Ma mua o ka hiki ʻana o ka makahiki o Zoom i ka wā maʻi maʻi coronavirus, pono nā keiki i paʻa i loko o nā pā ʻehā o ko lākou mau home e hoʻomau i ke aʻo ʻana. A ua lanakila lākou ma muli o ke aʻo ʻana kelepona "aʻo-a-kelepona".
ʻOiai e huhū ana ka maʻi maʻi, ua pani ʻia nā kula āpau ma ʻAmelika, a ke paʻakikī nei nā haumāna e hoʻomau i kā lākou aʻo ʻana mai ka home. Ma Long Beach, Kaleponi, ua paionia kekahi hui o nā haumāna kula kiʻekiʻe i ka hoʻohana akamai ʻana i ka ʻenehana kaulana e launa hou me kā lākou mau kumu.
ʻO ia ka makahiki 1919, ke wehe nei ka maʻi maʻi i ʻōlelo ʻia ma muli o ka mea i kapa ʻia. "". A ʻo ka ʻenehana kaulana ʻo ia ke kamaʻilio kelepona. ʻOiai ma ia manawa ua 40 mau makahiki ka hoʻoilina o Alexander Graham Bell [ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Italia ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ke kelepona i kēia lā. / ma kahi o. transl.], ke hoʻololi mālie nei ʻo ia i ka honua. I kēlā manawa, ʻo ka hapalua wale nō o nā ʻohana waena loaʻa ke kelepona, e like me ka puke a Claude Fisher "America Calling: A Social History of the Telephone to 1940." ʻO nā haumāna e hoʻohana ana i nā kelepona e aʻo ai he manaʻo hou ia i kākau ʻia ma nā nūpepa.
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻomaka koke kēia laʻana i kahi nalu o ke aʻo mamao me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana hou. ʻAʻole hiki i ka nui o nā kelepona kelepona i ka wā maʻi maʻi Spanish ke hoʻokō i nā noi mea hoʻohana, a ʻo ia hoʻi me nā noi e hōʻole i ke kelepona ʻana koe wale nō nā hihia pilikia. ʻO ia paha ke kumu i hoʻohana ʻole ʻia ai ka hoʻokolohua Long Beach. Ua hoʻokō ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka pale ʻana i kahi pilikia olakino like ʻole a me ka pani ʻana o ke kula ākea ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli a hiki i ka coronavirus.
Eia nō naʻe, me ka ʻole o nā hanana e like me ka maʻi Spanish, nui nā keiki i ka hoʻomaka a me ka waena o ke kenekulia 1952 ʻaʻole i hele i ke kula ma muli o ka maʻi. ʻOiai mākou e ʻohi ai i nā pōmaikaʻi o ka nui o nā mea lapaʻau a me nā mea hou, poina mākou i ka nui o nā maʻi make i mea maoli i kēlā me kēia lā no ko mākou mau mākua a me nā kūpuna. I ka makahiki XNUMX, ma muli o nā maʻi maʻi kūloko ua kokoke ka nui o na hihia ma Amerika Huipuia i ka 58. I kela makahiki, malalo o ke alakai ana a Ua kūkulu ʻia kekahi o nā lāʻau lapaʻau mua e kūʻē i ka polio.
ʻElua mau makahiki ma hope o ka puka ʻana o ka Spanish Flu, ua puka hou ke kelepona ma ke ʻano he mea hana no ke aʻo mamao. A i kēia manawa - me nā hopena.
No nā makahiki he nui, ua aʻo nā kula i nā keiki i ka home i ke ʻano kahiko. Lawe lākou i ke aʻo ʻana i ko lākou mau home me ke kōkua o nā kumu huakaʻi. Eia nō naʻe, he pipiʻi kēia ʻano hana a ʻaʻole i hoʻonui maikaʻi ʻia. Ua nui loa na haumana no ka uuku o na kumu. Ma nā kuaʻāina, ʻo ka hoʻoneʻe wale ʻana i ke kumu mai ka home a i ka home ua pau ka hapa nui o kāna manawa hana. ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi o nā haumāna, ʻo ia wale nō ka hola a ʻelua paha o ka pule ma nā haʻawina.
Ua hoʻolaha ʻo AT&T a me nā hui kelepona kūloko i kā lākou lawelawe hoʻomaʻamaʻa kelepona, e hoʻolaha i ka ʻōlelo i nā mea hoʻohana pono a kūkulu i kahi inoa maikaʻi.
I ka makahiki 1939, ua alakaʻi ke Keʻena Hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Iowa i kahi papahana pailaka e kau ana i nā kumu ma ke kelepona ma mua o ka huila. Ua hoʻomaka ia ma Newton, kaulana loa no kāna hana ʻana i nā lako kīhini Maytag. Wahi a kahi ʻatikala o ka Pōʻaono Pōʻalima a William Dutton i ka makahiki 1955, ua hoʻomaka ʻelua haumāna maʻi—Tanya Ryder, he kaikamahine 9 makahiki me ka maʻi arthritis, a me Betty Jean Curnan, he kaikamahine 16 makahiki i hoʻōla ʻia mai ke kīpē ʻana—hoʻomaka ke aʻo ʻana ma ke kelepona. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana, i kūkulu ʻia e nā mea manawaleʻa mai ka hui kelepona kūloko, ua lilo i kumu hoʻohālike mua o ka mea i kapa ʻia ma hope he kelepona aʻo-a-kelepona, kelepona kula-i-home, a i ʻole ka "pahu kupua."
ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu, hui pū kekahi poʻe iā Tanya a me Betty. I ka makahiki 1939, ua ʻaelike ʻo Dorothy Rose Cave o Marcus, Iowa , he ma'i iwi kakaikahi i waiho i kona moe moe no na makahiki. Ua ʻike wale nā kauka i ka makahiki 1940 hiki ke hoʻōla maikaʻi ʻia. . Ua hoʻomanaʻo ʻia kahi ʻatikala o Sioux City Journal i ka makahiki 1942 i ka holo ʻana o ka hui kelepona kūloko i ʻehiku mile o ke kelepona kelepona e hoʻohui i kāna mahiʻai i kahi kula kokoke. ʻAʻole wale ʻo ia i hoʻohana i ke kelepona no ke aʻo ʻana, akā no ka hoʻolohe pū ʻana i nā ʻahamele a kāna mau hoa papa e hāʻawi nei a me kā lākou pāʻani kinipōpō.
Ma ka makahiki 1946, ua aʻo ʻia nā haumāna ʻo Iowa ma ke kelepona, a laha ka manaʻo i nā mokuʻāina ʻē aʻe. No ka laʻana, i ka makahiki 83, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ʻo Frank Huettner o Bloomer, Wisconsin, i ka wā i hoʻohuli ʻia ai ke kaʻa kaʻa kula āna i holo ai mai kahi hakakā. Ma hope o ka hoʻolimalima ʻana i nā lā he 1942 i loko o ka haukapila a laila hopu pū me kāna mau hoa papa ma nā kumuhana āpau, ua ʻike ʻo ia i kahi ʻatikala e pili ana i ka papahana aʻo-a-kelepona ma Iowa. Ua hōʻoia kona mau mākua i ke kulanui kūloko e hoʻokomo i nā mea pono a pau. Ua kaulana ʻo Huettner ma ke ʻano he kanaka mua i hoʻopau maikaʻi i ke kulanui a laila ke kula kānāwai ma ke aʻo ʻana ma ke kelepona.
Ma ka makahiki 1953, ma kahi o 43 mau mokuʻāina i hoʻohana i ka ʻenehana aʻo mamao. I ka manawa a lākou i ʻae ai i kahi haumāna, ua uhi pinepine lākou i ke kumukūʻai holoʻokoʻa o nā lawelawe kelepona. I ka makahiki 1960, aia ma waena o $13 a me $25 i kēlā me kēia mahina, a ma 2020 e unuhi i nā kumukūʻai ma waena o $113 a me $218. ʻOiai i kekahi manawa ua kōkua nā hui e like me Elks a me United Cerebral Palsy i ka uku ʻana i nā bila.
Hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻenehana aʻo-a-kelepona
E like me ka lawe ʻana o nā kula i kēia lā iā Zoom, kahi lawelawe i hoʻomohala mua ʻia no nā ʻoihana kalepa, ua hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia nā ʻōnaehana aʻo-a-kelepona mua loa mai nā intercoms keʻena hou i kapa ʻia ʻo Flash-A-Call. Eia nō naʻe, ua loaʻa nā mea hoʻohana i ka walaʻau ma ke kelepona ʻana ma waena o nā kula a me nā home o nā haumāna. Eia kekahi, e like me kā Dutton i kākau ai i ka Saturday Evening Post, "ua hoʻopau ʻia nā haʻawina arithmetic i kekahi manawa e nā leo o nā wahine hale e kāhea ana e kau i nā kauoha hale kūʻai."
ʻO ia mau pilikia ʻenehana i hoʻoikaika i ka Bell System a me ka hui ʻoihana kamaʻilio kalepa ʻo Executone e hana i nā lako kūikawā no nā kamaʻilio kula-i-home. ʻO ka hopena, ua loaʻa i nā haumāna ma ka home (a i kekahi manawa ma ka haukapila) kahi hāmeʻa e like me ka lekiō papaʻaina, me kahi pihi hiki ke kaomi e kamaʻilio. Ua hoʻopili ʻia ma o ka laina kelepona i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i kekahi mea ʻē aʻe i loko o ka lumi papa, ka mea i ʻike i nā leo o ke kumu a me nā haumāna a hoʻouna iā lākou i kahi keiki mamao. Ua lawe ʻia nā mea hoʻolele kula a lawe ʻia mai kēlā papa a i kēia papa e nā haumāna manawaleʻa i ka lā kula.
Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻokumu ka walaʻau ʻokoʻa i nā pilikia. "Ke piʻi aʻe nei ka ikaika o nā leo haʻahaʻa a me ke alapine kiʻekiʻe, a ʻo ke kani o ka penikala e haki ana ma kahi kokoke i ke kelepona lumi papa e kani ana i loko o ka lumi o Ruffin e like me ka pū," i kākau ai ʻo Blaine Freeland ma ka Cedar Rapids Gazette ma 1948 e pili ana iā Ned Ruffin, he 16 makahiki. -ka kamaaina Iowa kahiko i loaa mai .
Ua loaʻa i nā kula ka ʻike hana me ka ʻenehana aʻo-a-kelepona a aʻo i kona mau ikaika a me kona nāwaliwali. Hiki ke aʻo maʻalahi i ka ʻōlelo ʻōiwi me ka leo hoʻokahi wale nō. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka makemakika - pono e kākau ʻia kekahi mau mea ma ka papa. Akā ua paʻakikī nā kula e hoʻokō i ke aʻo kelepona. I ka makahiki 1948, ua kākau ka nūpepa ʻo Iowa ʻo Ottumwa Daily Courier, ua loaʻa i kahi haumāna kūloko, ʻo Martha Jean Meyer, ka maʻi rheumatic fever, he microscope i lawe kūikawā ʻia i kona home i hiki iā ia ke aʻo i ka biology.
ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻoholo maʻamau nā kula e aʻo mamao aku i nā keiki ma lalo o ka papa ʻehā. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole lawa ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana o nā keiki liʻiliʻi - ʻo ia ka ʻike i ʻike ʻia e nā kumu kula kindergarten a pau i hoʻāʻo e hoʻokele mamao i nā keiki 5 makahiki i kēia makahiki. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole i haʻalele loa nā kipa home a nā kumu; ua hōʻoia ʻia he mea kōkua pono kēia, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻokele mamao.
ʻO ka mea nui ma ka moʻolelo aʻo-a-kelepona ka pono o kēia ʻenehana. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina 1961 he 98% o nā haumāna i hoʻohana i kēia ʻenehana i hala i nā hoʻokolohua, hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka awelika aupuni o 85% wale nō o nā haumāna e hana ana pēlā. Ua manaʻo nā mea kākau o ka hōʻike ʻoi aku ka hoihoi o nā haumāna i kāhea i ke kula i ke kula a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manawa e aʻo ai ma mua o kā lākou mau hoa papa olakino olakino.
I hui pū ʻia me nā pono o ka hoʻonaʻauao ʻana, ua hoʻohana pū ʻia kēia ʻōnaehana i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i kahi pilina i hiki ʻole i nā keiki i noho ma ka home no ka maʻi. "Hāʻawi ke kamaʻilio kelepona me ke kula i nā haumāna i ka home i ke ʻano o ke kaiāulu," i kākau ai ʻo Norris Millington ma 1959 ma Family Weekly. "Wehe ka lumi o ka haumāna i kahi honua holoʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole e pau ka pilina me ka pau ʻana o nā papa." I ka makahiki aʻe, ua paʻi ʻia kahi ʻatikala e pili ana i kahi haumāna mai Newkirk, Oklahoma, ʻo Gene Richards kona inoa, i loaʻa i ka maʻi maʻi kīkī. Hoʻohana ʻo ia i kāna aʻo-a-kelepona he hapalua hola ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā papa e kamaʻilio me kāna mau hoa kula.
Nā kūlanakauhale nui
ʻOiai ua hānau ʻia ke aʻo-a-kelepona ma nā kuaʻāina, ua loaʻa iā ia ke ala i nā wahi lehulehu. Ua ʻoi aku kekahi mau papahana aʻo mamao ma nā wahi nui ma mua o ka hoʻopili wale ʻana i nā keiki i home i nā lumi papa kuʻuna. Ua hoʻomaka lākou e hāʻawi i nā papa virtual piha, me nā haumāna āpau e komo mamao. I ka makahiki 1964, aia he 15 mau kikowaena hoʻonaʻauao ma Los Angeles, e lawelawe ana kēlā me kēia me 15-20 mau haumāna. Ua hoʻohana nā kumu i nā kelepona paʻi kaʻa a kelepona ʻia i nā home o nā haumāna ma o nā laina ala hoʻokahi. Ua komo nā haumāna i ke aʻo ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā leo leo, ʻo ke kumukūʻai o ia mea he $7,5/mahina.
Ua hui pū nā kula i nā papa kelepona me nā ʻenehana aʻo mamao ʻē aʻe. Ma New York, hoʻolohe nā haumāna i nā hoʻolaha lekiō i kapa ʻia ʻo "High School Live" a laila kūkākūkā i nā mea a lākou i lohe ai ma ke kelepona. Aia kekahi ʻōnaehana hoihoi hou i kūkulu ʻia ma GTE, i kapa ʻia ʻo "board by wire." Hiki i ke kumu ke kākau i nā memo me kahi peni uila ma ka papa, a ua hoʻouna ʻia nā hopena ma o nā uwea i nā pale kīwī mamao. ʻAʻole wale ka ʻenehana i mea ho'ōla no ka poʻe i paʻa i loko, akā ua hoʻohiki ʻo ia e "hoʻopili i nā lumi papa ʻilihune me nā kumu maikaʻi loa, mau mile," e like me ka AP i kahaha ai i ka makahiki 1966. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana nui ʻia ka ʻenehana—e like me nā ʻenehana hoʻonaʻauao mamao hou i hiki ʻole ke hoʻokō i kā lākou mau ʻōlelo hoʻolaha.
He mea maikaʻi loa nā ʻōnaehana hoʻonaʻauao mamao a hoʻomau lākou i ka noho ʻana i nā makahiki 1980 a me 1990 ma ke ʻano like me nā makahiki i hala. I ka hopena o nā makahiki 1970 a me nā makahiki 1980, ʻo ka mea hoʻohana kaulana loa o kēia mau ʻenehana. , ka "Bubble Boy" mai Houston nona ka immunodeficiency koʻikoʻi i pale aku iā ia mai ka hele ʻana ma waho o ka lumi pale i kūkulu ʻia ma kona home. Ua loaʻa iā ia kahi kelepona aʻoaʻo, kahi āna i kāhea ai i nā kula kokoke, e hāʻawi ana i kona ola i ke ʻano o ka maʻamau a hiki i kona make ʻana i ka makahiki 1984 i ka makahiki 12.
Ke hoʻokokoke mai nei ke kenekulia 18, ua hoʻololi hope kahi ʻenehana hou i ke aʻo mamao a mau loa: hoʻoili wikiō. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, koi ʻia ka ʻaha kūkā wikiō hoʻonaʻauao i nā lako i ʻoi aku ma mua o $000 a holo ma luna o ka IDSN, kahi ʻano mua o ka broadband i ka wā i hoʻopili ʻia ai ka hapa nui o nā home a me nā kula ma o. . ʻO ka Talia Seidman Foundation, i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā mākua o kahi kaikamahine i make i ka maʻi maʻi lolo i ka makahiki XNUMX½, ua hoʻomaka e hoʻolaha i ka ʻenehana a me ka uhi ʻana i ke kumukūʻai o nā lako i hiki i nā kula ke aʻo i nā haumāna hiki ʻole ke hele kino i ke kula.
I kēia lā, ʻo nā lawelawe e like me Zoom, Microsoft Teams a me Google Meet, a me nā laptops me nā kiʻi kiʻi wikiō ua hana ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa wikiō mamao. No nā ʻumi miliona o nā haumāna i koi ʻia e ka coronavirus e aʻo ma ka home, ua lilo kēia mau ʻenehana i mea nui. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia manaʻo no ka hoʻomohala ʻana. Ke hoʻohana nei kekahi mau kula i nā robots no kahi mamao mamao, e like me nā mea mai VGo. ʻO kēia mau mea hoʻokele mamao ma luna o nā huila, i loaʻa nā kāmera a me nā pale wikiō, hiki ke lilo i mau maka a me nā pepeiao o kahi haumāna hiki ʻole ke hele kino. ʻAʻole like me nā pahu aʻo-a-kelepona kahiko, hiki i nā lopako telepresence ke launa pū me nā hoa papa a hoʻopuni i nā lumi ma ka makemake, ʻoiai ke komo pū ʻana i ka papa mele a i ʻole ka hele wāwae ʻana me ka papa.
Akā, ʻoiai nā mea maikaʻi a pau, ka mea i lawe i kēia mau robots i kahi mamao loa mai nā ʻōnaehana kelepona o ke kenekulia 80, ke mau nei lākou, ma ke ʻano, nā kelepona wikiō ma nā huila. Hāʻawi lākou i nā haumāna e noho ana ma ka home i ka manawa e aʻo ai a hoʻohuihui, a kōkua i nā keiki e lanakila i nā pilikia paʻakikī, e hoʻēmi ana i ka mehameha o ko lākou kūlana paʻakikī. No ka poʻe Iowa i waena o ka poʻe mua i hoʻohana i ke aʻo-a-kelepona ma mua o XNUMX mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua like ia mau robots me he moʻolelo ʻepekema, akā i ka manawa like e mahalo lākou i ko lākou hiki a me nā pono.
Source: www.habr.com