<< Ma mua o kēia:
Mai ka makahiki 1975 a hiki i ka makahiki 1995, ua ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o nā kamepiula ma mua o nā pūnaewele kamepiula. ʻO ka mea mua ma USA, a laila ma nā ʻāina waiwai ʻē aʻe, ua lilo nā kamepiula i mea maʻamau no nā ʻohana waiwai, a ʻike ʻia ma nā ʻoihana āpau. Eia nō naʻe, inā makemake nā mea hoʻohana o kēia mau kamepiula e hoʻopili i kā lākou mau mīkini - e hoʻololi i ka leka uila, e hoʻoiho i nā polokalamu, e ʻimi i nā kaiāulu e kūkākūkā i kā lākou punahele punahele - ʻaʻole nui nā koho. Hiki i nā mea hoʻohana hale ke hoʻopili i nā lawelawe e like me CompuServe. Eia naʻe, a hiki i ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā lawelawe i nā uku mahina paʻa i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1980, ua uku ʻia ke kumukūʻai o ka pilina i kēlā me kēia hola, a ʻaʻole hiki ke uku ʻia nā uku no kēlā me kēia. Hiki i kekahi mau haumāna kulanui a me nā kumu ke hoʻopili i nā pūnaewele hoʻololi packet, akā ʻaʻole hiki i ka hapa nui. Ma ka makahiki 1981, he 280 wale nō kamepiula i loaʻa i ka ARPANET. ʻO CSNET a me BITNET e hoʻokomo i nā haneli o nā kamepiula, akā hoʻomaka lākou e hana i nā makahiki 1980. A i kēlā manawa ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua ʻoi aku ma mua o 3000 mau kula kahi i loaʻa ai i nā haumāna ke kula kiʻekiʻe, a ʻaneʻane loaʻa iā lākou a pau he mau kamepiula, mai nā papa nui a hiki i nā hale hana liʻiliʻi.
ʻO nā kaiāulu, DIYers, a me nā ʻepekema me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka Pūnaewele i huli i nā ʻenehana like ʻole e hoʻopili ai kekahi i kekahi. Ua hack lākou i ka ʻōnaehana kelepona maikaʻi maikaʻi, ʻo ka pūnaewele Bell, e hoʻohuli iā ia i mea e like me ke kelepona, e hoʻouna ana i nā leka uila ma kahi o nā leo, a ma luna o lākou - nā memo mai ke kamepiula a i ke kamepiula ma ka ʻāina a puni ka honua.
ʻO nā ʻatikala a pau i ka moʻo:
- Moolelo o ka relay
- Moʻolelo o nā lolouila uila
- Moolelo o ka transistor
- moʻolelo pūnaewele
- Era o ka Wehewehe
ʻO kēia kekahi o nā pūnaewele kamepiula mua loa i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia [peer-to-peer, p2p]. ʻAʻole e like me CompuServe a me nā ʻōnaehana kikowaena ʻē aʻe, nāna i hoʻopili i nā kamepiula a omo i ka ʻike mai iā lākou e like me nā keiki bipi omo waiū, ua māhele ʻia ka ʻike ma o nā pūnaewele decentralized e like me nā nalu ma ka wai. Hiki ke hoʻomaka ma nā wahi a pau a pau ma nā wahi a pau. A ua ulu mai nae na hoopaapaa hahana iloko o lakou no ke kalaiaina a me ka mana. I ka hiki ʻana mai o ka Pūnaewele i ka manaʻo o ke kaiāulu i ka makahiki 1990, ua manaʻo ka poʻe he nui ia e hoʻohālikelike i nā pilina pilikanaka a me ka hoʻokele waiwai. Ma ka ʻae ʻana i nā mea a pau e hui pū me nā mea a pau, e ʻoki ʻia nā mea waena a me nā bureaucrats i hoʻomalu i ko mākou ola. E hiki mai ana he au hou o ke aupuni democracy pololei a me na makeke hamama, kahi e like ai ka leo a me ke komo like ana o na kanaka a pau. Ua hōʻole paha kēlā mau kāula i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻōlelo hoʻohiki inā ua aʻo lākou i ka hopena o Usenet a me Fidonet i nā makahiki 1980. ʻO kā lākou ʻenehana ʻenehana he pālahalaha loa, akā ʻo kēlā me kēia pūnaewele kamepiula he ʻāpana wale nō ia o ke kaiāulu kanaka. A ʻo nā kaiāulu kanaka, ʻoiai ʻoe e hoʻoulu ai a ʻōwili iā lākou i waho, e mau nō ka piha i nā puʻupuʻu.
Usenet
I ke kauwela o ka makahiki 1979, ua like ke ola o Tom Truscott me ka moeʻuhane o ka poʻe ʻōpio kamepiula. Ua puka 'o ia me ke kēkelē 'epekema lolouila mai ke Kulanui 'o Duke, ua hoihoi 'o ia i ka chess, a ua komo 'o ia ma ke ke'ena nui o Bell Labs ma New Jersey. Ma laila ʻo ia i loaʻa ai ka manawa e launa pū me nā mea hana o Unix, ka makemake hou loa e kāhili i ka honua o ka ʻepekema ʻepekema.
ʻO ke kumu o Unix, e like me ka Pūnaewele ponoʻī, aia i ka malu o ke kulekele kelepona ʻAmelika. и o Bell Labs i ka hopena o 1960s ua hoʻoholo e hana i kahi ʻano maʻalahi a wehe ʻia o ka ʻōnaehana Multics nui ma MIT, a lākou i kōkua ai i ka hana ʻana ma ke ʻano he mea papahana. Ua lilo koke ka OS hou i mea kaulana i loko o nā keʻena hana, e loaʻa ana ka kaulana no kāna mau pono lako pono (e ʻae iā ia e holo ma luna o nā mīkini maʻalahi) a no kona maʻalahi. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki i ka AT&T ke hoʻonui i kēia kūleʻa. Ma lalo o ka ʻaelike 1956 me ka US Department of Justice, ua koi ʻia ʻo AT&T e laikini i nā ʻenehana kelepona ʻole a pau ma nā kumukūʻai kūpono a ʻaʻole e komo i kekahi ʻoihana ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā kamaʻilio.
No laila ua hoʻomaka ʻo AT&T i ka laikini ʻana iā Unix i nā kulanui no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kula ma nā ʻōlelo maikaʻi loa. Ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe laikini mua i loaʻa i ke code kumu e hana a kūʻai aku i kā lākou mau ʻano like ʻole o Unix, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) Unix, i hana ʻia ma ka pā kula hae o ke Kulanui o Kaleponi. Hoʻopau koke ka OS hou i ke kaiāulu kula. ʻAʻole e like me nā OS kaulana ʻē aʻe e like me DEC TENEX / TOPS-20, hiki iā ia ke holo ma luna o nā lakohana mai nā mea hana like ʻole, a ʻo ka nui o kēia mau kamepiula he mea kūʻai ʻole. Ua hāʻawi ʻo Berkeley i ka papahana ma kahi hapa o ke kumukūʻai, me ka uku haʻahaʻa o ka laikini mai AT&T. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke ʻike i nā helu kikoʻī.
Me he mea lā ʻo Truscott ke kumu o nā mea a pau. Ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i ke kauwela ma ke ʻano he intern no Ken Thompson, e hoʻomaka ana i kēlā me kēia lā me kekahi mau pāʻani volleyball, a laila hana ʻo ia i ke awakea, kaʻana like i ka pāʻina pizza me kāna mau kiʻi, a laila noho lōʻihi e kākau i ke code Unix ma C. 'a'ole makemake e nalowale ka pili ana i keia ao, no laila, i kona ho'i 'ana i ke Kulanui o Duke i ka hā'ule, 'ike 'o ia pehea e ho'ohui ai i ka PDP 11/70 kamepiula mai ke ke'ena 'epekema lolouila i ka makuahine ma Murray Hill me ka ho'ohana 'ana i kahi papahana i kākau 'ia. na kāna hoa hana mua, ʻo Mike Lesk. Ua kapa ʻia ka papahana he uucp - Unix to Unix kope - a ʻo ia kekahi o nā papahana "uu" i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka mana Unix OS version 7 i hoʻokuʻu ʻia. ʻAe, ua ʻae ʻo uucp i nā faila e kope ʻia ma waena o nā kamepiula ʻelua i hoʻopili ʻia ma ka modem, e ʻae iā Truscott e hoʻololi i nā leka uila me Thompson a me Ritchie.
Tom Truscott
Ua hoʻokomo ʻo Jim Ellis, kekahi haumāna puka kula ʻo Truscott Institute i kahi mana hou o Unix 7 ma kahi kamepiula ʻo Duke University. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i lawe mai ka mea hou i nā pōmaikaʻi wale nō, akā, ʻaʻole pū kekahi. ʻO ka papahana USENIX, i māhele ʻia e kahi hui o nā mea hoʻohana Unix a hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻouna i nā nūhou i nā mea hoʻohana a pau o kahi ʻōnaehana Unix, ua pau ka hana ʻana i ka mana hou. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Truscott lāua ʻo Ellis e hoʻololi iā ia me kahi papahana proprietary hou e pili ana me System 7, hāʻawi iā ia i nā hiʻohiʻona hoihoi, a hoʻihoʻi i ka mana i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia i ke kaiāulu mea hoʻohana no ke kūʻai ʻana i ka hanohano a me ka hanohano.
Ma ka manawa like, hoʻohana ʻo Truscott i ka uucp e kamaʻilio me kahi mīkini Unix ma ke Kulanui o North Carolina, 15 mau kilomita ma ke komohana hema o Chapel Hill, a kamaʻilio pū me kahi haumāna ma laila, ʻo Steve Belovin.
ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia pehea i hui ai ʻo Truscott lāua ʻo Belovin, akā hiki ke pili i ka chess. Ua hoʻokūkū lāua ʻelua i ka hoʻokūkū chess makahiki o ka Association for Computer Systems, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i ka manawa like.
Ua hana pū ʻo Belovin i kāna papahana ponoʻī no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā nūhou, ʻo ia hoʻi ka manaʻo o nā hui nūhou, i māhele ʻia i nā kumuhana i hiki ke kākau inoa - ma kahi o hoʻokahi kahawai i hoʻolei ʻia ai nā nūhou āpau. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Belovin, Truscott, a me Ellis e hui pū i nā pūʻali koa a kākau i kahi ʻōnaehana nūhou pūnaewele me nā pūʻulu nūhou e hoʻohana i ka uucp e hoʻolaha i nā nūhou ma nā kamepiula like ʻole. Makemake lākou e hāʻawi i nā nūhou pili Unix i nā mea hoʻohana USENIX, no laila ua kapa lākou i kā lākou ʻōnaehana Usenet.
E lilo ana ke Kulanui o Duke i hale hoʻomaʻemaʻe kikowaena, a e hoʻohana i ka autodial a me uucp e hoʻopili i nā nodes a pau ma ka pūnaewele i nā manawa maʻamau, e kiʻi i nā lono hou, a e hānai i nā nūhou i nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ka pūnaewele. Ua kākau ʻo Belovin i ke code kumu, akā ua holo ʻo ia ma nā script shell a no laila ua lohi loa. A laila kākau hou ʻo Stephen Daniel, kekahi haumāna puka ma ke Kulanui ʻo Duke, i ka papahana ma ka mana a C. Daniel i kapa ʻia ʻo A News. Ua hoʻolaha ʻo Ellis i ka papahana ma Ianuali 1980 ma ka ʻaha kūkā ʻo Usenix ma Boulder, Colorado, a hāʻawi ʻo ia i kanawalu kope a pau āna i lawe pū ai me ia. Ma ka hālāwai kūkā ʻo Usenix aʻe, i mālama ʻia i ke kauwela, ua hoʻokomo mua kāna mea hoʻonohonoho i kahi Nūhou i loko o ka pūʻulu polokalamu i hāʻawi ʻia i nā poʻe āpau.
Ua wehewehe nā mea hana i kēia ʻōnaehana ʻo "ARPANET a ke kanaka ʻilihune." ʻAʻole paha ʻoe e noʻonoʻo ʻo Duke ma ke ʻano he kulanui ʻelua, akā i ka manawa ʻaʻole i loaʻa ke ʻano o ka clout i ka honua o ka ʻepekema lolouila e ʻae iā ia e paʻi i kēlā pūnaewele kamepiula ʻAmelika. Akā ʻaʻole pono ʻoe i ka ʻae e komo i ka Usenet—ʻo kahi ʻōnaehana Unix, modem, a me ka hiki ke uku i kāu pila kelepona no ka hoʻolaha nūhou. Ma ka 1980 mua, aneane hiki i nā kula āpau i hoʻolako i ka hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe ke hoʻokō i kēia mau koi.
Ua hui pū nā hui pilikino iā Usenet, i kōkua i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka pūnaewele. Ua ʻae ʻo Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) e hana ma ke ʻano he mea kūkākūkā ma waena o ke Kulanui o Duke a me ke Kulanui o Kaleponi, Berkeley, e hōʻemi ana i ke kumukūʻai o ke kelepona lōʻihi a me nā bila ʻikepili ma waena o nā kahakai. ʻO ka hopena, ua lilo ʻo Berkeley ma West Coast i ka lua o Usenet, e hoʻopili ana i ka pūnaewele i nā Kulanui o Kaleponi ma Kapalakiko a me San Diego, a me nā hui ʻē aʻe, me Sytek, kekahi o nā hui mua o ka ʻoihana LAN. ʻO Berkeley kekahi node ARPANET, kahi i hiki ai ke hoʻokumu i nā kamaʻilio ma waena o Usenet a me ARPANET (ma hope o ka kākau hou ʻana o ka papahana kūkala nūhou e Mark Horton lāua ʻo Matt Glickman, kapa ʻia ʻo B News). Ua hoʻomaka nā node ARPANET e huki i ka ʻike mai Usenet a me ka ʻokoʻa, ʻoiai ʻo ARPA nā kānāwai i pāpā ʻia i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā pūnaewele ʻē aʻe. Ua ulu wikiwiki ka pūnaewele, mai ka ʻumikūmālima nodes e hana ana i ʻumi mau pou i ka lā ma 1980, i 600 nodes a me 120 mau pou i 1983, a laila 5000 nodes a me 1000 mau pou i 1987.
I ka wā mua, ua ʻike nā mea nāna i hana iā Usenet ma ke ʻano he ala no nā lālā o ke kaiāulu hoʻohana Unix e kamaʻilio a kūkākūkā i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kēia OS. No ka hana ʻana i kēia, hana lākou i ʻelua pūʻulu, net.general a me net.v7bugs (ua kūkākūkā ka hope i nā pilikia me ka mana hou loa). Eia naʻe, haʻalele lākou i ka ʻōnaehana hiki ke hoʻonui. Hiki i kekahi ke hana i hui hou ma ka hierarchy "net", a hoʻomaka koke nā mea hoʻohana e hoʻohui i nā kumuhana ʻenehana ʻole, e like me net.jokes. E like me ka hiki i kekahi ke hoʻouna i kekahi mea, hiki i nā mea loaʻa ke haʻalele i nā hui o kā lākou koho. No ka laʻana, hiki i ka ʻōnaehana ke hoʻopili iā Usenet a noi i ka ʻikepili no ka hui net.v7bugs wale nō, me ka nānā ʻole ʻana i nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole like me ka ARPANET i hoʻolālā maikaʻi ʻia, ua hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia ʻo Usenet a ua ulu i kahi ʻano anarchic me ka nānā ʻole ʻana mai luna mai.
Eia naʻe, i loko o kēia kaiapuni democratic artificially, ua puka koke mai kahi hoʻonohonoho hierarchical. Ua hoʻomaka kekahi pūʻulu o nā nodes me ka nui o nā pilina a me nā kaʻa nui i manaʻo ʻia he "kumu" o ka ʻōnaehana. Ua ulu maoli kēia kaʻina hana. Ma muli o kēlā me kēia hoʻoili ʻana o ka ʻikepili mai kekahi node a i kekahi node i hoʻohui ʻia i ka latency i nā kamaʻilio, ua makemake kēlā me kēia node hou e hui pū ana i ka pūnaewele e kamaʻilio me kahi node i loaʻa i ka nui o nā pilina, i mea e hōʻemi ai i ka nui o nā "hops" i koi ʻia e hoʻolaha i kāna. nā memo ma ka pūnaewele. Aia ma waena o nā piko o ke kualono nā hui hoʻonaʻauao a me nā hui, a ʻo ka mea maʻamau e holo ʻia kēlā me kēia kamepiula kūloko e kekahi kanaka hewa i lawe ʻoluʻolu i ka hana hoʻomaikaʻi ʻole ʻo ka lawelawe ʻana i nā mea āpau i hele ma ka lolouila. ʻO ia ʻo Gary Murakami o Bell Laboratories ma Indian Hills ma Illinois, a ʻo Jean Spafford o ka Georgia Institute of Technology.
ʻO ka hōʻike koʻikoʻi o ka mana ma waena o nā luna node ma kēia spine i hele mai i ka makahiki 1987, i ka wā i hoʻolalelale ai lākou i ka hoʻonohonoho hou ʻana o ka namespace newsgroup, me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ʻehiku mau ʻāpana pae mua. Aia nā ʻāpana e like me comp no nā kumuhana kamepiula, a me rec no ka leʻaleʻa. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā kumuhana ma lalo o ka "nui ʻehiku" - no ka laʻana, ka hui comp.lang.c no ke kūkākūkā ʻana i ka ʻōlelo C, a me rec.games.board no ke kūkākūkā ʻana i nā pāʻani papa. ʻO kahi hui o nā kipi, ka mea i manaʻo i kēia hoʻololi he kipi i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka "Spine Clique", i hana i kā lākou lālā ponoʻī o ka hierarchy, ʻo ka papa kuhikuhi nui ʻo ia ʻo alt, a me kā lākou mau kuamoʻo like. Loaʻa nā kumuhana i manaʻo ʻole ʻia no ka Big Seven - no ka laʻana, ka wahine a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau palupalu (alt.sex.pictures), a me nā ʻano kaiāulu ʻano like ʻole i makemake ʻole ʻia e nā luna (e laʻa, alt.gourmand; Ua makemake nā luna hoʻomalu i kahi hui ʻino ʻole rec.food.recipes).
I kēia manawa, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka polokalamu e kākoʻo ana iā Usenet ma mua o ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā kikokikona maʻamau e komo i ke kākoʻo no nā faila binary (i kapa ʻia no ka mea aia nā huahelu binary arbitrary). ʻO ka pinepine, ʻo nā faila i loaʻa i nā pāʻani kamepiula pirated, nā kiʻi ponokala a me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni, nā leo hoʻopaʻa ʻia mai nā ʻaha mele a me nā mea pono ʻole. ʻO nā pūʻulu ma ka alt.binaries hierarchy kekahi o nā mea i pāpā pinepine ʻia ma nā kikowaena Usenet ma muli o kā lākou hui pū ʻana o ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe (ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kiʻi a me nā wikiō i ka bandwidth a me ka waiho ʻana ma mua o ka kikokikona) a me ke kūlana kānāwai hoʻopaʻapaʻa.
Akā, ʻoiai kēia mau hoʻopaʻapaʻa a pau, ma ka hopena o nā makahiki 1980 ua lilo ʻo Usenet i wahi e hiki ai i nā geeks kamepiula ke loaʻa i nā kaiāulu o nā poʻe like like. Ma 1991 wale nō, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Tim Berners-Lee i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka Pūnaewele Pūnaewele ma ka hui alt.hypertext; Ua noi ʻo Linus Torvalds i nā manaʻo no kāna papahana Linux liʻiliʻi hou ma ka hui comp.os.minix; ʻO Peter Adkison, mahalo i kahi moʻolelo e pili ana i kāna hui pāʻani āna i kau ai i ka hui rec.games.design, hui me Richard Garfield. ʻO kā lākou hui pū ʻana i alakaʻi i ka hana ʻana i ka pāʻani kāleka kaulana ʻo Magic: The Gathering.
fidonet
Eia naʻe, ʻoiai e laha mālie ana ka ARPANET a ka mea ʻilihune ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ua ʻoki ʻia ka poʻe makemake i ka microcomputer, ka mea i ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kumuwaiwai ma mua o ke kula haʻahaʻa loa. ʻAʻole i loaʻa i nā mea nona nā kamepiula me nā microprocessors 8-bit e holo ana i ka CP/M OS, ʻaʻole hiki ke hana liʻiliʻi koe wale nō ka hana me nā drive. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻomaka koke lākou i kā lākou hoʻokolohua maʻalahi e hana i kahi pūnaewele decentralized maikaʻi loa, a hoʻomaka ia me ka hana ʻana i nā papa bulletin.
Hiki paha ma muli o ka maʻalahi o ka manaʻo a me ka nui o ka poʻe leʻaleʻa kamepiula i ola ia manawa, (BBS) hiki ke hana i kekahi mau manawa. Akā e like me ka moʻomeheu, ʻike ʻia ka primacy e ka papahana и mai Kikako mai, a lakou i hoomaka ai i ka wa . ʻO Christensen lāua ʻo Suess he poʻe loea kamepiula, he 30 mau makahiki ʻelua, a hele lāua i kahi hui kamepiula kūloko. Ua lōʻihi ko lākou manaʻo e hana i kā lākou kikowaena ma ka hui kamepiula, kahi e hiki ai i nā lālā o ka hui ke hoʻouka i nā ʻatikala me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu hoʻoili faila modem a Christensen i kākau ai no CP/M, ka home e like me uucp. Akā ʻo kahi ʻino hau i mālama iā lākou i loko o ka hale no kekahi mau lā i hāʻawi iā lākou i ka manaʻo e pono ai lākou e hoʻomaka e hana. Ua komo nui ʻo Christensen i ka lako polokalamu, a ʻo Suess - lako lako. Ma keʻano kūikawā, ua hoʻomohala ʻo Sewess i kahi hoʻolālā e hoʻihoʻi hou i ke kamepiula i ke ʻano e holo ana i ka polokalamu BBS i kēlā me kēia manawa i ʻike ʻia kahi kelepona e komo mai ana. Pono kēia hack e hōʻoia i ka ʻōnaehana i kahi kūlana kūpono no ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia kelepona - ʻo ia ke kūlana paʻakikī o ka lako home a me nā lako polokalamu i ia mau lā. Ua kapa lākou i kā lākou mea hou CBBS, he ʻōnaehana papa hoʻolaha kamepiula, akā ma hope o ka hapa nui o nā ʻōnaehana (a i ʻole sysops) i hoʻokuʻu i ka C no ka pōkole a kapa ʻia kā lākou lawelawe ʻo BBS wale nō. I ka wā mua, ua kapa ʻia nā BBS ʻo RCP/M, ʻo ia hoʻi, CP/M mamao (CP/M mamao). Ua wehewehe lākou i nā kikoʻī o kā lākou noʻonoʻo i loko o ka puke puke kamepiula kaulana ʻo Byte, a ua ukali koke ʻia e ka lehulehu o nā mea hoʻohālike.
ʻO kahi mea hou - Hayes Modem - ua hoʻonui i ka hiʻohiʻona BBS holomua. ʻO Dennis Hayes kekahi mea hauʻoli kamepiula i makemake nui e hoʻohui i kahi modem i kāna mīkini hou. Akā ʻo nā hiʻohiʻona pāʻoihana i loaʻa i hāʻule i loko o nā ʻāpana ʻelua wale nō: nā mea i manaʻo ʻia no nā mea kūʻai aku ʻoihana, a no laila ke kumu kūʻai nui loa no ka poʻe hobbyist home, a . No ke kamaʻilio ʻana me kekahi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka modem acoustic, pono ʻoe e kiʻi i kekahi ma ke kelepona a pane i kahi kelepona, a laila kau i ka modem i hiki iā ia ke kamaʻilio me ka modem ma kekahi ʻaoʻao. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i kahi kelepona i waho a i ʻole kelepona ma kēia ʻano. No laila i ka makahiki 1977, ua hoʻolālā, hana, a hoʻomaka ʻo Hayes e kūʻai aku i kāna modem 300-bit-per-second i hiki iā ia ke hoʻopili i kāna kamepiula. I kā lākou BBS, ua hoʻohana ʻo Christensen lāua ʻo Sewess i kekahi o kēia mau hiʻohiʻona mua o ka modem Hayes. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka huahana holomua mua a Hayes ʻo ia ka Smartmodem 1981, i hele mai i kahi hihia ʻokoʻa, loaʻa kāna microprocessor ponoʻī, a ua hoʻopili ʻia i kahi kamepiula ma o ke awa serial. Ua kūʻai ʻia no $299, he mea maʻalahi loa ia no ka poʻe hobbyists i hoʻohana maʻamau i mau haneli kālā ma kā lākou kamepiula home.
Hayes Smartmodem no 300
ʻO kekahi o lākou , a ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻomaka i ka papahana i lilo i mea like me Usenet no BBS. Ua hana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he polokalamu no Phoenix Software ma Kapalakiko, a i ka makahiki 1983 ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e kākau i kāna polokalamu ponoʻī no BBS, ʻaʻole no CP/M, akā no ka OS hou a maikaʻi loa no nā microcomputers - Microsoft DOS. Ua kapa ʻo ia iā ia ʻo Fido [kahi inoa maʻamau no ka ʻīlio], ma muli o ke kamepiula āna i hoʻohana ai ma ka hana, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia no ka mea aia i kahi mishmash weliweli o nā ʻāpana like ʻole. Ua lohe ʻo John Madill, he mea kūʻai aku ma ComputerLand ma Baltimore, e pili ana iā Fido a kāhea iā Jennings ma ka ʻāina a puni e noi i kāna kōkua i ka hoʻololi ʻana i kāna papahana i holo ia ma kāna kamepiula DEC Rainbow 100. Ua hoʻomaka lāua e hana ma ka lako polokalamu, a a laila ua hui pū ʻia ʻo ia me kekahi mea hauʻoli ʻo Rainbow, ʻo Ben Baker mai St. Ua hoʻohana ka ʻekolu i ke kālā nui ma nā kelepona lōʻihi ʻoiai lākou e komo i loko o nā kaʻa o kekahi i ka pō e kamaʻilio.
I loko o kēia mau kamaʻilio ʻana ma nā BBS like ʻole, ua hoʻomaka ka manaʻo e puka mai i loko o ke poʻo o Jennings - hiki iā ia ke hana i kahi pūnaewele holoʻokoʻa o nā BBS e hoʻololi i nā leka i ka pō, ke emi ke kumukūʻai o ke kamaʻilio lōʻihi. ʻAʻole kēia manaʻo hou—he nui ka poʻe leʻaleʻa i noʻonoʻo i kēia ʻano memo ma waena o nā BBS mai ka pepa Byte a Christensen lāua ʻo Sewess. Eia nō naʻe, manaʻo nui lākou no ka holo ʻana o kēia papahana, pono e loaʻa mua i nā densities BBS kiʻekiʻe loa a kūkulu i nā lula alahele paʻakikī e hōʻoia i ka noho ʻana o nā kelepona āpau i ka ʻāina, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻohe kumu kūʻai, ʻoiai ke lawe ʻana i nā memo mai kahakai a kahakai. Eia nō naʻe, ua hana ʻo Jennings i nā helu wikiwiki a ʻike ʻo ia me ka piʻi ʻana o ka wikiwiki o nā modem (ua hana mua nā modem amateur i ka wikiwiki o 1200 bps) a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā kumukūʻai lōʻihi, ʻaʻole pono ia mau hana hoʻopunipuni. ʻOiai me ka piʻi nui ʻana o nā leka uila, hiki ke hoʻololi i nā kikokikona ma waena o nā ʻōnaehana no nā kālā liʻiliʻi wale nō i ka pō.
ʻO Tom Jennings, mai ka palapala moʻolelo 2002
A laila ua hoʻohui ʻo ia i kahi papahana ʻē aʻe iā Fido. Mai ka hola ʻelua a hiki i ke kakahiaka, ua pani ʻia ʻo Fido a ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo FidoNet. Ke nānā nei ʻo ia i ka papa inoa o nā memo i waho ma ka waihona papa inoa hoʻokipa. He helu hoʻokipa ko kēlā me kēia memo i waho, a ua ʻike ʻia kēlā me kēia mea papa inoa i kahi mea hoʻokipa—Fido BBS—he helu kelepona ma ka ʻaoʻao. Inā loaʻa nā memo i waho, huli ʻo FidoNet i ke kelepona ʻana i nā kelepona o ka BBS pili mai ka papa inoa o nā nodes a hoʻoili iā lākou i ka papahana FidoNet, e kali ana i ke kelepona mai kēlā ʻaoʻao. Hiki koke iā Madill, Jennings, a me Baker ke hana maʻalahi a me ka maʻalahi, ʻoiai ke kumu kūʻai o nā hopena lohi. ʻAʻole i loaʻa iā lākou nā leka i ke ao, ua hoʻouna ʻia nā leka i ka pō.
Ma mua o kēia, ʻaʻole pili ka poʻe leʻaleʻa i ka poʻe hobbyist ʻē aʻe e noho ana ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ua kapa pinepine lākou i nā BBS kūloko no ka manuahi. Akā inā pili kēia BBS iā FidoNet, a laila hiki koke i nā mea hoʻohana ke hoʻololi i nā leka uila me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe ma ka ʻāina. Ua lilo koke ka papahana i mea kaulana loa, a ua hoʻomaka ka nui o nā mea hoʻohana FidoNet e ulu wikiwiki, a i loko o hoʻokahi makahiki a hiki i 200. Ma kēia ʻano, ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o Jennings i ka mālama ʻana i kāna node. No laila, i ka FidoCon mua ma St. Louis, hui ʻo Jennings lāua ʻo Baker me Ken Kaplan, kahi mea hoʻokani DEC Rainbow ʻē aʻe e lawe koke i kahi kūlana alakaʻi nui ma FidoNet. Ua hele mai lākou me kahi hoʻolālā hou e hoʻokaʻawale iā ʻAmelika ʻĀkau i nā subnets, kēlā me kēia me nā nodes kūloko. I loko o kēlā me kēia subnets, hoʻokahi node hoʻokele i kuleana no ka mālama ʻana i ka papa inoa kūloko o nā node, ʻae ʻia ka hele ʻana mai no kāna subnet, a hoʻouna i nā leka i nā node kūloko kūpono. Aia ma luna o ka papa o nā subnets nā ʻāpana i uhi i ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa. I ka manawa like, mālama ka ʻōnaehana i hoʻokahi papa inoa o nā node i loaʻa nā helu kelepona o nā kamepiula āpau i pili iā FidoNet ma ka honua, no laila hiki i kēlā me kēia node ke kelepona pololei i kekahi e hoʻouna i nā leka.
Ua ʻae ka hoʻolālā hou i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana, a ma ka makahiki 1986 ua ulu ʻo ia i 1000 nodes, a ma 1989 i 5000. ʻO kēlā me kēia o kēia mau nodes (he BBS) he awelika o 100 mau mea hoʻohana ikaika. ʻO nā noi kaulana ʻelua he leka uila maʻalahi i kūkulu ʻia e Jennings i FidoNet, a me Echomail, i hana ʻia e Jeff Rush, he BBS sysop mai Dallas. ʻO Echomail ka hana like me nā pūʻulu nūhou Usenet, a ua ʻae i nā tausani o nā mea hoʻohana FidoNet e alakaʻi i nā kūkākūkā lehulehu ma nā kumuhana like ʻole. ʻO Ehi, i kapa ʻia nā hui pākahi, he inoa hoʻokahi, ʻokoʻa i ka ʻōnaehana hierarchical o Usenet, mai AD&D a MILHISTORY a ZYMURGY (hana pia ma ka home).
Ua hilinaʻi ko Jennings manaʻo noʻonoʻo i ka anarchy, a makemake ʻo ia e hana i kahi kahua kūʻokoʻa i hoʻokele ʻia e nā kūlana ʻenehana wale nō:
Ua haʻi aku au i nā mea hoʻohana hiki iā lākou ke hana i nā mea a lākou e makemake ai. ʻEwalu mau makahiki koʻu ma kēia ʻano a ʻaʻohe pilikia me ke kākoʻo BBS. ʻO ka poʻe wale nō me nā manaʻo fascist e makemake e mālama i nā mea āpau i nā pilikia. Manaʻo wau inā ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo i ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka poʻe kelepona i nā lula—ʻaʻole au e ʻōlelo i kēlā—inā hoʻoholo ka poʻe kelepona i ka ʻike, a laila hiki iā lākou ke hakakā hou i nā asshole.
Eia naʻe, e like me Usenet, FidoNet's hierarchical structure i hiki ai i kekahi mau sysops ke loaʻa ka mana oi aku ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe, a ua hoʻomaka nā lono e hoʻolaha i kahi cabal ikaika (i kēia manawa ma St. Louis) i makemake e lawe i ka mana o ka pūnaewele mai ka poʻe. Nui ka poʻe i makaʻu e hoʻāʻo ʻo Kaplan a i ʻole nā mea ʻē aʻe a puni iā ia e hoʻolaha i ka ʻōnaehana a hoʻomaka i ka uku kālā no ka hoʻohana ʻana iā FidoNet. Ua ikaika loa ka kānalua e pili ana i ka International FidoNet Association (IFNA), kahi hui waiwai ʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia e Kaplan e uku i kahi hapa o ke kumukūʻai no ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana (ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o nā kelepona). I ka makahiki 1989, ua ʻike ʻia kēia mau manaʻo kānalua i ka wā i koi ʻia ai kahi hui o nā alakaʻi o ka IFNA i kahi referendum e hoʻolilo i kēlā me kēia FidoNet sysop i lālā o ka IFNA, a e hoʻolilo i ka hui i luna hoʻomalu o ka pūnaewele a kuleana no kāna mau lula a me nā lula. . Ua hāʻule ka manaʻo a ua nalowale ʻo IFNA. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi hoʻolālā mana hōʻailona ʻaʻohe mana maoli i ka pūnaewele; Ua hoʻokomo nā luna hoʻomalu o nā papa inoa node kūloko i kā lākou mau lula ponoʻī.
Malu o ka Pūnaewele
Mai ka hopena o nā makahiki 1980, ua hoʻomaka mālie ʻo FidoNet a me Usenet e hoʻopololei i ke aka o ka Pūnaewele. Ma ka hapa lua o na makahiki he umi e hiki mai ana, ua pau loa lakou ia mea.
Ua lilo ʻo Usenet i hui pū me nā pūnaewele pūnaewele ma o ka hana ʻana o NNTP—Network News Transfer Protocol—i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 1986. Ua hāpai ʻia e kekahi mau haumāna o ke Kulanui o Kaleponi (hoʻokahi mai ka lālā o San Diego, ʻo kekahi mai Berkeley). Ua ʻae ʻo NNTP i nā pūʻali TCP/IP ma ka Pūnaewele e hana i nā kikowaena nūhou e pili ana i ka Usenet. I loko o kekahi mau makahiki, ua hele mua ka hapa nui o Usenet i kēia mau node, ma mua o ka uucp ma luna o ka pūnaewele kelepona maikaʻi. Ua maloʻo iki ka ʻupena uucp kūʻokoʻa, a ua lilo ʻo Usenet i mea noi hou e holo ana ma luna o TCP/IP. ʻO ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka Internet i maʻalahi iā ia e komo i nā ʻupena i hana ʻia no kahi noi hoʻokahi.
ʻOiai i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 1990 he nui nā ʻīpuka ma waena o FidoNet a me ka Pūnaewele e ʻae ai i nā pūnaewele e hoʻololi i nā memo, ʻaʻole ʻo FidoNet kahi noi hoʻokahi, no laila ʻaʻole i neʻe kāna huakaʻi i ka Pūnaewele e like me ka Usenet i hana ai. Akā, i ka wā i hoʻomaka mua ai ka poʻe ma waho o ke kula e ʻimi i ka ʻike pūnaewele ma ka hapa hope o nā makahiki 1990, ua hoʻopili mālie ʻia nā BBS e ka Pūnaewele a i ʻole i lilo i mea ʻole. Ua hāʻule mālie nā BBS pāʻoihana i ka māhele mua. Hāʻawi kēia mau kope liʻiliʻi o CompuServes i ke komo ʻana i ka BBS no ka uku mahina i nā tausani o nā mea hoʻohana, a ua loaʻa iā lākou nā modem he nui e lawelawe i nā kelepona komo ʻana i ka manawa like. Me ka hiki ʻana mai o ka ʻike pūnaewele pāʻoihana, ua hoʻopili kēia mau ʻoihana i kā lākou BBS i kahi kokoke loa o ka Pūnaewele a hoʻomaka e hāʻawi i ke komo ʻana i kā lākou mea kūʻai aku ma ke ʻano he kau inoa. I ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o nā pūnaewele a me nā lawelawe ma ka ulu ʻana o ka Pūnaewele puni honua, ua liʻiliʻi nā mea hoʻohana i kākau inoa i nā lawelawe o nā BBSes kikoʻī, a no laila ua lilo kēia mau BBS pāʻoihana i mea lawelawe pūnaewele wale nō, nā ISP. Ua lilo ka hapa nui o nā BBS i mau kūlanakauhale ʻuhane ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea hoʻohana i ka pūnaewele i nā mea hoʻolako kūloko a me nā hui o nā hui nui e like me America Online.
Maikaʻi a maikaʻi kēia, akā pehea ka manaʻo o ka Pūnaewele? Pehea ka ʻōnaehana hoʻonaʻauao liʻiliʻi i hoʻolaha ʻia ma nā kulanui elite no nā makahiki, ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻōnaehana e like me Minitel, CompuServe, a me Usenet i huki ai i nā miliona o nā mea hoʻohana, ua pahū koke i mua a palahalaha e like me ka mauʻu, e ʻai ana i nā mea āpau i hiki mai ma mua o ia? Pehea i lilo ai ka Pūnaewele i mea ikaika i hoʻopau i ke au o ka ʻāpana?
He aha hou aʻe e heluhelu a nānā
- ʻO Ronda Hauben lāua ʻo Michael Hauben, Netizens: On the History and Impact of Usenet and the Internet, (online 1994, paʻi 1997)
- ʻO Howard Rheingold, Ke Kaiāulu Virtual (1993)
- Peter H. Salus, Casting the Net (1995)
- ʻO Jason Scott, BBS: The Documentary (2005)
Source: www.habr.com