Nā ʻatikala ʻē aʻe ma ka moʻo:
- Moolelo o ka relay
- Moʻolelo o nā lolouila uila
- Moolelo o ka transistor
- moʻolelo pūnaewele
- Era o ka Wehewehe
Ma ka pepa 1968 "The Computer as a Communications Device," i kākau ʻia i ka wā o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ARPANET, и i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻaʻole e kaupalena ʻia ka hui ʻana o nā kamepiula i ka hana ʻana i nā pūnaewele ʻokoʻa. Ua wānana lākou e hui pū ʻia kēlā mau pūnaewele i loko o kahi "pūnaewele paʻa ʻole o nā ʻoihana" e hoʻohui i nā "mea hana ʻike ʻike like ʻole a me nā lako mālama" i loko o kahi pilina pili. I ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o hoʻokahi ʻumi makahiki, ua loaʻa nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo mua i ka hoihoi kūpono. Ma ka waena o ka makahiki 1970, ua hoʻomaka ka laha ʻana o nā ʻupena kamepiula.
ʻO ka hoʻonuiʻana o nā pūnaewele
Ua komo lākou i nā pāpaho like ʻole, nā ʻoihana a me nā wahi. ʻO ALOHAnet kekahi o nā pūnaewele hoʻonaʻauao hou e loaʻa ai ke kālā ARPA i nā makahiki 1970 mua. ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe he PRNET, nāna i hoʻopili i nā kaʻa me ka lekiō packet, a me SATNET ukali. Ua hoʻomohala nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe i kā lākou ʻoihana noiʻi ponoʻī ma nā laina like, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Pelekane a me Farani. ʻO nā pūnaewele kūloko, mahalo i kā lākou liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me nā kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, ua hoʻonui wikiwiki aʻe. Ma waho aʻe o Ethernet mai Xerox PARC, hiki i kekahi ke loaʻa iā Octopus ma Lawrence Radiation Laboratory ma Berkeley, Kaleponi; Ring ma ke Kulanui o Cambridge; Mark II ma ka British National Physical Laboratory.
Ma kahi o ka manawa like, hoʻomaka nā ʻoihana pāʻoihana e hāʻawi i ka loaʻa kālā i nā pūnaewele packet pilikino. Ua wehe kēia i kahi mākeke aupuni hou no nā lawelawe ʻikepili pūnaewele. I ka makahiki 1960, ua hoʻokumu nā hui like ʻole i nā ʻoihana e hāʻawi ana i ke komo ʻana i nā ʻikepili kūikawā (kānāwai a me ke kālā), a i ʻole kamepiula kaʻana manawa, i kēlā me kēia me kahi pahu. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana iā lākou a puni ka ʻāina ma o ka pūnaewele kelepona maʻamau, ua pāpā ʻia ke kumukūʻai, e paʻakikī ana i kēia mau pūnaewele e hoʻonui ma mua o nā mākeke kūloko. Ua kūkulu kekahi mau ʻoihana nui (Tymshare, no ka laʻana) i kā lākou mau pūnaewele i loko, akā ua hoʻemi nā ʻoihana pāʻoihana i ke kumukūʻai o ka hoʻohana ʻana iā lākou i nā pae kūpono.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka pūnaewele mua ma muli o ka haʻalele ʻana o nā loea ARPANET. I ka makahiki 1972, ua haʻalele kekahi mau limahana iā Bolt, Beranek a me Newman (BBN), nona ke kuleana no ka hana ʻana a me ka hana ʻana o ARPANET, e hoʻokumu i ka Packet Communications, Inc. ʻOiai ua hāʻule ka hui, ua lilo ka haʻalulu koke i mea hoʻoikaika no BBN e hana i kāna pūnaewele pilikino ponoʻī, Telenet. Me ka mea hoʻolālā ARPANET ʻo Larry Roberts ma ke alakaʻi, ua hana maikaʻi ʻo Telenet no ʻelima mau makahiki ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana e GTE.
Ma muli o ka puka ʻana mai o ia mau pūnaewele like ʻole, pehea lā e ʻike mua ai ʻo Licklider lāua ʻo Taylor i ka puka ʻana mai o kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻokahi? ʻOiai inā hiki ke hoʻopili wale i kēia mau ʻōnaehana a pau i ka ARPANET - ʻaʻole hiki - no ka hiki ʻole o kā lākou mau protocols i hiki ʻole ai. Eia nō naʻe, i ka hopena, ua hui pū kēia mau pūnaewele heterogenous (a me kā lākou poʻe mamo) kekahi i kekahi i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio ākea a mākou i ʻike ai ʻo ka Pūnaewele. ʻAʻole i hoʻomaka me ka hāʻawi kālā a i ʻole ka hoʻolālā honua, akā me kahi papahana noiʻi haʻalele i hana ʻia e kahi luna waena mai ARPA. .
ʻO Bob Kahn pilikia
Ua hoʻopau ʻo Kahn i kāna PhD i ka hoʻoponopono hōʻailona uila ma Princeton i ka makahiki 1964 ʻoiai e pāʻani ana i ke kolepa ma nā papa kokoke i kāna kula. Ma hope o ka hana pōkole ʻana ma ke ʻano he polopeka ma MIT, ua lawe ʻo ia i kahi hana ma BBN, ma mua me ka makemake e hoʻomaha manawa e hoʻomaʻamaʻa iā ia iho i ka ʻoihana e aʻo i ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ka poʻe pono i nā pilikia i kūpono i ka noiʻi. Ma muli o ka manawa, pili kāna hana ma BBN i ka noiʻi ʻana i ke ʻano o nā ʻoihana kamepiula - ma hope koke iho ua loaʻa iā BBN kahi kauoha no ka ARPANET. Ua huki ʻia ʻo Kahn i loko o kēia papahana a hāʻawi i ka hapa nui o nā mea e pili ana i ka hoʻolālā pūnaewele.
Kiʻi o Kahn mai kahi nūpepa 1974
ʻO kāna "hoʻomaha liʻiliʻi" i lilo i ʻoihana ʻeono makahiki kahi i lilo ai ʻo Kahn i mea loea pūnaewele ma BBN i ka lawe ʻana mai i ka ARPANET holoʻokoʻa. Ma ka makahiki 1972, ua luhi ʻo ia i ke kumuhana, a ʻo ka mea nui, ua luhi ʻo ia i ka hana ʻana i ka politika mau a me ka hakakā ʻana me nā poʻo mahele BBN. No laila ua ʻae ʻo ia i kahi hāʻawi mai Larry Roberts (ma mua o ko Roberts haʻalele ʻana iā ia iho e hoʻokumu i Telenet) a lilo ʻo ia i mea hoʻokele papahana ma ARPA e alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana hana automated, me ka hiki ke hoʻokele i nā miliona kālā ma ke kālā. Ua haʻalele ʻo ia i ka hana ma ka ARPANET a ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e hoʻomaka mai ka ʻohi ʻana i kahi wahi hou.
Akā i loko o nā mahina ma hope o kona hōʻea ʻana i Wakinekona, D.C., ua pepehi ʻo Congress i ka papahana hana ʻakomi. Ua makemake ʻo Kahn e hoʻopaʻa koke a hoʻi i Cambridge, akā ua ʻae ʻo Roberts iā ia e noho a kōkua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā papahana pūnaewele hou no ARPA. ʻAʻole hiki iā Kahn ke pakele i nā kaulahao o kona ʻike ponoʻī, ua ʻike ʻo ia iā ia e hoʻokele ana iā PRNET, kahi pūnaewele lekiō packet e hāʻawi i nā hana pūʻali koa me nā pono o nā pūnaewele hoʻololi packet.
ʻO ka pāhana PRNET, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma lalo o ke kākoʻo o ka Stanford Research Institute (SRI), ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻonui i ke kumu o ka halihali packet kumu o ALOHANET no ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā hana hou a me nā hana he nui, me nā kaʻa neʻe. Akā naʻe, ua maopopo koke iā Kahn ʻaʻole pono kēlā ʻano pūnaewele, no ka mea he pūnaewele kamepiula ʻaʻohe kamepiula. I kona hoʻomaka ʻana e hana i ka makahiki 1975, hoʻokahi kāna kamepiula SRI a me ʻehā mau mea hana hou ma ke kahakai ʻo San Francisco Bay. ʻAʻole hiki i nā kahua kahua kelepona ke mālama pono i ka nui a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana o nā kamepiula mainframe 1970s. Aia nā kumuwaiwai koʻikoʻi a pau i loko o ka ARPANET, ka mea i hoʻohana i kahi pūʻulu ʻokoʻa o nā kuʻina a ʻaʻole hiki ke wehewehe i ka memo i loaʻa mai PRNET. Ua noʻonoʻo ʻo ia pehea e hiki ai ke hoʻohui i kēia ʻupena embryonic me kāna hoahānau ʻoi loa?
Ua huli ʻo Kahn i kahi kamaʻāina kahiko mai nā lā mua o ARPANET e kōkua iā ia i ka pane. ua hoihoi i nā kamepiula ma ke ʻano he haumāna makemakika ma Stanford a ua hoʻoholo e hoʻi i ke kula puka ma ka ʻepekema kamepiula ma ke Kulanui o Kaleponi, Los Angeles (UCLA), ma hope o ka hana ʻana no kekahi mau makahiki ma ke keʻena IBM. Ua hōʻea ʻo ia i 1967 a, me kāna hoa kula kiʻekiʻe ʻo Steve Crocker, ua hui pū me Len Kleinrock's Network Measurement Center, ʻo ia kekahi o ka māhele ARPANET ma UCLA. Ma laila, ua lilo ʻo ia a me Crocker i poʻe akamai i ka hoʻolālā protocol, a me nā lālā koʻikoʻi o ka hui hana pūnaewele, nāna i hoʻomohala ʻelua i ka Pūnaewele Mana Manawa (NCP) no ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā leka ma luna o ka ARPANET a me ka hoʻoili faila kiʻekiʻe a me nā protocol login mamao.
Kiʻi o Cerf mai kahi nūpepa 1974
Ua hui ʻo Cerf me Kahn i ka makahiki 1970 i ka wā i hōʻea ai ka mea hope i UCLA mai BBN e hoʻāʻo i ka pūnaewele ma lalo o ka ukana. Ua hana ʻo ia i ka hoʻopili pūnaewele me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā polokalamu i hana ʻia e Cerf, ka mea i hoʻopuka i nā kaʻa hana. E like me kā Kahn i manaʻo ai, ʻaʻole hiki i ka pūnaewele ke hoʻokō i ka ukana, a ua paipai ʻo ia i nā loli e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻokele congestion. I nā makahiki i hala aʻe nei, ua hoʻomau ʻo Cerf i kahi ʻoihana hoʻonaʻauao hoʻohiki. Ma kahi o ka manawa like i haʻalele ai ʻo Kahn iā BBN no Wakinekona, ua huakaʻi ʻo Cerf i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe e lawe i kahi kūlana polopeka hou ma Stanford.
Ua ʻike nui ʻo Kahn e pili ana i nā pūnaewele lolouila, akā ʻaʻohe ona ʻike ma ka hoʻolālā protocol—ʻo kona ʻike i ka hana hōʻailona, ʻaʻole ʻepekema kamepiula. Ua ʻike ʻo ia he kūpono ʻo Cerf e hoʻokō i kona mau mākau a he mea koʻikoʻi ia i kēlā me kēia hoʻāʻo e hoʻopili iā ARPANET me PRNET. Ua kamaʻilio ʻo Kahn iā ia e pili ana i ka hana pūnaewele, a ua hui lākou i nā manawa he nui i ka makahiki 1973 ma mua o ka hele ʻana i kahi hōkele ma Palo Alto e hana i kā lākou hana seminal, "A Protocol for Internetwork Packet Communications," i paʻi ʻia ma Mei 1974 ma IEEE Transactions on Communications. Ma laila, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi papahana no ka Transmission Control Program (TCP) (e lilo koke i "protocol") - ka pōhaku kihi o ka polokalamu no ka Pūnaewele hou.
Ka mana o waho
ʻAʻohe kanaka hoʻokahi a i ʻole ka manawa i pili pū me ka mea hou o ka Pūnaewele ma mua o Cerf lāua ʻo Kahn a me kā lāua hana 1974. ʻAʻole naʻe ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka Pūnaewele i kahi hanana i hana ʻia i kahi manawa kikoʻī - he hana ia i wehe ʻia i nā makahiki he nui o ka hoʻomohala ʻana. ʻO ka protocol kumu i wehewehe ʻia e Cerf lāua ʻo Kahn i ka makahiki 1974 ua hoʻoponopono hou ʻia a hoʻololi ʻia i nā manawa he nui i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana. ʻO ka pilina mua ma waena o nā pūnaewele i ho'āʻo waleʻia ma 1977; ua māhele ʻia ka protocol i ʻelua papa - ka TCP a me IP i kēia lā - ma 1978 wale nō; Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ARPANET e hoʻohana iā ia no kāna mau hana ponoʻī i ka makahiki 1982 wale nō (hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia kēia manawa o ka puka ʻana o ka Pūnaewele i ka makahiki 1995, i ka wā i wehe ai ke aupuni US i ka pā ahi ma waena o ka Pūnaewele hoʻonaʻauao kālā a me ka Pūnaewele kalepa). ʻO ka papa inoa o nā poʻe i komo i kēia kaʻina hana i hoʻonui ʻia ma mua o kēia mau inoa ʻelua. I nā makahiki mua, ua lawelawe ʻia kahi hui i kapa ʻia ʻo International Network Working Group (INWG) ma ke ʻano nui o ka hui pū ʻana.
Ua komo ʻo ARPANET i ka honua ʻenehana nui aʻe i ʻOkakopa 1972 i ka ʻaha kūkā honua mua e pili ana i nā kamaʻilio kamepiula, i mālama ʻia ma Washington Hilton me kāna mau ʻano hou. Ma waho aʻe o nā ʻAmelika e like me Cerf a me Kahn, ua hele ʻia e kekahi mau loea pūnaewele koʻikoʻi mai ʻEulopa, ʻo ia hoʻi. mai Farani a me Donald Davies mai Beretania. Ma ke kumu o Larry Roberts, ua hoʻoholo lākou e hoʻokumu i kahi hui hana honua e kūkākūkā i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻololi packet a me nā protocols, e like me ka hui hana pūnaewele i hoʻokumu i nā protocols no ka ARPANET. Ua ʻae ʻo Cerf, ka mea i lilo i polopeka ma Stanford, e noho pelekikena. ʻO kekahi o kā lākou kumuhana mua ka pilikia o ka hana pūnaewele.
ʻO Robert Metcalfe kekahi o nā mea nui i kōkua mua i kēia kūkākūkā, a mākou i hālāwai mua ai ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻolālā Ethernet ma Xerox PARC. ʻOiai ʻaʻole hiki iā Metcalfe ke haʻi aku i kāna mau hoa hana, i ka manawa i paʻi ʻia ai ka hana a Cerf lāua ʻo Kahn, ua lōʻihi kona hoʻomohala ʻana i kāna protocol Internet ponoʻī, ʻo PARC Universal Packet, a i ʻole PUP.
Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka pono o ka Pūnaewele ma Xerox i ka wā i lanakila ai ka ʻoihana Ethernet ma Alto. Loaʻa i ka PARC kahi pūnaewele kūloko o Data General Nova minicomputers, a ʻoiaʻiʻo, aia pū kekahi ARPANET. Ua nānā nā alakaʻi o ka PARC i ka wā e hiki mai ana a ua ʻike e loaʻa i kēlā me kēia waihona Xerox kona Ethernet ponoʻī, a pono lākou e hoʻopili ʻia kekahi i kekahi (ma o ke ʻano o ka ARPANET kūloko ponoʻī o Xerox). No ka hiki iā ia ke hoʻohālike he memo maʻamau, ua mālama ʻia ka ʻeke PUP i loko o nā ʻeke ʻē aʻe o kēlā me kēia pūnaewele e hele ana ma luna—e ʻōlelo ʻo PARC Ethernet. Ke hiki ka ʻeke i kahi lolouila puka ma waena o Ethernet a me kahi pūnaewele ʻē aʻe (e like me ARPANET), wehe kēlā kamepiula i ka ʻeke PUP, heluhelu i kona helu wahi, a hoʻopili hou iā ia i loko o kahi pūʻolo ARPANET me nā poʻomanaʻo kūpono, e hoʻouna ana i ka helu wahi. .
ʻOiai ʻaʻole hiki iā Metcalf ke kamaʻilio pololei i kāna mea i hana ai ma Xerox, ʻo ka ʻike lima i loaʻa iā ia ke komo i loko o nā kūkākūkā ma INWG. ʻIke ʻia ka hōʻike o kona mana ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma ka hana 1974, ua ʻae ʻo Cerf lāua ʻo Kahn i kāna hāʻawi ʻana, a ma hope ua hewa ʻo Metcalfe i ke koi ʻole ʻana i ka haku kākau. Ua hoʻohuli hou ʻia ka PUP i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka Pūnaewele hou i ka makahiki 1970 ua hoʻoholo ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale i ka protocol i TCP a me IP, i ʻole e hana i ka protocol TCP paʻakikī ma nā ʻīpuka ma waena o nā pūnaewele. ʻO ka IP (Internet Protocol) kahi mana maʻalahi o ka protocol address, me ka ʻole o nā loina paʻakikī o TCP e hōʻoia i ka hāʻawi ʻia ʻana o kēlā me kēia bit. ʻO ka Xerox Network Protocol - i kapa ʻia ʻo Xerox Network Systems (XNS) - ua hele mai i kahi kaʻawale like.
ʻO kahi kumu ʻē aʻe o ka mana i nā protocol Internet mua mai ʻEulopa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka pūnaewele i kūkulu ʻia i nā makahiki 1970 mua e Plan Calcul, kahi papahana i hoʻokumu ʻia e e hooulu i ka oihana hoopilipili ponoi o Farani. Ua hopohopo lōʻihi ʻo De Gaulle e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana o ke aupuni politika, kālepa, kālā a me ka moʻomeheu o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma ʻEulopa Komohana. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e hoʻolilo iā Farani i alakaʻi kūʻokoʻa honua hou, ma mua o kahi pawn i ke Kaua anuanu ma waena o US a me USSR. E pili ana i ka ʻoihana kamepiula, ʻelua mau hoʻoweliweli koʻikoʻi i kēia kūʻokoʻa i puka mai i ka makahiki 1960. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hōʻole ʻo ʻAmelika i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā laikini no ka lawe ʻana aku i kāna mau kamepiula ikaika loa, kahi a Farani i makemake ai e hoʻohana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kāna mau pōkā atomika. ʻO ka lua, ua lilo ka hui ʻAmelika ʻo General Electric i mea nona ka mea hana kamepiula Farani wale nō, ʻo Compagnie des Machines Bull - a ma hope koke iho ua pani ʻia kekahi o nā laina huahana nui o Bull (ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka hui ma 1919 e kahi Norewai i kapa ʻia ʻo Bull, e hana i nā mīkini e hana ai. hana me nā kāleka kuʻi - pololei e like me IBM. Ua neʻe i Farani i ka makahiki 1930, ma hope o ka make ʻana o ka mea hoʻokumu). No laila ua hānau ʻia ʻo Plan Calcul, i hoʻolālā ʻia e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka hiki ʻana o Farani e hāʻawi i kona mana helu.
No ka nānā ʻana i ka hoʻokō ʻana o Plan Calcul, ua hana ʻo de Gaulle i kahi délégation à lʻinformatique (kahi e like me ka "informatics delegation"), e hōʻike pololei ana i kāna kuhina nui. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka makahiki 1971, ua hoʻonoho kēia ʻelele i ka ʻenekinia Louis Pouzin i mālama i ka hana ʻana i ka mana Farani o ARPANET. Ua manaʻo ka ʻelele he kuleana koʻikoʻi nā ʻupena packet i ka helu ʻana i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana, a he mea pono ka ʻike loea ma kēia wahi i mea e holomua ai ka Plan Calcul.
Pouzin ma kahi hālāwai kūkā ma 1976
Ua hana ʻo Pouzin, he kanaka puka no ka ʻEcole Polytechnique o Paris, ke kula ʻenekinia poʻokela o Farani, ma ke ʻano he ʻōpio no kahi mea hana kelepona Palani ma mua o ka neʻe ʻana i Bull. Ma laila ʻo ia i hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i nā mea hana e pono ai lākou e ʻike hou aku e pili ana i nā hoʻomohala holomua US. No laila ma ke ʻano he limahana Bull, ua kōkua ʻo ia i ka hana ʻana i ka Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) ma MIT no ʻelua a me ka hapa makahiki, mai 1963 a 1965. Ua lilo kēia ʻike iā ia i poʻokela poʻokela ma ka hoʻopili helu kaʻana manawa ma Farani a pau - a ma ʻEulopa a pau paha.
Cyclades Network Architecture
Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Pouzin i ka pūnaewele i noi ʻia e hana iā Cyclades, ma hope o ka hui Cyclades o nā mokupuni Helene ma ke Kai Aegean. E like me ka inoa i hōʻike ʻia, ʻo kēlā me kēia kamepiula ma kēia pūnaewele ʻo kona mokupuni ponoʻī. ʻO ka hāʻawi nui o Cyclades i ka ʻenehana pūnaewele ʻo ia ka manaʻo - ka mana maʻalahi o ka kamaʻilio packet. ʻO ka manaʻo he ʻelua ʻāpana hoʻohui:
- He kūʻokoʻa nā Datagrams: ʻAʻole like me ka ʻikepili i ke kelepona a i ʻole kahi leka ARPANET, hiki ke hana kūʻokoʻa kēlā me kēia datagram. ʻAʻole ia e hilinaʻi i nā memo mua, ʻaʻole i kā lākou kauoha, ʻaʻole hoʻi i ka protocol no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi pilina (e like me ke kelepona ʻana i kahi helu kelepona).
- Hoʻouna ʻia nā datagrams mai kahi hoʻokipa a hoʻokipa - aia nā kuleana āpau no ka hoʻouna ʻana i kahi leka i kahi helu wahi me ka mea hoʻouna a me ka mea i loaʻa, ʻaʻole me ka pūnaewele, a ma kēia hihia he "paipu".
Ua like ka manaʻo o ka datagram me he heresy i nā hoa o Pouzin ma ka hui ʻo French Post, Telephone and Telegraph (PTT), i ka makahiki 1970 e kūkulu ana i kāna pūnaewele ponoʻī e pili ana i nā pilina kelepona a me ka terminal-to-computer (ma mua o ka computer-to- kamepiula) pili. Ua hana ʻia kēia ma lalo o ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻana o kekahi haumāna puka o ka Ecole Polytechnique, ʻo Remy Despres. ʻO ka manaʻo o ka haʻalele ʻana i ka hilinaʻi o ka hoʻouna ʻana i loko o ka pūnaewele he mea hoʻowahāwahā ʻia i ka PTT, ʻoiai he mau makahiki o ka ʻike i koi ʻia e hana i ke kelepona a me ka telegraph e like me ka hiki. I ka manawa like, mai ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokele waiwai a me ka politika, ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mana ma luna o nā noi āpau a me nā lawelawe e hoʻokipa i nā kamepiula aia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka pūnaewele i hoʻoweliweli ʻia e hoʻohuli i ka PTT i kahi mea ʻaʻole kūʻokoʻa a hiki ke hoʻololi. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe mea e hoʻoikaika i ka manaʻo ma mua o ke kūʻē paʻa ʻana, no laila ka manaʻo mai PTT wale nō i kōkua i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana iā Pouzin i ka pololei o kāna datagram - kahi ala e hana ai i nā protocols e hana ana e kamaʻilio mai kekahi pūʻali i kekahi.
Ua komo ikaika ʻo Pouzin a me kona mau hoa mai ka papahana Cyclades i ka INWG a me nā ʻaha kūkā like ʻole kahi i kūkākūkā ʻia ai nā manaʻo ma hope o TCP, a ʻaʻole i kānalua i ka haʻi ʻana i ko lākou manaʻo e pili ana i ka hana ʻana o ka pūnaewele a i ʻole nā pūnaewele. E like me Melkaf, ua loaʻa iā Pouzin a me kāna hoa hana ʻo Hubert Zimmerman ka ʻōlelo ma ka pepa TCP 1974, a ma kahi o hoʻokahi hoa hana ʻē aʻe, ʻenehana ʻo Gérard le Land, ua kōkua pū ʻo Cerf i ka hoʻolalelale ʻana i nā protocols. Ua hoʻomanaʻo ʻo Cerf ma hope " Ua lawe pololei ʻia ke ʻano puka aniani hoʻoheheʻe no TCP mai kahi kūkākūkā o kēia pilikia me Pouzin a me kona poʻe ... Ke hoʻomanaʻo nei au iā Bob Metcalfe, Le Lan a me mākou e moe ana ma kahi ʻāpana nui o ka pepa Whatman ma ka papahele o koʻu lumi noho ma Palo Alto , e ho'āʻo ana e kiʻi i nā kiʻi mokuʻāina no kēia mau protocols." .
ʻO ka "windowsliding window" e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana o TCP i ka kahe o ka ʻikepili ma waena o ka mea hoʻouna a me ka mea lawe. Aia ka puka makani o kēia manawa i nā ʻeke a pau i ke kahawai ʻikepili puka e hiki ai i ka mea hoʻouna ke hoʻouna ikaika. Ke neʻe nei ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka puka makani i ka ʻākau i ka wā e hōʻike ai ka mea hoʻokipa e hoʻokuʻu ana i kahi ākea, a neʻe ka ʻaoʻao hema i ka ʻākau ke hōʻike ka mea hoʻokipa i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻeke mua.
Ua kūpono ka manaʻo o ke kiʻikuhi me ke ʻano o nā pūnaewele hoʻolaha e like me Ethernet a me ALOHANET, ka mea e hoʻouna ʻole i kā lākou mau leka i ka lewa walaʻau a me ka manaʻo ʻole (e like me ka ARPANET e like me ke kelepona, e koi ana i ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā memo ma waena o IMPs. ma luna o kahi laina AT&T hilinaʻi e hana pono). Maikaʻi ka hana ʻana i nā protocols no ka hoʻouna intranet i nā pūnaewele hilinaʻi liʻiliʻi loa, ma mua o ko lākou mau hoahānau paʻakikī, a ʻo ia ka mea a Kahn a me Cerf's TCP protocol i hana ai.
Hiki iaʻu ke hoʻomau e pili ana i ka hana a Beretania i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pae mua o ka hana pūnaewele, akā ʻaʻole pono e hele i nā kikoʻī nui loa no ka makaʻu ʻole o ka nalo ʻana - ʻaʻole ʻo nā inoa ʻelua i pili loa i ka mea hou o ka pūnaewele. mea nui.
Ua lanakila ʻo TCP i nā mea a pau
He aha ka hopena o kēia mau manaʻo mua e pili ana i ka launa pū ʻana ma waena o ka honua? No ke aha i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ai ʻo Cerf lāua ʻo Kahn ma nā wahi āpau e like me nā mākua o ka Pūnaewele, akā ʻaʻohe mea i lohe ʻia e pili ana iā Pouzin a me Zimmerman? No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia, pono mua e ʻimi i nā kikoʻī kaʻina hana o nā makahiki mua o INWG.
Ma muli o ka manaʻo o ka pūʻulu hana pūnaewele ARPA a me kāna Nā noi no nā manaʻo (RFC), ua hana ka INWG i kāna ʻōnaehana "shared memo". Ma ke ʻano o kēia hana, ma hope o hoʻokahi makahiki o ka hui pū ʻana, ua hāʻawi ʻo Kahn lāua ʻo Cerf i kahi mana mua o TCP i ka INWG ma ke ʻano he Note #39 i Kepakemapa 1973. ʻO kēia ka palapala like a lākou i paʻi ai ma IEEE Transactions i ka pūnāwai e hiki mai ana. I ʻApelila 1974, ua paʻi ka hui Cyclades i alakaʻi ʻia e Hubert Zimmermann lāua ʻo Michel Elie i kahi manaʻo kūʻē, INWG 61. Aia ka ʻokoʻa i nā manaʻo like ʻole e pili ana i nā kālepa ʻenekinia like ʻole, ʻo ka mea nui ma ke ʻano o ka māhele ʻana a hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻeke e hele ana i nā pūnaewele me nā ʻeke liʻiliʻi.
He mea liʻiliʻi ka māhele ʻana, akā ʻo ka pono e ʻae i kekahi ʻano ua lawe ʻia i ka wikiwiki i manaʻo ʻole ʻia ma muli o nā hoʻolālā e nānā i nā kūlana pūnaewele i hoʻolaha ʻia e ka Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique () [Ke Kōmike Kūkākūkā o ke kelepona a me ka telegraphy]. CCITT, mahele , e pili ana i ka standardization, i hana ma ka pōʻaiapuni ʻehā makahiki o nā hālāwai plenary. ʻO nā noi e noʻonoʻo ʻia ma ka hālāwai 1976 pono e waiho ʻia ma ka hāʻule o 1975, a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ma waena o kēlā lā a me 1980. ʻO nā hālāwai feverish i loko o ka INWG i alakaʻi i kahi koho hope loa i hōʻike ʻia e nā ʻelele o nā hui koʻikoʻi no ka ʻupena kamepiula ma ka honua - Cerf o ARPANET, Zimmerman o Cyclades, Roger Scantlebury o ka British National Physical Laboratory, a me Alex. Mackenzie o BBN, lanakila. Ua hāʻule ka manaʻo hou, INWG 96, ma waena o 39 a me 61, a me he mea lā ua hoʻonohonoho i ke ala o ka hana pūnaewele no ka wā e hiki mai ana.
Akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka ʻae ʻana i lilo i ka hopena hope loa o ka launa pū ʻana o ka honua, he ʻoiaʻiʻo i hala ma mua o ka haʻalele ʻole ʻana o Bob Kahn mai ka balota INWG ma ka noi hou. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ka hopena o ke koho balota i nā palena manawa i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka CCITT, a ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hoʻonui ʻo Cerf i ke kūlana ma ka hoʻouna ʻana i kahi leka i ka CCITT, kahi āna i wehewehe ai i ka nele o ka manaʻo i ka ʻae ʻana i ka INWG. Akā, ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia kekahi manaʻo mai ka INWG, no ka mea, ʻaʻole makemake nā luna telecom i hoʻomalu i ka CCITT i nā pūnaewele hiki i ka datagram i hana ʻia e nā mea noiʻi kamepiula. Ua makemake lākou i ka mana piha ma luna o ke kaʻa ma ka pūnaewele, ma mua o ka hāʻawi ʻana i kēlā mana i nā kamepiula kūloko kahi i loaʻa ʻole iā lākou ka mana. Ua hoʻowahāwahā loa lākou i ka pilikia o ka hana pūnaewele, a ua ʻae lākou e ʻae i kahi protocol pili virtual no kahi pūnaewele ʻokoʻa, i kapa ʻia .
ʻO ka mea hoʻohenehene, ua kākoʻo ʻia ka protocol X.25 e ka luna mua o Kahn, ʻo Larry Roberts. He alakaʻi ʻo ia i ka noiʻi ʻana i ka ʻoihana hou, akā ʻo kāna mau makemake hou ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi ʻoihana alakaʻi iā ia i CCITT e ʻae i nā kuʻina i hoʻohana mua ʻia e kāna hui ʻo Telenet.
Ua ho'āʻo hou ka poʻe ʻEulopa, ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a Zimmerman, e huli ana i kahi hui maʻamau ʻē aʻe kahi i ikaika ʻole ai ka mana o ka hoʻokele telecom - ʻo ka International Organization for Standardization. . ʻO ka hopena o nā ʻōnaehana wehe maʻamau () ua loaʻa kekahi mau mea maikaʻi ma mua o TCP/IP. No ka laʻana, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka ʻōnaehana helu hierarchical like ʻole me IP, ʻo nā palena i koi ʻia i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kekahi mau hacks haʻahaʻa e hoʻokō ai i ka ulu ʻana o ka Pūnaewele i nā makahiki 1990 (i nā makahiki 2010, hoʻomaka nā ʻoihana e hoʻololi i ka hoʻololi. IP protocol, ka mea e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia me nā palena o ka helu wahi). Eia nō naʻe, no nā kumu he nui, ua kau ʻia kēia kaʻina hana a kauo i ka ad infinitum, me ka ʻole o ke alakaʻi ʻana i ka hana ʻana i nā polokalamu hana. Ma keʻano kūikawā, ʻaʻole kūpono nā kaʻina hana ISO, ʻoiai kūpono no ka ʻae ʻana i nā hana ʻenehana i hoʻokumu ʻia, ʻaʻole kūpono i nā ʻenehana hou. A i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka Pūnaewele TCP/IP i nā makahiki 1990, ua lilo ʻo OSI i mea ʻole.
E neʻe kākou mai ke kaua ma luna o nā kūlana a hiki i nā mea maʻamau o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā ʻupena ma ka honua. Ua hoʻokō pono ka poʻe ʻEulopa i ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka INWG 96 e hoʻohui i nā Cyclades a me ka hale hana kino aupuni ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi pūnaewele ʻike ʻEulopa. Akā ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻo Kahn a me nā alakaʻi ʻē aʻe o ka pāhana Pūnaewele ARPA e hoʻokaʻawale i ke kaʻaahi TCP no ka hana ʻana o ka honua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Kahn i ke kālā e hoʻokō i ka TCP ma ARPANET a me PRNET, ʻaʻole makemake e hoʻomaka hou. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Cerf e hoʻolaha i ke kākoʻo US no ka ʻae ʻana āna i hana ai no ka INWG, akā haʻalele hope. Ua hoʻoholo pū ʻo ia e haʻalele i nā pilikia o ke ola ma ke ʻano he kumu aʻoaʻo a, ma muli o ke ʻano o Kahn, lilo ʻo ia i luna papahana ma ARPA, e hoʻomaha ana mai ke komo ʻana ma INWG.
No ke aha i puka mai ai ka liʻiliʻi mai ka makemake o ʻEulopa e hoʻokumu i kahi alo hui a me kahi kūlana kūlana honua? ʻO ke kumu, e pili ana i nā kūlana like ʻole o nā poʻo o ke kelepona ʻAmelika a me ʻEulopa. Pono ka poʻe ʻEulopa e paio me ka hoʻoikaika mau ʻana i ke kumu hoʻohālike datagram mai kā lākou Luna Hoʻokele a me Telecom (PTT), nāna i hana ma ke ʻano he mau keʻena hoʻomalu o ko lākou mau aupuni aupuni. Ma muli o kēia, ua ʻoi aku ka ikaika o lākou e ʻimi i ka ʻae ʻana i nā kaʻina hana hoʻonohonoho maʻamau. ʻO ka emi wikiwiki o Cyclades, ka mea i nalowale i ka makemake politika i ka makahiki 1975 a me nā kālā āpau i ka makahiki 1978, hāʻawi i kahi noiʻi hihia i ka mana o ka PTT. Ua hoʻopiʻi ʻo Pouzin i ke aupuni no kona make ʻana . Ua lilo ʻo d'Estaing i ka mana i ka makahiki 1974 a ua hōʻuluʻulu i kahi aupuni mai nā ʻelele o ka National School of Administration.), hoʻowahāwahā ʻia e Pouzin: inā hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka École Polytechnique me MIT, a laila hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ʻo ENA me Harvard Business School. Ua kūkulu ke aupuni d'Estaing i kāna kulekele ʻenehana ʻike e pili ana i ka manaʻo o "nā hoʻokūkū aupuni", a ʻo ia ʻoihana kamepiula e pono ai ke kākoʻo PTT. ʻAʻole loa i loaʻa i ka papahana Cyclades kēlā kākoʻo; akā, ua mālama ko Pouzin hoa hoʻokūkū ʻo Despres i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi pūnaewele hoʻohui virtual X.25 i kapa ʻia ʻo Transpac.
Ma ʻAmelika, ʻokoʻa nā mea a pau. ʻAʻole like ka mana politika o AT&T e like me kona mau hoa ma waho a ʻaʻole ia he ʻāpana o ka hoʻokele US. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia ka manawa i kaupalena ʻia ai ke aupuni a hoʻonāwaliwali i ka ʻoihana, ua pāpā ʻia ʻaʻole ke keʻakeʻa i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pūnaewele kamepiula a me nā lawelawe, a ʻaʻole liʻuliʻu ua hoʻopau ʻia i ʻāpana. Ua kūʻokoʻa ʻo ARPA i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kāna polokalamu Pūnaewele ma lalo o ka malu pale o ke Keʻena Puʻukū ikaika, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻoikaika politika. Ua kākoʻo ʻo ia i ka hoʻokō ʻana o TCP ma nā kamepiula like ʻole, a ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i kona mana e koi aku i nā pūʻali āpau ma ARPANET e hoʻololi i ka protocol hou i ka makahiki 1983. No laila, ʻo ka pūnaewele kamepiula ikaika loa ma ka honua, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā node ka mea ikaika loa. nā hui ma ka honua, ua lilo i kahua o ka hoʻomohala TCP / IP.
No laila, ua lilo ʻo TCP/IP i pōhaku kihi o ka Pūnaewele, ʻaʻole ʻo ka Pūnaewele wale nō, mahalo i ke kūʻokoʻa pili aupuni a me ke kālā o ARPA i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kekahi hui pūnaewele kamepiula ʻē aʻe. ʻOiai ʻo OSI, ua lilo ʻo ARPA i ʻīlio e wili ana i ka huelo huhū o ke kaiāulu noiʻi pūnaewele. Mai ka manaʻo o 1974, hiki ke ʻike i nā laina o ka mana e alakaʻi ana i ka hana a Cerf lāua ʻo Kahn ma TCP, a me nā hui like ʻole o ka honua i hiki ke puka mai iā lākou. Eia naʻe, mai ka manaʻo o 1995, alakaʻi nā alanui āpau i kahi manawa koʻikoʻi hoʻokahi, kahi hui ʻAmelika hoʻokahi a me ʻelua mau inoa kaulana.
He aha hou aʻe e heluhelu ai
- ʻO Janet Abbate, ka haku ʻana i ka Pūnaewele (1999)
- John Day, "The Clamor Outside as INWG Debated," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing (2016)
- Andrew L. Russell, Open Standards and the Digital Age (2014)
- ʻO Andrew L. Russell lāua ʻo Valérie Schafer, "Ma ke aka o ARPANET a me ka Pūnaewele: ʻO Louis Pouzin a me ka Pūnaewele Cyclades i nā makahiki 1970," Technology and Culture (2014)
Source: www.habr.com