No ka mea kākau: He kumu loea o ka mōʻaukala ma ke Kulanui o South Carolina a me ka luna hoʻomalu o ka Ann Johnson Institute for Science, Technology and Society.
I ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi pilina ma waena o ʻelua mau wahi, ʻaʻohe mea e hiki ke lanakila i ka nūnū. Koe wale no paha ka hawk kakaikahi.
Kiu manu: I ka makahiki 1970, ua hoʻomohala ka CIA i kahi kāmeʻa liʻiliʻi i hoʻohuli i nā nūnū lawe i nā kiu.
No nā kaukani makahiki, lawe nā nūnū lawe i nā leka. A ua lilo lākou i mea pono loa i ka wā kaua. ʻO Julius Caesar, Genghis Khan, (i ka wā ) - ua hilinaʻi lākou a pau i ke kamaʻilio ma o nā manu. I ka wā o ke Kaua Honua Mua, ua mālama ka US Signal Corps a me ka Navy i kā lākou mau hale nūnū. Hāʻawi ke aupuni Farani i kahi manu ʻAmelika i kapa ʻia ʻo Cher Ami no ka lawelawe wiwo ole i ke kaua o Verdun. I ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II, ua mālama ka poʻe Pelekāne ma mua o 250 mau manu nūnū halihali, 000 o lākou i loaʻa. , he makana kūikawā no nā holoholona no ka oihana koa [mai 1943 a 1949, ua hāʻawi ʻia ka mekala i 54 mau manawa - i kanakolukumamālua manu nūnū, ʻumikūmāwalu ʻīlio, ʻekolu lio a me kahi moku. / ma kahi o. unuhi].
A ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki i ka US Central Intelligence Agency ke hoʻohuli i nā nūnū i kiu. I ka makahiki 1970, ua hana ka CIA's Research and Development Department i kahi pahupaʻi liʻiliʻi a māmā i hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka umauma o ka nūnū. Ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana, lele akula ka nūnū ma luna o ka pahu kiu i kona hoʻi ʻana i ka home. ʻO kahi kaʻa i loko o ka pahupaʻikiʻi, hoʻohana ʻia e ka pākaukau, wili i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni a wehe i ka pani. No ka lele ʻana o nā nūnū he mau haneli mau mika wale nō ma luna o ka honua, ua hiki iā lākou ke kiʻi i nā kiʻi kikoʻī ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā mokulele a i ʻole nā satelite. He mau ho'āʻo paha? holomua? ʻAʻole mākou ʻike. Mālama ʻia kēia ʻikepili a hiki i kēia lā.
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻo CIA ka mea mua i hoʻohana i kēia ʻenehana. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Julius Gustav Neubronner ka lāʻau lapaʻau Kelemania ʻo ia ka mea mua e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā nūnū no ke kiʻi lewa. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua hoʻopili ʻo Neubronner i nā kāmera [pono'ī, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wehe pneumatic o ka shutter / approx. unuhi] i ka pahu o na manu nunu lawe. Lawe ka pahupaʻi kiʻi i nā manawa maʻamau i ka lele ʻana o ka nūnū i ka home.
Ua ʻimi ka pūʻali koa Prussian i ka hiki ke hoʻohana i nā nūnū Neubronner no ka ʻike ʻana, akā ua haʻalele i ka manaʻo ma hope o ka hiki ʻole ke hoʻomalu i nā ala a paʻi paha i nā kiʻi o nā wahi kikoʻī. Akā, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Neubronner e hana i nā kāleka mai kēia mau kiʻi. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia lākou i ka puke 2017 "". Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kekahi o lākou ma ka Pūnaewele:
ʻO ke kumu nui e hiki ai ke hoʻohana ʻia nā nūnū no ka leka ʻana a i ʻole ka nānā ʻana ʻo ia ka mea iā lākou - ka hiki ke ʻike i ke kahua magnetic o ka Honua, ka hoʻoholo ʻana i kahi o kekahi, ke kuhikuhi o ka neʻe ʻana a me ke ʻano.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻike mua ma ʻAigupita kahiko a me Mesopotamia e hoʻi mau nā nūnū i ko lākou hale, ʻoiai inā hoʻokuʻu mamao ʻia mai ka home. Akā i kēia manawa wale nō i loaʻa i nā ʻepekema i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o ka magnetic orientation i nā manu.
I ka makahiki 1968, ua wehewehe ʻo Wolfgang Wiltschko, ʻo German zoologist, i kahi panana magnetic , manu lele. Nānā akula ʻo ia i ka ʻākoakoa ʻana o nā robin i hopu ʻia ma kekahi ʻaoʻao o ka hale paʻa a nānā i ke ala e neʻe ai lākou inā kaʻawale. Ke hoʻohana nei ʻo Vilchko i nā māla magnetic i ka hale hana , ua pane nā robins i kēia ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ko lākou ʻano i ka lewa, me ka ʻole o nā hiʻohiʻona ʻike a i ʻole nā mea ʻē aʻe.
ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ke aʻo ʻana i ka magnetoreception o nā manu nūnū home no ka mea pono e hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā manu i ko lākou ʻāina kūlohelohe i hiki iā lākou ke hōʻike i ko lākou ʻano ʻano. Ma waho o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua, ʻaʻohe ala maʻalahi e hoʻoponopono ai i nā māla magnetic, no laila ua paʻakikī ke ʻike inā hilinaʻi nā manu i nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe, e like me ke kūlana o ka Lā i ka lewa.
I ka makahiki 1970 , he ornithologist ma New York University ma Stony Brook a me kāna haumāna ʻo Robert Greene i hele mai me kahi hoʻokolohua akamai e lanakila ai i kēlā mau pilikia. ʻO ka mua, ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa lākou i ka ʻohana o nā manu nūnū homing 50 e lele i nā kūlana lā a me ka ʻeleʻele mai ke komohana a i ka hikina, e hoʻokuʻu ana iā lākou mai ʻekolu mau wahi like ʻole.
Ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā nūnū e hoʻi mau i ka home me ka nānā ʻole i ke ʻano o ka wā, ua kāhiko nā kānaka ʻepekema iā lākou i nā pāpale nani. Hoʻokomo lākou i nā ʻōwili ʻeke ma kēlā me kēia nūnū - ua hoʻopuni ʻia ka ʻāʻī o ka manu e like me ke kola, a ua hoʻopili ʻia kekahi i kona poʻo. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻōwili e hoʻololi i ke kahua magnetic a puni ka manu.
I nā lā lā, ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ka hopena o ke au i loko o nā wili i nā manu. Akā, i ka wā ʻohu, lele nā manu i ka hale a i ʻole mai ia wahi aku, ma muli o ke kuhikuhi ʻana o ke kahua magnetic. Hōʻike kēia i ka hoʻokele ʻana o nā nūnū ma ka lā, a i nā lā ao ʻeleʻele lākou e hoʻohana nui ai i ka māla magnetic o ka Honua. Walcott a me Green ʻO kāna mau ʻike ma Science i ka makahiki 1974.
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua hoʻohana ʻo Julius Gustav Neubronner i nā nūnū a me nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi kiʻi.
Ua kōkua ka noiʻi a me nā hoʻokolohua hou i ka wehewehe ʻana i ke kumumanaʻo o ka magnetoreception, akā i kēia manawa ʻaʻohe mea i hiki ke kuhikuhi i kahi e loaʻa ai nā magnetoreceptors i nā manu. I ka makahiki 2002, Vilchko a me kāna hui aia ma ka maka akau. Akā, ʻeiwa mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua paʻi ka hui ʻepekema ʻē aʻe i kahi pane i kēia hana ma ka puke pai Nature, e ʻōlelo ana ua haʻi ʻia ka hopena.
ʻO ka lua o ka manaʻo, ʻo ia ka nuku—ʻo ia hoʻi, nā waihona hao ma luna o ka nuku o kekahi mau manu. Ua hōʻole ʻia kēia manaʻo i ka makahiki 2012, i ka manawa o kahi hui o nā ʻepekema he mau macrophages nā pūnaewele, he ʻāpana o ka ʻōnaehana pale. He mau mahina ma hope mai, ʻo David Dickman lāua ʻo Le-qing Wu ke kolu o ka hiki: ka pepeiao o loko. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kumu o ka magnetoreception kahi wahi o ka noiʻi ikaika.
ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi no ka poʻe makemake e hana i ka "nūnū", ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ʻike ʻana o nā manu i ke kuhikuhi o ka lele ʻana ʻaʻole ia he mea nui. Pono lākou e aʻo ʻia e lele ma waena o ʻelua mau wahi. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka meaʻai i hoʻāʻo ʻia i ka manawa. Inā hānai ʻoe i nā nūnū ma kahi wahi a mālama iā lākou ma kahi ʻē, hiki iā ʻoe ke aʻo iā lākou e lele ma kēia ala. Hiki ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā nūnū e hoʻi i ka home mai nā wahi ʻike ʻole. IN hiki i nā manu ke lele , ʻoiai ua manaʻo ʻia ka palena palena maʻamau i kahi mamao o 1000 km.
I ke kenekulia XNUMX, lawe nā nūnū i nā leka i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o nā paipu liʻiliʻi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ko lākou mau wāwae. Ma waena o nā ala maʻamau, ʻo ia ke ala mai ka mokupuni a i ke kūlanakauhale nui, mai ke kauhale a i ke kikowaena o ke kūlanakauhale, a i nā wahi ʻē aʻe i hiki ʻole i nā uea telegarapa.
Hiki i ka nūnū hoʻokahi ke lawe i kahi helu liʻiliʻi o nā memo maʻamau - ʻaʻohe ona hiki ke halihali i ka drone o Amazon. Akā ʻo ka mea i hana ʻia i ka microfilm i nā makahiki 1850 e ka mea paʻi kiʻi Palani ʻo René Dagron i hiki ai i hoʻokahi manu ke lawe i nā huaʻōlelo hou aku, a me nā kiʻi.
Ma kahi o ʻumi makahiki ma hope o ka hana ʻana, i ka wā i hoʻopilikia ʻia ai ʻo Paris , Manaʻo ʻo Dagron e hoʻohana i nā nūnū e lawe i nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi o nā leka kūhelu a pilikino. pau ka hoʻonohonoho hou ʻana microfilms i hui pū ʻia ma mua o hoʻokahi miliona mau memo. Ua mahalo ka poʻe Prussians i ka mea e hana nei, a lawe lākou i nā hawks a me nā falcons i ka lawelawe, e hoʻāʻo ana e ʻae i nā leka ʻēheu.
I ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua ulu ka hilinaʻi o ka kamaʻilio maʻamau ma o ka leka uila, telegraph a me ke kelepona, a neʻe mālie nā nūnū i ke aupuni o nā leʻaleʻa a me nā pono kūikawā, e lilo i kumuhana o ke aʻo ʻana no nā connoisseurs laha.
No ka laʻana, i ka waena o 1990s ka hui mai Colorado mai, he kanaka hauʻoli i ka waʻa, ua hoʻokomo i ka leka nūnū i kāna huakaʻi ma ka muliwai Cache-la-Poudre. ʻO ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni i lawe ʻia ma ke ala ua hoʻouka ʻia i loko o nā ʻeke ʻeke nūnū liʻiliʻi. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā manu a hoʻihoʻi ʻia i ke keʻena nui o ka hui. I ka manawa i hoʻi mai ai nā lāʻau, ua mākaukau nā kiʻi - hāʻawi ka leka nūnū i ke ʻano kūʻokoʻa i ia mau mea hoʻomanaʻo [ma nā mauna o Dagestan, kekahi poʻe kamaʻāina , ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka ʻikepili ma nā kāleka flash / approx. unuhi]
Ua ʻōlelo kekahi luna ʻoihana ua paʻakikī nā manu i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻenehana kikohoʻe. ʻO ka lawe ʻana i nā kāleka SD ma kahi o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni, lele lākou i ka nahele ma mua o ka hoʻi ʻana i ka hale manu nūnū, ma muli paha o ka māmā o kā lākou ukana. ʻO ka hopena, i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā poʻe mākaʻikaʻi āpau i nā kelepona, pono ka hui e hoʻomaha i nā nūnū,
A ʻaʻole e pau kaʻu ʻike pōkole o ka leka nūnū me ka ʻole o ka haʻi ʻana i ka RFC David Weitzman i hoʻouna ʻia i ka Internet Engineering Council ma ʻApelila 1, 1990. wehewehe i ka protocol , Internet Protocol over Avian Carriers, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā kaʻa pūnaewele ma o nā nūnū. IN , i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ʻApelila 1, 1999, ʻaʻole i ʻōlelo wale ʻia nā hoʻomaikaʻi palekana ("Aia nā pilikia pilikino e pili ana i nā nūnū hoʻopunipuni" [he pāʻani i nā huaʻōlelo e hoʻohana ana i ka manaʻo o ka stool pigeon, e hōʻike ana i kahi manu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i manaʻo ʻia e huki manu i ka hahai holoholona, a me kahi mea hoʻolaha mākaʻi / approx. unuhi]), akā naʻe nā pilikia o ka patenting (“I kēia manawa aia nā kaʻina kānāwai ma luna o ka mea i hiki mua - ka mea lawe ʻike a i ʻole ka hua manu”).
I nā hoʻokolohua maoli o ka protocol IPoAC ma Australia, South Africa a me Beretania, ua hoʻokūkū nā manu me nā kelepona kūloko, ʻo ka maikaʻi o ia mea ma kekahi mau wahi i waiho nui ʻia. I ka hopena, lanakila nā manu. ʻO ka lawelawe ʻana ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā leka no nā kaukani makahiki, ke hoʻomau nei nā nūnū a hiki i kēia lā.
Source: www.habr.com