Nā ʻatikala ʻē aʻe ma ka moʻo:
- Moolelo o ka relay
- Moʻolelo o nā lolouila uila
- Moolelo o ka transistor
- moʻolelo pūnaewele
Ke hoʻohana nei iā ARPANET Robert Taylor a me Larry Roberts nui nā keʻena noiʻi like ʻole, ua loaʻa i kēlā me kēia o lākou kāna kamepiula ponoʻī, no ka lako polokalamu a me nā lako hana nona ke kuleana piha. Eia nō naʻe, aia ka lako polokalamu a me ka lako o ka pūnaewele ponoʻī ma ka ʻaoʻao waena o ka noe, a ʻaʻole pili i kekahi o kēia mau wahi. I loko o ka manawa mai 1967 a hiki i 1968, pono ʻo Roberts, ke poʻo o ka ʻoihana ʻenehana Information Processing Technology (IPTO), e hoʻoholo i ka mea e kūkulu a mālama i ka pūnaewele, a me kahi e moe ai nā palena ma waena o ka pūnaewele a me nā ʻoihana.
ʻO ka poʻe Skeptics
ʻO ka pilikia o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka pūnaewele ma ka liʻiliʻi e like me ka politika e like me ka ʻenehana. ʻAʻole ʻae nā luna noiʻi ARPA i ka manaʻo ARPANET. Ua hōʻike maopopo ʻole kekahi i ka makemake ʻole e komo i ka pūnaewele i kēlā me kēia manawa; kakaikahi o lakou i hoihoi. Pono kēlā me kēia kikowaena e hoʻoikaika nui e ʻae i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e hoʻohana i kā lākou kamepiula nui loa a loaʻa ʻole. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia hāʻawi ʻana i nā hemahema akaka (ka nalowale ʻana o kahi kumu waiwai), ʻoiai ʻo kona mau pōmaikaʻi hiki ke hoʻomau ʻia a maopopo ʻole.
ʻO ka manaʻo kānalua like e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai i hāʻule i ka papahana pūnaewele UCLA i kekahi mau makahiki i hala. Eia nō naʻe, i kēia hihia, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka leverage o ARPA, ʻoiai ua uku pololei ʻo ia no kēia mau waiwai kamepiula waiwai, a hoʻomau i ka lima i nā kahe kālā āpau o nā papahana noiʻi pili. A ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hana ʻia nā hoʻoweliweli pololei, ʻaʻohe "a i ʻole" i haʻi ʻia, ua maopopo loa ke kūlana - i kekahi ala a i ʻole, e kūkulu ana ʻo ARPA i kāna pūnaewele e hoʻohui i nā mīkini i ka hana, aia nō ia.
Ua hiki mai ka manawa ma kahi hālāwai o nā alakaʻi ʻepekema ma Att Arbor, Michigan, i ka puna o 1967. Ua hōʻike ʻo Roberts i kāna hoʻolālā e hana i kahi pūnaewele e hoʻopili ai i nā kamepiula like ʻole ma kēlā me kēia kikowaena. Ua hoʻolaha ʻo ia e hāʻawi kēlā me kēia luna hoʻokele i kāna kamepiula kūloko me kahi polokalamu pūnaewele kūikawā, kahi e hoʻohana ai e kāhea i nā kamepiula ʻē aʻe ma luna o ka pūnaewele kelepona (ma mua o ko Roberts ʻike ʻana i ka manaʻo. ). ʻO ka pane, he hoʻopaʻapaʻa a me ka makaʻu. Ma waena o nā mea liʻiliʻi loa e hoʻokō i kēia manaʻo, ʻo ia nā kikowaena nui loa e hana nei i nā papahana nui i kākoʻo ʻia e IPTO, a ʻo MIT ka mea nui. ʻO ka poʻe noiʻi MIT, ʻaʻole i ʻike i ka pōmaikaʻi o ka hāʻawi ʻana i kā lākou mau waiwai paʻakikī me Western riffraff.
A, me ka nānā ʻole i kona kūlana, mālama kēlā me kēia kikowaena i kāna mau manaʻo ponoʻī. Ua loaʻa i kēlā me kēia me kā lākou polokalamu ponoʻī a me nā lako, a he paʻakikī ke hoʻomaopopo pehea e hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻokumu i ke kamaʻilio maʻamau me kekahi, koe wale nō e hana pū. ʻO ka kākau wale ʻana a me ka holo ʻana i nā polokalamu ʻoihana pūnaewele no kā lākou mīkini e lawe i kahi nui o ko lākou manawa a me nā kumuwaiwai helu.
He mea hoʻohenehene akā he mea kupanaha nō hoʻi ʻo ka hoʻonā ʻana a Roberts i kēia mau pilikia pilikanaka a me ka ʻenehana i loaʻa mai iā Wes Clark, he kanaka makemake ʻole i ka kaʻana manawa a me nā pūnaewele. ʻO Clark, he mea kākoʻo i ka manaʻo quixotic o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka lolouila pilikino i kēlā me kēia kanaka, ʻaʻohe ona manaʻo e kaʻana like i nā kumuwaiwai computing me kekahi, a mālama ʻo ia i kāna kula ponoʻī, Washington University ma St. Louis, mai ka ARPANET no nā makahiki he nui e hiki mai ana. No laila, ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha ʻo ia ka mea nāna i hoʻomohala i ka hoʻolālā pūnaewele, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻohui i ka ukana nui i nā kumuwaiwai computing o kēlā me kēia kikowaena, a ʻaʻole koi i kēlā me kēia o lākou e hoʻoikaika i ka hana ʻana i nā polokalamu kūikawā.
Manaʻo ʻo Clark e kau i kahi kamepiula liʻiliʻi ma kēlā me kēia kikowaena e mālama i nā hana āpau e pili pono ana i ka pūnaewele. Pono kēlā me kēia kikowaena e noʻonoʻo pehea e hoʻopili ai i kāna mea kōkua kūloko (i kapa ʻia ma hope o nā kaʻina leka uila, a i ʻole ), a laila hoʻouna i ka leka ma ke ala pololei a hiki i ka IMP kūpono ma kahi e loaʻa ai. ʻO ka mea nui, ua manaʻo ʻo ia e hāʻawi ʻo ARPA i nā kamepiula manuahi hou i kēlā me kēia kikowaena, nāna e lawe i ka hapa nui o nā kumuwaiwai o ka pūnaewele. I ka wā kakaʻikahi a nui loa ke kumukūʻai o nā kamepiula, ʻaʻaʻa kēia manaʻo. Eia naʻe, i kēlā manawa, hoʻomaka nā minicomputers e kūʻai ʻia he mau ʻumi kaukani kālā wale nō, ma kahi o nā haneli he nui, a i ka hopena ua hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka manaʻo ma ke kumu (ua pau ke kumukūʻai o kēlā me kēia IMP i $45, a i ʻole $000 i loko. kālā o kēia lā).
ʻO ke ala IMP, ʻoiai e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ana i nā manaʻo o nā alakaʻi ʻepekema e pili ana i ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka pūnaewele i kā lākou mana kamepiula, ua kamaʻilio pū kekahi pilikia politika no ARPA. ʻAʻole like me nā hana ʻē aʻe o ka ʻoihana i kēlā manawa, ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia ka pūnaewele i kahi kikowaena noiʻi hoʻokahi, kahi e hoʻokele ʻia ai e kahi luna hoʻokahi. A ʻaʻole hiki iā ARPA ponoʻī ke hana kūʻokoʻa a hoʻokele i kahi papahana ʻenehana nui. Pono ʻo ia e hoʻolimalima i nā hui o waho e hana i kēia. ʻO ka hiki ʻana mai o IMP i hoʻokumu i kahi māhele maopopo o ke kuleana ma waena o ka pūnaewele i mālama ʻia e kahi luna waho a me ka kamepiula i hoʻokele ʻia. Na ka mea hana ʻaelike e hoʻomalu i nā IMP a me nā mea āpau ma waena, a na nā kikowaena ke kuleana no ka lako a me nā lako polokalamu ma kā lākou kamepiula ponoʻī.
IMP
Pono ʻo Roberts e koho i kēlā ʻoihana. ʻAʻole i pili pololei ʻo Licklider i kāna noiʻi punahele i kēia hihia. Pono e kūʻai ʻia ka papahana no ke kūʻai kūʻai aupuni e like me nā ʻaelike aupuni ʻē aʻe.
ʻAʻole a hiki i Iulai 1968 i hiki ai iā Roberts ke hao i nā kikoʻī hope loa o ka noi. Ma kahi o ʻeono mahina i hala ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka ʻāpana loea hope loa o ka puzzle i ka wā i hoʻolaha ʻia ai ka ʻōnaehana hoʻololi packet ma kahi hālāwai kūkā ma Gatlinburg. ʻElua o nā mea hana kamepiula nui loa, ʻo Control Data Corporation (CDC) a me International Business Machines (IBM), hōʻole koke i ke komo ʻana no ka mea ʻaʻohe o lākou minicomputers inexpensive kūpono no ka hana IMP.
Honeywell DDP-516
Ma waena o nā mea i koe, ua koho ka hapa nui i kamepiula hou mai Honeywell, ʻoiai ua makemake kekahi . ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka koho ʻana o Honeywell no ka mea, loaʻa iā ia kahi interface I/O i hoʻolālā ʻia no nā ʻōnaehana manawa maoli no nā noi e like me ka mana ʻoihana. ʻO ke kamaʻilio, ʻoiaʻiʻo, koi ʻia ka pololei kūpono - inā ʻaʻole ka lolouila i kahi leka e hiki mai ana i ka wā e paʻa ana me nā hana ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻohe manawa lua e hopu ai.
I ka hopena o ka makahiki, no ka noʻonoʻo nui ʻana iā Raytheon, ua hāʻawi ʻo Roberts i ka hana i ka ulu ʻana o Cambridge firm i hoʻokumu ʻia e Bolt, Beranek a me Newman. Ua paʻa loa ka ʻohana o ka computing interactive i kēia manawa, a ua hiki ke hoʻopiʻi ʻia ʻo Roberts no ka nepotism no ke koho ʻana iā BBN. Ua lawe mai ʻo Licklider i ka computing interactive i BBN ma mua o kona lilo ʻana i luna hoʻokele mua o IPTO, e lūlū ana i nā hua o kāna pūnaewele intergalactic a me ke aʻo ʻana i nā poʻe e like me Roberts. Inā ʻaʻole ka mana o Leake, ʻaʻole makemake ʻo ARPA a me BBN i ka lawelawe ʻana i ka papahana ARPANET. Eia kekahi, ʻo kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka hui i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia e BBN e kūkulu i ka pūnaewele IMP-based i hele pololei mai a pololei ʻole mai Lincoln Labs: Frank Hart (alakaʻi hui), Dave Walden, a me North Ornstein. Ma loko o nā hale hana i hele ai ʻo Roberts i ke kula puka, a ma laila ʻo Leake i hālāwai ai me Wes Clark i hoʻāla ai i kona hoihoi i nā kamepiula pili.
Akā ʻoiai ua like paha ke ʻano o ka hui ʻana, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua kūpono ka hui BBN no ka hana manawa maoli e like me ka Honeywell 516. Ma Lincoln, e hana ana lākou i nā kamepiula i pili i nā ʻōnaehana radar - kekahi laʻana o kahi noi i loaʻa ai. ʻaʻole e kali ka ʻikepili a mākaukau ke kamepiula. No ka laʻana, ua hana ʻo Hart ma ka kamepiula ʻo Whirlwind ma ke ʻano he haumāna i ka makahiki 1950, ua komo i ka papahana SAGE, a ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i 15 mau makahiki ma Lincoln Laboratories. Ua hana ʻo Ornstein ma ka SAGE cross-protocol, nāna i hoʻololi i ka ʻikepili hoʻopaʻa radar mai kekahi kamepiula a i kekahi, a ma hope ma ka LINC a Wes Clark, he kamepiula i hoʻolālā ʻia e kōkua i nā ʻepekema e hana pololei i ka lab me ka ʻikepili pūnaewele. ʻO Crowther, i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa ʻo ia ka mea kākau o ka pāʻani kikokikona , ua hoʻohana i nā makahiki he ʻumi i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana manawa maoli, me ka Lincoln Terminal Experiment, kahi keʻena kamaʻilio ukali kelepona me kahi kamepiula liʻiliʻi e hoʻomalu i ka antenna a hoʻoponopono i nā hōʻailona e hiki mai ana.
Hui IMP ma BBN. ʻO Frank Hart ke kanaka ma ke kula kiʻekiʻe. Kū ʻo Ornstein ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau, ma hope o Crowther.
Na IMP ke kuleana no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana a me ka hoʻokele ʻana i ke ala ala a me ka lawe ʻana i nā memo mai kekahi kamepiula a i kekahi. Hiki i ke kamepiula ke hoʻouna aku i 8000 bytes i ka manawa i ka IMP kūloko, me ka helu wahi e hele ai. A laila ʻoki ka IMP i ka memo i loko o nā ʻeke liʻiliʻi i hoʻouna ʻia i ka IMP i manaʻo ʻia ma luna o nā laina 50-kbps i hoʻolimalima ʻia mai AT&T. Ua hui pū ka IMP i loaʻa i ka memo a hāʻawi i kāna kamepiula. Mālama kēlā me kēia IMP i kahi papaʻaina e mālama ana i ka mea o kona mau hoalauna i ke ala wikiwiki loa e hiki ai i kahi pahuhopu. Ua hōʻano hou ʻia ma muli o ka ʻike i loaʻa mai kēia mau hoalauna, me ka ʻike i hiki ʻole ke kamaʻilio ʻia (ʻo ia ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka lohi no ka hoʻouna ʻana i kēlā ʻaoʻao). No ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā koi o ka wikiwiki a me ka hiki ʻana o Roberts no kēia kaʻina hana āpau, ua hana ka hui o Hart i ke code pae kiʻi. ʻO ka papahana hana holoʻokoʻa no IMP i noho wale i 12 bytes; ʻO ka ʻāpana e pili ana i nā papa kuhikuhi i lawe i 000 wale nō.
Ua mālama pū ka hui i kekahi mau mea e mālama ai, no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻolaʻa i kahi hui kākoʻo i kēlā me kēia IMP ma ke kahua.
ʻO ka mea mua, hoʻolako lākou i kēlā me kēia kamepiula me nā mea hana no ka nānā mamao a me ka hoʻokele. Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻomaka hou ʻana i hoʻomaka ma hope o kēlā me kēia pau ʻana o ka mana, ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā IMP e hiki ke hoʻomaka hou i nā hoalauna ma ka hoʻouna ʻana iā lākou i nā mana hou o ka polokalamu hana. No ke kōkua ʻana i ka debugging a me ka nānā ʻana, hiki iā IMP, ma ke kauoha, ke hoʻomaka i ka lawe ʻana i nā kiʻi paʻi o kona kūlana i kēia manawa i nā manawa maʻamau. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻopili kēlā me kēia pūʻolo IMP i kahi ʻāpana e nānā iā ia, kahi i hiki ai ke kākau i nā moʻolelo kikoʻī o ka hana. Me kēia mau mana āpau, hiki ke hoʻoponopono pololei ʻia nā pilikia he nui mai ke keʻena BBN, i lawelawe ʻia ma ke ʻano he kikowaena mana kahi e ʻike ʻia ai ke kūlana o ka pūnaewele holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO ka lua, ua noi lākou i kahi pūʻali koa o ka 516 mai Honeywell, i hoʻolako ʻia me kahi pahu mānoanoa e pale aku iā ia mai nā haʻalulu a me nā mea hoʻoweliweli ʻē aʻe. Ua makemake nui ʻo BBN e lilo ia i hōʻailona "noho kaʻawale" i nā haumāna puka kula, akā ʻaʻohe mea i wehewehe i ka palena ma waena o nā lolouila kūloko a me ka subnet holo ʻia e BBN e like me kēia pūpū pale.
Ua hōʻea nā keʻena keʻena mua i hoʻoikaika ʻia, e like me ka nui o ka pahu hau, ma ke kahua ma ke Kulanui o Kaleponi, Los Angeles (UCLA) ma ʻAukake 30, 1969, he 8 mau mahina ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻaelike iā BBN.
Nā mea hoʻokipa
Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Roberts e hoʻomaka i ka pūnaewele me ʻehā mau pūʻali-ma kahi o UCLA, e hoʻokomo ʻia kahi IMP ma kahakai o ke Kulanui o Kaleponi, Santa Barbara (UCSB), kekahi ma Stanford Research Institute (SRI) ma Kaleponi ʻākau, a ka hope loa ma ke Kulanui o Utah. ʻO kēia nā ʻoihana helu ʻelua mai ke Komohana Komohana, e hoʻāʻo ana e hōʻoia iā lākou iho ma ke ʻano o ka ʻepekema ʻepekema. Ua hoʻomau ka pilina ʻohana ma ke ʻano he ʻelua o nā luna ʻepekema. mai UCLA a mai ke Kulanui o Utah, he mau hoa hana kahiko o Roberts ma Lincoln Laboratories.
Ua hāʻawi ʻo Roberts i nā pūʻali ʻelua i nā hana pili pūnaewele. I ka makahiki 1967, ua hāʻawi manawaleʻa ʻo Doug Englebart mai SRI e hoʻokumu i kahi kikowaena ʻike pūnaewele ma kahi hālāwai alakaʻi. Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻihoʻi ʻike maʻalahi a SRI, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hana i ka papa kuhikuhi ARPANET: kahi hōʻiliʻili o ka ʻike i nā kumuwaiwai āpau i loaʻa ma nā node like ʻole, a hoʻolako iā ia i nā poʻe a pau ma ka pūnaewele. Hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Kleinrock i ka ʻike ma ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻoihana pūnaewele, ua koho ʻo Roberts iā UCLA ma ke ʻano he kikowaena ana pūnaewele (NMC). No Kleinrock a me UCLA, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ARPANET ʻaʻole he mea hana pono wale nō, akā he hoʻokolohua hoʻi kahi e hiki ai ke unuhi a hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā ʻikepili i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻike i loaʻa no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻolālā pūnaewele a me kona mau hope.
Akā, ʻoi aku ka mea nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ARPANET ma mua o kēia mau koho ʻelua ʻo ia kahi kaiāulu ʻike ʻole a ʻoluʻolu o nā haumāna puka i kapa ʻia ʻo Network Working Group (NWG). Ua ʻae ka subnet mai IMP i kekahi mea hoʻokipa ma ka pūnaewele e hoʻouna pono i kahi leka i kekahi; ʻO ka pahuhopu o NWG ʻo ia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi ʻōlelo maʻamau a i ʻole hoʻonohonoho o nā ʻōlelo i hiki i nā mea hoʻokipa ke hoʻohana e kamaʻilio. Ua kapa ʻia lākou he "host protocols." ʻO ka inoa "protocol," i hōʻaiʻē ʻia mai nā diplomats, ua hoʻohana mua ʻia i nā pūnaewele i ka makahiki 1965 e Roberts lāua ʻo Tom Marill e wehewehe i ka ʻikepili ʻikepili a me nā pae algorithmic e hoʻoholo ai pehea e kamaʻilio ai nā kamepiula ʻelua me kekahi.
ʻO ka NWG, ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻike ʻole akā maikaʻi ʻo Steve Crocker o UCLA, hoʻomaka e hālāwai mau i ka pūnāwai o 1969, ma kahi o ʻeono mahina ma mua o ka IMP mua. Hānau ʻia a hānai ʻia ma ka wahi ʻo Los Angeles, ua hele ʻo Crocker i ke kula kiʻekiʻe ʻo Van Nuys a ʻo ia ka makahiki like me ʻelua o kāna mau hoa hana NWG e hiki mai ana, ʻo Vint Cerf lāua ʻo Jon Postel. No ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka hopena o kekahi o nā hālāwai o ka hui, ua hoʻomohala ʻo Crocker i kekahi o nā pōhaku kihi o ka moʻomeheu ARPANET (a me ka Pūnaewele e hiki mai ana), noi i nā manaʻo [noi hana] (). ʻO kāna RFC 1, i paʻi ʻia ma ʻApelila 7, 1969, a hāʻawi ʻia i nā node ARPANET e hiki mai ana ma o ka leka uila, ua hōʻiliʻili i nā kūkākūkā mua o ka hui e pili ana i ka hoʻolālā polokalamu protocol host. Ma RFC 3, ua hoʻomau ʻo Crocker i ka wehewehe ʻana, e wehewehe ana i ke kaʻina hana hoʻolālā no nā RFC e hiki mai ana:
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā manaʻo i ka manawa ma mua o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana iā lākou. ʻAe ʻia nā manaʻo Philosophical me ka ʻole o nā laʻana a i ʻole nā kikoʻī ʻē aʻe, nā manaʻo kikoʻī a i ʻole nā ʻenehana hoʻokō me ka ʻole o ka wehewehe hoʻolauna a i ʻole nā wehewehe kikoʻī, ʻae ʻia nā nīnau kikoʻī me ka hoʻāʻo ʻole e pane. ʻO ka lōʻihi liʻiliʻi no kahi memo mai NWG he hoʻokahi ʻōlelo. Manaʻo mākou e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā hoʻololi a me nā kūkākūkā ʻana i nā manaʻo ʻike ʻole.
E like me ka noi no ka haʻi ʻōlelo (RFQ), ke ala maʻamau o ka noi ʻana i nā ʻaelike ma nā ʻaelike aupuni, ua hoʻokipa ʻo RFC i nā manaʻo manaʻo, akā ʻaʻole like me RFQ, ua kono pū ʻo ia i ke kamaʻilio. Hiki i kēlā me kēia o ke kaiāulu NWG ke hāʻawi i kahi RFC, a hoʻohana i kēia manawa e paio ai, nīnau, a hoʻohewa paha i ka manaʻo mua. ʻOiaʻiʻo, e like me kēlā me kēia kaiāulu, ua ʻoi aku ka manaʻo o kekahi mau manaʻo ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe, a i nā lā mua o nā manaʻo o Crocker a me kāna pūʻulu kumu o nā hoa lawe i ka mana nui loa. I Iulai 1971, haʻalele ʻo Crocker iā UCLA ʻoiai he haumāna puka kula e lawe i kahi kūlana ma ke ʻano he luna papahana ma IPTO. Me nā haʻawina noiʻi koʻikoʻi mai ARPA ma kāna ʻano, ʻo ia, me ka ʻike ʻole a me ka ʻike ʻole paha, ua loaʻa iā ia ka mana hiki ʻole ke hōʻole ʻia.
ʻO Jon Postel, ʻo Steve Crocker lāua ʻo Vint Cerf nā hoa papa a me nā hoa hana ma NWG; makahiki hope
Ua kāhea ka hoʻolālā NWG kumu i ʻelua protocols. ʻAe ʻia ke komo mamao (telnet) i hoʻokahi kamepiula e hana ma ke ʻano he kikowaena pili i ka ʻōnaehana hana o kekahi, e hoʻolōʻihi i ke kaiapuni pili o kekahi ʻōnaehana pili ARPANET me ka kaʻana ʻana i nā tausani kilomita i kekahi mea hoʻohana ma ka pūnaewele. Ua ʻae ka protocol transfer file FTP i hoʻokahi kamepiula e hoʻoili i kahi faila, e like me kahi polokalamu pono a i ʻole hoʻonohonoho ʻikepili, i ka waiho ʻana o kahi ʻōnaehana ʻē aʻe. Eia nō naʻe, ma ke koi ʻana o Roberts, ua hoʻohui ʻo NWG i ke kolu o ka protocol kumu e hoʻopaʻa i kēia mau mea ʻelua, e hoʻokumu i kahi pilina ma waena o nā pūʻali ʻelua. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Network Control Program (NCP). Ua loaʻa i ka pūnaewele he ʻekolu papa o abstraction - kahi subnet packet i mālama ʻia e IMP ma lalo loa, nā kamaʻilio host-to-host i hāʻawi ʻia e NCP ma waena, a me nā protocols noi (FTP a me telnet) ma luna.
Hāʻule?
ʻAʻole ia a hiki i ʻAukake 1971 i wehewehe piha ʻia a hoʻokō ʻia ka NCP i loko o ka pūnaewele, aia i kēlā manawa he ʻumikūmālima nodes. Hoʻokō koke ʻia ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka protocol telnet, a ʻike ʻia ka wehewehe paʻa mua o FTP i hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope, i ke kauwela o 1972. Ua manaʻo ʻia he hemahema ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka moeʻuhane o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai a Licklider i manaʻo ai a hoʻokō ʻia e kāna protégé, ʻo Robert Taylor.
No ka mea hoʻomaka, paʻakikī wale ka ʻike ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai i loaʻa ma ka pūnaewele hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohana. Ua hoʻohana ke kikowaena ʻike o ka pūnaewele i kahi kumu hoʻohālike komo - pono kēlā me kēia node e hāʻawi i ka ʻike hou e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻikepili a me nā papahana. ʻOiai e pōmaikaʻi ana nā mea a pau mai ia hana, ʻaʻohe mea hoʻoikaika no kēlā me kēia node e hoʻolaha a hāʻawi i ka ʻike i kāna mau kumuwaiwai, ʻae ʻole e hāʻawi i nā palapala a i ʻole ka ʻōlelo aʻo hou. No laila, ʻaʻole i lilo ʻo NIC i papa kuhikuhi pūnaewele. ʻO kāna hana koʻikoʻi loa i nā makahiki mua ʻo ia ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka hoʻokipa uila o kahi hoʻonohonoho ulu o RFC.
ʻOiai, e ʻōlelo, ua ʻike ʻo Alice mai UCLA e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi kumu waiwai ma MIT, ua ʻike ʻia kahi pilikia koʻikoʻi. Ua ʻae ʻo Telnet iā Alice e kiʻi i ka MIT login screen, akā ʻaʻohe mea hou aʻe. I mea e komo maoli ai ʻo Alice i kahi papahana ma MIT, pono ʻo ia e kūkākūkā ma waho me ka MIT e hoʻonohonoho i kahi moʻokāki nona ma kā lākou kamepiula, ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau e koi i ka hoʻopiha ʻana i nā pepa pepa ma nā ʻoihana ʻelua a me kahi ʻaelike kālā e uku ai. . hoʻohana i nā kumuwaiwai kamepiula MIT. A ma muli o ka like ʻole ma waena o nā lako lako a me nā polokalamu ʻōnaehana ma waena o nā node, ʻaʻole i kūpono ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā faila no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke holo i nā polokalamu mai nā kamepiula mamao ma kāu.
ʻO ka mea hoʻohenehene, ʻo ka kūleʻa koʻikoʻi o ka kaʻana like ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai ʻaʻole i loko o ka wahi o ka hoʻokaʻawale manawa interactive kahi i hana ʻia ai ka ARPANET, akā ma kahi o ka hoʻoili ʻikepili non-interactive kahiko. Ua hoʻohui ʻo UCLA i kāna mīkini hana ʻauʻau IBM 360/91 i ka pūnaewele a hāʻawi i ke kūkākūkā kelepona e kākoʻo i nā mea hoʻohana mamao, e hoʻonui i ka loaʻa kālā no ke kikowaena kamepiula. Ua loaʻa pū i ka ILLIAC IV supercomputer i kākoʻo ʻia e ARPA ma ke Kulanui o Illinois a me ka Datacomputer ma ka Computer Corporation of America ma Cambridge i nā mea kūʻai mamao ma o ARPANET.
Akā ʻaʻole i kokoke kēia mau papahana āpau i ka hoʻohana piha ʻana i ka pūnaewele. I ka hāʻule o 1971, me 15 mau pūʻali ma ka pūnaewele, ua hoʻouna ka pūnaewele holoʻokoʻa i ka awelika o 45 miliona mau bits ma kēlā me kēia node, a i ʻole 520 bps ma luna o kahi pūnaewele o 50 bps nā laina hoʻolimalima mai AT&T. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hapa nui o kēia kaʻa ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, i hana ʻia e ke kikowaena ana ʻana ma UCLA. Ma waho aʻe o ka hoihoi o kekahi mau mea hoʻohana mua (e like me Steve Cara, he mea hoʻohana i kēlā me kēia lā i ka PDP-000 ma ke Kulanui o Utah ma Palo Alto), he mea liʻiliʻi loa ia ma ka ARPANET. Mai kahi hiʻohiʻona hou, ʻo ka hoʻomohala hoihoi loa paha ʻo ia ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka waihona kikohoʻe Project Guttenberg i Dekemaba 10, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e Michael Hart, he haumāna ma ke Kulanui o Illinois.
Akā ʻaʻole i liʻuliʻu ua hoʻopakele ʻia ka ARPANET mai nā hoʻopiʻi ʻana o ka palaho e kahi protocol noiʻi ʻekolu - kahi mea liʻiliʻi i kapa ʻia he leka uila.
He aha hou aʻe e heluhelu ai
• Janet Abbate, Inventing the Internet (1999)
• ʻO Katie Hafner lāua ʻo Matthew Lyon, Kahi e noho ai nā Wizards i ka lā: The Origins of the Internet (1996)
Source: www.habr.com