēlā me kēia bit e ka ʻokoʻa o ka pae o nā pulses. Hiki iā ia ke hana ma 2,88 Gbps, akā pono ia i ka mana nui. Hiki i nā mea ʻike ke ʻike i nā ʻokoʻa pulse i nā hōʻailona ikaika nui, no laila, hana maikaʻi ʻo DPSK me nā kamaʻilio kokoke i ka Honua, akā ʻaʻole ia ke ala maikaʻi loa no ka hohonu hohonu, kahi pilikia ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu. E lilo ana ka ikehu ma mua o ka hiki ʻana i ka Honua kahi hōʻailona i hoʻouna ʻia mai Mars, no laila e hoʻohana ʻo LCRD i kahi ʻenehana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka pulse-phase, e hōʻike i ke kamaʻilio ʻana me ka lewa hohonu.
Hoʻomākaukau nā mea ʻenehana NASA iā LADEE no ka hoʻāʻo
I ka makahiki 2017, ua hoʻāʻo nā ʻenekinia i nā modem lele i loko o kahi keʻena wai wela
"ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo ka helu ʻana i nā photon," wehewehe ʻo ʻAberahama. - ʻO ka manawa pōkole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia no ke kamaʻilio ʻana i nā ʻāpana manawa. No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻikepili, pono ʻoe e nānā inā pili nā photon i kēlā me kēia āpau me ka mea ʻike. ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ka ʻikepili i hoʻopili ʻia i ka FIM. Ua like ia me Morse code, ma ka wikiwiki wikiwiki wale nō. Aia paha he uila i kekahi manawa, a ʻaʻole paha, a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka memo e ke kaʻina o nā uila. "ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka lohi o kēia ma mua o DPSK, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻokumu i nā kamaʻilio optical i ka wikiwiki o nā ʻumi a i ʻole haneli mau Mbps ma kahi mamao i Mars," wahi a ʻAberahama.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole pili wale ka papahana LCRD i kēia mau terminal ʻelua. Pono ia e hana ma ke ʻano he node pūnaewele ma ka lewa. Ma ka honua, aia ʻekolu mau kikowaena e hana ana i ka LCRD: hoʻokahi ma White Sands ma New Mexico, hoʻokahi ma Table Mountain ma Kaleponi, a hoʻokahi ma ka mokupuni ʻo Hawaii a i ʻole Maui. ʻO ka manaʻo e hoʻāʻo i ka hoʻololi ʻana mai kekahi kahua kahua a i kekahi i ka wā ʻino ma kekahi o nā kahua. E ho'āʻo pū ka mikiona i ka hana o ka LCRD ma ke ʻano he mea lawe ʻikepili. E hele ana ka hōʻailona optical mai kekahi o nā kikowaena i ka satellite a laila e hoʻouna ʻia i kahi kikowaena ʻē aʻe - a ʻo kēia mau mea a pau ma o ke kamaʻilio optical.
Inā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi koke i ka ʻikepili, e mālama ka LCRD iā ia a hoʻoili i ka wā hiki. Inā wikiwiki ka ʻikepili, a ʻaʻole lawa ka nui o ka waiho ʻana ma luna o ka moku, e hoʻouna koke ka LCRD iā ia ma o kāna antenna Ka-band. No laila, ʻo ka precursor i nā satellite transmitter e hiki mai ana, ʻo LCRD kahi ʻōnaehana radio-optical hybrid. ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ka ʻāpana e pono ai ʻo NASA e kau i ka orbit a puni Mars i mea e hoʻonohonoho ai i kahi pūnaewele interplanetary e kākoʻo ana i ka ʻimi kanaka i ka hohonu hohonu i nā makahiki 2030.
Lawe mai iā Mars ma ka pūnaewele
I ka makahiki i hala iho nei, ua kākau ka hui o ʻAberahama i ʻelua pepa e wehewehe ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana o nā kamaʻilio hohonu hohonu, e hōʻike ʻia ana ma ka hālāwai SpaceOps ma Farani i Mei 2019. Hōʻike kekahi i nā kamaʻilio ākea hohonu ma ka laulā, ʻo kekahi ("") hāʻawi i kahi wehewehe kikoʻī o ka ʻenehana hiki ke hāʻawi i kahi lawelawe like-Internet no nā astronauts ma ka Red Planet.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo 215 Mbps no ka hoʻoiho ʻana a me 28 Mbps no ka hoʻouka ʻana. ʻO ka Martian Internet e loaʻa i ʻekolu mau pūnaewele: ʻo WiFi e uhi ana i ka wahi noiʻi ma ka ʻili, ka pūnaewele honua e hoʻouna ana i ka ʻikepili mai ka ʻili a i ka Honua, a me ka pūnaewele terrestrial, kahi pūnaewele kamaʻilio hohonu me ʻekolu mau wahi kuleana no ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia ʻikepili a me ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā pane. hoʻi i Mars.
"I ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kēlā ʻano hana, nui nā pilikia. Pono ia e hilinaʻi a paʻa, ʻoiai ma ka mamao loa i Mars o 2,67 AU. i nā manawa o ka hui pū ʻana o ka lā, ke peʻe ʻo Mars ma hope o ka Lā," wahi a ʻAberahama. Hana ʻia kēlā hui ʻana i kēlā me kēia ʻelua makahiki a hoʻopau loa i ke kamaʻilio ʻana me Mars. "I kēia lā ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hana me ia. ʻO nā pae pae ʻana a me nā kikowaena orbital ma Mars e nalowale ka launa pū ʻana me ka Honua no ʻelua pule. Me ke kamaʻilio optical, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka nalowale o ke kamaʻilio ma muli o ka pilina o ka lā, 10 a 15 mau pule. No nā robots, ʻaʻole makaʻu loa ia mau āpau. ʻAʻole pilikia kēia kaʻawale iā lākou, no ka mea, ʻaʻole lākou e hōʻoluʻolu, ʻaʻole ʻike i ka mehameha, ʻaʻole pono lākou e ʻike i kā lākou mea aloha. Akā, no ke kanaka, ʻaʻole pēlā.
"No laila, ʻae mākou i ka hoʻokō ʻana i ʻelua mau mea hoʻouna orbital i hoʻonoho ʻia ma kahi orbit equatorial circular 17300 km ma luna o ka ʻili o Mars," wahi a ʻAberahama. Wahi a ke aʻo ʻana, pono lākou e kaupaona i 1500 kg i kēlā me kēia, e lawe i kahi hoʻonohonoho o nā terminals e hana ana ma ka X-band, Ka-band, a me ka hui optical, a e hoʻoikaika ʻia e nā panela lā me ka mana o 20-30 kW. Pono lākou e kākoʻo i ka Delay Tolerant Network Protocol—ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo TCP/IP, i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i nā lohi kiʻekiʻe e ʻike ʻole ʻia e nā pūnaewele interplanetary. Pono nā kikowaena orbital e komo i ka pūnaewele e hiki ke kamaʻilio me nā astronauts a me nā kaʻa ma ka ʻili o ka honua, me nā kahua kahua a me kekahi.
"He mea koʻikoʻi kēia crosstalk no ka mea e hōʻemi ana i ka nui o nā antenna e pono ai e hoʻouna i ka ʻikepili ma 250 Mbps," wahi a ʻAberahama. Manaʻo kāna hui he ʻeono mau antenna 250-mika e pono e loaʻa i ka ʻikepili 34 Mbps mai kekahi o nā mea hoʻolele orbiting. ʻO kēia ka mea e pono ai ʻo NASA e kūkulu i ʻekolu mau antenna hou ma nā kahua kamaʻilio hohonu, akā he mau makahiki kēia e kūkulu ai a he kumukūʻai loa. "Akā, ke manaʻo nei mākou e hiki i nā kikowaena orbital ʻelua ke kaʻana like i ka ʻikepili ma waena o lākou iho a hoʻouna iā ia i ka manawa like me ka wikiwiki o 125 Mbps, kahi e hoʻouna ai kekahi transmitter i ka hapalua o ka ʻeke data a hoʻouna kekahi i kekahi," wahi a ʻAberahama. . ʻOiai i kēia lā, hiki i nā antenna kamaʻilio ākea hohonu he 34 mika ke loaʻa i ka ʻikepili mai nā mokulele mokulele ʻehā i ka manawa hoʻokahi, e pono ai i ʻekolu antennas e hoʻopau i ka hana. "Pono ka helu like o nā antenna e loaʻa i ʻelua mau hoʻouna 125 Mbps mai ka wahi like o ka lani e like me ka loaʻa ʻana o hoʻokahi hoʻouna," wehewehe ʻo ʻAberahama. "Pono ʻia nā antenna hou aʻe inā pono ʻoe e kamaʻilio me ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe."
No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pilikia o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lā, ua manaʻo ka hui o ʻAberahama e hoʻokuʻu i kahi satellite transmitter i nā wahi L4/L5 o ka orbit Sun-Mars/Sun-Earth. A laila, i nā wā pili, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻouna i ka ʻikepili a puni ka Lā, ma kahi o ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā hōʻailona ma o ia. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, i kēia manawa, e hāʻule ka wikiwiki i 100 Kbps. ʻO ka'ōlelo maʻalahi, e hana ia, akā,ʻeha.
I kēia manawa, pono e kali nā poʻe lele lele ma Mars ma kahi o ʻekolu mau minuke no ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kiʻi o kahi pipi, ʻaʻole helu i nā lohi a hiki i 40 mau minuke. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, i ka manawa o ka manaʻo o ke kanaka e alakaʻi iā mākou ma mua o ka Red Planet, e hana maikaʻi ana ka pūnaewele interplanetary i ka hapa nui o ka manawa.
Source: www.habr.com