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No ke aha e pono ai ka helium ma nā kamepiula quantum?
Ma mua o ka neʻe ʻana i ka moʻolelo o ke kūlana helium shortage, e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ke kumu e pono ai nā kamepiula quantum i ka helium ma kahi mua.
Hana nā mīkini kuantum ma nā qubits. ʻO lākou, ʻaʻole like i nā bits maʻamau, hiki i nā mokuʻāina 0 a me 1 i ka manawa like - i kahi superposition. I loko o kahi ʻōnaehana helu helu, hiki ke ʻano o ka quantum parallelism ke hana ʻia nā hana i ka manawa like me ka ʻole a me ka hoʻokahi. Hāʻawi kēia hiʻohiʻona i nā mīkini qubit e hoʻoponopono wikiwiki i kekahi mau pilikia ma mua o nā kamepiula maʻamau, e like me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā hopena molecular a me ke kemika.
Akā aia kekahi pilikia: he mau mea palupalu nā qubits a hiki iā lākou ke mālama i ka superposition no kekahi mau nanoseconds. Hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka wela, ka mea i kapa ʻia . No ka pale ʻana i ka luku qubit, nā kamepiula quantum i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa - 10 mK (-273,14°C). No ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mahana kokoke i ka ʻole ʻole, hoʻohana nā hui i ka helium wai, a i ʻole, kahi isotope , ʻaʻole paʻakikī ma lalo o ia mau kūlana koʻikoʻi.
He aha ka pilikia
I ka wā e hiki mai ana, hiki i ka ʻoihana IT ke kū i ka hemahema o ka helium-3 no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kamepiula quantum. Ma ka Honua, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia kēia mea i kona ʻano kūlohelohe - aia kona leo i ka lewa o ka honua (1,37 ppm pili i ka helium-4). ʻO ka Helium-3 kahi huahana palaho o ka tritium, ka mea e hana ai (ua pani ʻia ka reactor nuklea wai kaumaha hope loa ma USA). Ma hope mai, hoʻomaka ka tritium e unuhi ʻia mai nā ʻāpana o nā mea kaua nuklea decommissioned, akā Wahi a ka US Congressional Research Service, ʻaʻole i hoʻonui nui kēia hana i ka waihona o ka waiwai hoʻolālā. Loaʻa iā Rūsia a me ʻAmelika kekahi mau mālama, akā .
Hoʻonui ʻia ke kūlana ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e hoʻohana ʻia kahi hapa nui o ka helium-3 ma ka hana ʻana i nā neutron scanners i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā palena palena e ʻimi ai i nā mea radioactive. He mea pono ka neutron scanner ma nā keʻena kuʻuna a pau o US mai 2000. Ma muli o ka nui o kēia mau kumu, ua hoʻomalu ʻia ka hoʻolako ʻana o ka helium-3 i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e nā keʻena aupuni e hoʻopuka ana i nā quotas i nā hui aupuni a me nā hui pilikino, a hopohopo nā poʻe loea IT ʻaʻole lawa ka helium-3 no kēlā me kēia.
Pehea ka ino?
Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka hapa o ka helium-3 e loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka hoʻomohala quantum. ʻO Blake Johnson, ka pelekikena hope o ka mea hana kamepiula quantum Rigetti Computing, ma kahi ninaninau me MIT Tech Review paʻakikī loa ka loaʻa ʻana o kēlā mea hoʻoheheʻe. Hoʻonui ʻia nā pilikia ma muli o kona kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe - he $40 ke kumukūʻai no ka hoʻopiha ʻana i hoʻokahi pahu hau.
Akā ʻo nā ʻelele mai D-Wave, kahi hoʻomaka quantum hou, ʻaʻole ʻae i ka manaʻo o Blake. Na ʻO ka Hope Pelekikena o ka hui, ʻo ka hana ʻana o hoʻokahi kamepiula quantum e koi wale i kahi liʻiliʻi o ka helium-3, hiki ke kapa ʻia he mea ʻole ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka nui o ka nui o ka waiwai. No laila, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka hemahema o ka refrigerant i ka ʻoihana quantum.
Eia kekahi, ke kūkulu ʻia nei nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe no ka unuhi ʻana i ka helium-3 ʻaʻole pili i ka tritium i kēia lā. ʻO kekahi o lākou ka unuhi ʻana o ka isotope mai ke kinoea maoli. ʻO ka mea mua, e komo i ka condensation hohonu i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a laila hele i nā kaʻina o ka hoʻokaʻawale a me ka hoʻoponopono (ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā kinoea kinoea). Ma mua, ua manaʻo ʻia kēia ala ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokele waiwai, akā me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻenehana ua loli ke kūlana. I ka makahiki i hala e pili ana i kāna mau hoʻolālā e hoʻomaka i ka hana helium-3 .
Ke hoʻolālā nei kekahi mau ʻāina e mine helium-3 ma ka mahina. Aia kona papa ili a hiki i ka (Papa 2) o keia mea. Manaʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema e mau ana ka waiwai no ʻelima kaukani makahiki. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo NASA e hana kēlā hana hou i ka helium-3. Ke hoʻokō ʻia nei ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana terrestrial a me ka mahina и . Akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō i ka hana a hiki i 2030.
ʻO kahi ala ʻē aʻe e pale ai i ka nele o ka helium-3 ʻo ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi pani no ia ma ka hana ʻana i nā neutron scanners. Ma ke ala, nona i ka makahiki 2018 - ua lilo ia i kristal o ka zinc sulfide a me ka lithium-6 fluoride. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopaʻa inoa i nā mea radioactive me ka pololei ma mua o 90%.
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ʻO nā pilikia "kuantum" ʻē aʻe
Ma waho aʻe o ka nele o ka helium, aia kekahi mau pilikia ʻē aʻe e keakea nei i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā kamepiula quantum. ʻO ka mea mua ka nele o nā mea lako. Aia kekahi mau ʻoihana nui ma ka honua e hoʻomohala ana i ka "hoʻopiha" no nā mīkini quantum. I kekahi manawa e kali nā ʻoihana a hiki i ka hana ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻomaha, .
Ke hoʻāʻo nei kekahi mau ʻāina e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia ma o nā papahana aupuni. Ua hoʻomaka mua ʻia kēlā mau hana ma US a me ʻEulopa. No ka laʻana, i kēia manawa ma Netherlands, me ke kākoʻo o ka Ministry of Economics, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Delft Circuits. Hoʻopuka ia i nā ʻāpana no nā ʻōnaehana computing quantum.
ʻO kekahi pilikia ka nele o nā loea. Ke ulu nei ka noi no lākou, akā ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka loaʻa ʻana iā lākou. Na ʻO NYT, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi kaukani ʻike ʻenehana "quantum engineers" ma ka honua. Ke alakaʻi nei nā kulanui ʻenehana i ka pilikia. No ka laʻana, ma MIT mua nā papahana mua no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā loea i ka hana ʻana me nā mīkini quantum. Hoʻomohala ʻana i nā papahana hoʻonaʻauao kūpono a ma ka American National Quantum Initiative.
Ma keʻano laulā, ua manaʻo ka poʻe loea IT ʻo nā pilikia e kū nei i nā mea hana o nā kamepiula quantum e hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia. A i ka wā e hiki mai ana hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo i nā holomua ʻenehana hou i kēia wahi.
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Source: www.habr.com