Noho kekahi mau lā a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kahi kahe hou i ka uku mai OTUS. Ma kēia mea, makemake mākou e kaʻana like me ʻoe i kahi unuhi o nā mea pono e pili ana i ke kumuhana.
He ʻano o nā pou blog ma nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a me nā hoʻopunipuni no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia ping IPv6 (ICMPv6 Echo Request/Echo Reply)
E ʻoluʻolu e hoʻohana wau i Linux (ʻo Fedora 31), akā naʻe, ʻo ka syntax kauoha ping no nā ʻōnaehana hana ʻē aʻe e manaʻolana like loa.
E hoʻopaʻa i nā node IPv6 a pau ma kahi ala
ʻO ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo mua a maʻalahi hoʻi e ping i nā nodes IPv6 āpau ma ka loulou.
Ke hoʻohana nei ʻo IPv6 i nā helu helu multicast no nā ʻano kamaʻilio hoʻokahi-a-nui. ʻAʻohe hoʻolaha (a hoʻolaha paha) mau helu IPv6. Hoʻokaʻawale kēia i ka IPv6 mai IPv4, kahi i loaʻa ai nā ʻano o nā helu hoʻolaha, no ka laʻana, ka helu "ka hoʻolaha palena" 255.255.255.255 [RFC1122].
Eia nō naʻe, aia kahi helu IPv6 "all-nodes multicast", no laila e hoʻohana mākou i kēlā e ping i nā nodes IPv6 āpau ma ka loulou. (ʻO kahi helu "hoʻolaha" ʻo ia wale nō kahi helu helu multicast i kapa ʻia, ʻo ia kahi hui multicast e komo pū ana nā nodes a pau. ).
ʻO ka helu IPv6 nodes a pau no ke kahawai: ff02::1. ff hōʻike i kahi helu IPv6 multicast. ʻO ka 0 aʻe ka ʻāpana o ka hae me nā ʻāpana unset.
no hoi ia 2 wehewehe i kahi o kahi hui multicast. ʻAʻole like me nā helu IPv4 multicast, loaʻa i nā helu IPv6 multicast kahi ākea. Hōʻike ka waiwai scope i ka ʻāpana o ka pūnaewele kahi e ʻae ʻia ai ka hoʻouna ʻia ʻana o kahi ʻeke multicast. Ke hōʻea ka ʻeke i ka palena o ka laulā i ʻōlelo ʻia, pono e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka ʻeke, me ka nānā ʻole inā ʻaʻole nozero kāna kahua helu Hop. ʻOiaʻiʻo, inā hiki i ka helu hop i ka zero ma mua o ka hiki ʻana i ka palena o ka hui multicast i ʻōlelo ʻia, ua hoʻonohonoho hou ʻia. Eia ka papa inoa piha o ka IPv6 multicast scope.
I ka hopena ::1 kuhikuhi i kahi hui multicast-nodes āpau.
E pili ana i ka helu wahi ff02::1 Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia he ambiguous. Ma kahi hoʻokipa IPv6 me nā pilina he nui, e like me ke alalai a i ʻole ka host multihomed, ka helu wahi ff02::1 ʻAʻohe mea e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke kuhikuhi i ke kikowaena e hoʻouna ai i nā noi leo ICMPv6 a i ʻole e manaʻo e loaʻa nā pane leo ICMPv6 ke hiki mai lākou. ff02::1 kūpono a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma kekahi o nā mea hoʻopili a me nā ala i hoʻopili ʻia i ka node multi-interface.
No laila ke ping nei mākou i nā node IPv6 āpau ma kahi loulou, pono mākou e haʻi i ka pono ping no IPv6, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻohana ai.
Ka wehewehe ʻana i nā Interfaces - Koho laina kauoha
E like me kā mākou i ʻike mua ai, ʻo ka helu helu multicast āpau āpau a mākou e makemake ai e hoʻohana ʻo − ff02::1 - ʻaʻole ia e hāʻawi i ka ʻike e pili ana i ke kikowaena e hoʻouna a loaʻa i ka noi echo ICMPv6 a me nā ʻeke pane pane.
No laila, pehea mākou e kuhikuhi ai i ke kikowaena e hoʻohana ʻia no ka wahi helu multicast a i ʻole unicast Link-Local address space?
ʻO ke ala mua a maopopo loa ʻo ia ka hāʻawi ʻana iā ia ma ke ʻano he parameter i ka noi a mākou e hoʻohana nei.
No ka pono ping hāʻawi mākou ma o ke koho -I.
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -w 1 -I enp3s2 ff02::1
ping: Warning: source address might be selected on device other than: enp3s2
PING ff02::1(ff02::1) from :: enp3s2: 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.438 ms
64 bytes from fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.589 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::7e31:f5ff:fe1b:9fdb%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=5.15 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::f7f8:15ff:fe6f:be6e%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=58.0 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::877d:4ff:fe1a:b881%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=62.3 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::877d:4ff:fe1a:ad79%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=62.8 ms (DUP!)
--- ff02::1 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, +5 duplicates, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.438/31.544/62.786/29.566 ms
[mark@opy ~]$Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia ping multicast āpau āpau, loaʻa iā mākou nā pane mai 6 IPv6 nodes. Ua loaʻa mai nā pane mai nā leka uila IPv6 node Link-Local, e hoʻomaka ana me ka prefix fe80::/10.
ia ping ʻaʻole hoʻomau i ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā noi leo ICMPv6 a hiki i ka wā e hoʻopau ai mākou, e kuhikuhi pinepine mākou i ka helu o nā ʻeke e hoʻouna ma o ke koho -c. Eia nō naʻe, ke pale aku nei kēia i ka ping mai ka ʻae ʻana a me ka hōʻike ʻana i ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi pane leo ICMPv6 i ka hoʻouna ʻana i kahi noi leo ICMPv6 multicast. Akā, ua hoʻohana mākou i ke koho -w e kuhikuhi i ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka ping ma hope o 1 kekona, ʻaʻole e pili ana i ka nui o nā noi leo ICMPv6 i hoʻouna ʻia a loaʻa mai paha.
ʻO kekahi mea e makaʻala ai (DUP!) puka ma ka lua a me ka pane hope. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻeke ma ke ʻano he mau pane ʻelua no ka mea he like ko lākou helu helu ICMP e like me nā noi echo ICMPv6 pākahi i hoʻouna ʻia ma kahi mua. Hōʻike ʻia lākou no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi noi ICMPv6 multicast echo i nā pane unicast pākahi. Hōʻike ʻia ka helu o nā kope i ka hōʻuluʻulu helu.
Ka wehewehe ʻana i nā Interface - Zone ID
ʻO kahi ala ʻē aʻe e hōʻike i kahi interface no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka helu helu IPv6.
Hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i kahi hiʻohiʻona o kēia ma ka ping output, kahi i loaʻa ai i nā helu o nā host IPv6 pane i ka suffix. %enp3s2no ka laʻana:
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.438 msʻO kēia ʻano o ka wehewehe ʻana i nā loulou i wehewehe ʻia ma [RFC4007], "IPv6 Defined Address Architecture." ʻOiai ua kapa ʻia lākou ʻo ke kikowaena ʻōnaehana hana, wehewehe maoli lākou i kahi mea maʻamau-he "zone" a i ʻole "scope."
ʻO ke kumu o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻāpana ākea a i ʻole nā ʻāpana ākea, ʻo ia, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma [RFC4007], hiki i kahi node IPv6 ke loaʻa i nā ʻokoʻa IPv6 like ʻole i hoʻopili ʻia i ke kahawai hoʻokahi. ʻO kēia mau mea hoʻopili he mau lālā o ka ʻāpana like.
Hiki ke hoʻohui i nā pilina he nui i loko o kahi ʻāpana ma lalo o ka ʻōnaehana hana; I kēia manawa ʻaʻole maopopo iaʻu inā hiki kēia ma lalo o Linux a pehea e hana ai.
Ke hoʻohana nei i ka suffix %<zone_id>, hiki iā mākou ke wehe i ke koho laina kauoha -I ping.
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -w 1 ff02::1%enp3s2
PING ff02::1%enp3s2(ff02::1%enp3s2) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::2392:6213:a15b:66ff%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.106 ms
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.453 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.606 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::7e31:f5ff:fe1b:9fdb%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=6.23 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::f7f8:15ff:fe6f:be6e%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=157 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::877d:4ff:fe1a:ad79%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=159 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::877d:4ff:fe1a:b881%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=161 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::23d:e8ff:feec:958c%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=179 ms (DUP!)
--- ff02::1%enp3s2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, +7 duplicates, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.106/82.858/179.216/81.281 ms
[mark@opy ~]$Nā Pane Kūlana-Kukū
Mai kēia ping multicast āpau i loaʻa iā mākou he 6 mau pane kūʻokoʻa.
Ua loaʻa mai kēia mau pane mai nā wahi hoʻokipa unicast Link-Local IPv6 host address. Eia kekahi laʻana, eia ka pane mua:
64 bytes from fe80::2392:6213:a15b:66ff%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.106 msPono nā leka uila Unicast Link-Local IPv6 ma nā kikowaena IPv6-enabled [RFC4291], "IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture". ʻO ke kumu o kēia, ʻo ka node IPv6 i loaʻa mau i kahi helu IPv6 unicast, hiki iā ia ke hoʻohana ma ka liʻiliʻi e kamaʻilio me nā node ʻē aʻe ma kāna mau loulou pili pono. Hoʻopili kēia i ke kamaʻilio ʻana me nā noi ma nā mea hoʻokipa ʻē aʻe ma o nā helu hoʻokipa Link-Local.
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa kēia i ka hoʻolālā ʻana a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā protocols e like me IPv6 Neighbor Discovery a me OSPFv3. Hāʻawi ia i nā noi mea hoʻohana hope ma nā pūʻali e kamaʻilio ma luna o ke kahawai me ka ʻole e koi ʻia i nā ʻōnaehana IPv6 kākoʻo ʻē aʻe ma ke kahawai. ʻAʻole pono ke kamaʻilio pololei ma waena o nā pūʻali IPv6 pili i kahi mea hoʻokele IPv6 a i ʻole kikowaena DHCPv6 ma ka pilina.
Hoʻomaka nā helu wahi loulou me kahi prefix 10-bit fe80, a ukali ʻia e 54 zero bits a laila he 64-bit interface identifier (IID). Ma ka pane mua ma luna 2392:6213:a15b:66ff he 64-bit IID.
Looped Multicast
Ma ka maʻamau, hoʻihoʻi ʻia nā ʻeke multicast i loko o ka node nāna i hoʻouna iā lākou. Hana ʻia kēia no ka helu IPv6 a me IPv4.
ʻO ke kumu o kēia hana paʻamau, ʻo ia ke hoʻouna ʻia nā paʻi multicast, aia paha kahi noi multicast kūloko hoʻolohe e holo ana ma luna o ka mea hoʻouna hoʻouna ponoʻī, a ma kahi o ka pūnaewele. Pono e loaʻa i kēia noi kūloko nā ʻeke multicast.
Hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i kēia multicast local loop i kā mākou ping output:
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -w 1 ff02::1%enp3s2
PING ff02::1%enp3s2(ff02::1%enp3s2) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::2392:6213:a15b:66ff%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.106 ms
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.453 ms (DUP!)
...ʻO ka pane mua a me ka wikiwiki loa (0,106 ms i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 0,453 ms) mai ka Link-Local address i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma ka interface ponoʻī. enp3s2.
[mark@opy ~]$ ip addr show dev enp3s2 | grep fe80
inet6 fe80::2392:6213:a15b:66ff/64 scope link noprefixroute
[mark@opy ~]$Mea hoʻohana ping hāʻawi i kahi ala e hoʻopau ai i ka manaʻo multicast kūloko me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻāpana -L. Inā hoʻouna mākou i kahi ping multicast āpau āpau me kēia hae, a laila kaupalena ʻia nā pane i nā nodes mamao. ʻAʻole loaʻa iā mākou kahi pane mai ka Link-Local address o ka mea hoʻouna.
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -L -w 1 ff02::1%enp3s2
PING ff02::1%enp3s2(ff02::1%enp3s2) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.383 ms
64 bytes from fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.467 ms (DUP!)
...Ping Link-Nā helu wahi
E like me kāu e manaʻo ai, ʻaʻole hāʻawi nā ʻōlelo unicast Link-Local iā lākou iho i ka ʻike e hōʻike ai i ke kikowaena e hoʻohana ai e hiki ai iā lākou. E like me nā nodes multicast ping, pono mākou e kuhikuhi i ke kikowaena ma ke ʻano he laina kauoha ping a i ʻole ID wahi me ka helu wahi i ka pinging ʻana i nā leka uila Link-Local.
Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohana i kēia manawa -ce kaupalena i ka helu o nā ʻeke a me nā pane i hoʻouna ʻia a loaʻa ping, no ka mea ke hana nei mākou i ka ping unicast.
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -c 1 fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2
PING fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2(fe80::fad1:11ff:feb7:3704%enp3s2) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.395 ms
--- fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.395/0.395/0.395/0.000 ms
[mark@opy ~]$Ping (nā) mau helu IPv6 ʻē aʻe?
Ma kēia ʻatikala, ua ʻike mākou pehea e ping ai i nā node IPv6 āpau ma kahi kahawai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi helu IPv6 multicast āpau āpau. ff02::1. Ua ʻike pū mākou pehea e wehewehe ai i ke kikowaena e hoʻohana ai me kahi helu IPv6 multicast nodes āpau, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki i ka helu wahi ke hāʻawi i kēia ʻike. Ua hoʻohana mākou i ke koho laina kauoha ping, a i ʻole i kuhikuhi ʻia i ke kikowaena me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka suffix %<zone_id>.
A laila ua aʻo mākou e pili ana i nā helu unicast Link-Local, ʻo ia nā ʻōlelo i hoʻohana ʻia e pane i nā noi echo multicast multicast ICMPv6.
Ua ʻike pū mākou pehea e hoʻihoʻi ʻia ai nā paʻi multicast i ka node hoʻouna ma ke ʻano maʻamau a pehea e hoʻopau ai i kēia no ka pono. ping.
ʻO ka hope, ua hoʻopaʻa mākou i kahi helu Link-Local me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka suffix %<zone_id>, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻōlelo a Link-Local iā lākou iho i ka ʻike e pili ana i ke kikowaena puka.
No laila pehea e pili ana i ka ping i nā node ʻē aʻe a loaʻa i kā lākou mau helu unicast honua (GUAs) (ʻo ia hoʻi, kā lākou mau helu lehulehu ma ka Pūnaewele) a i ʻole kā lākou mau ʻōlelo unicast kūloko kūikawā (ULAs)? E nānā mākou i kēia ma ka moʻomanaʻo moʻomanaʻo aʻe.
Pau kēlā.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike hou aku e pili ana i kā mākou papa ma.
Source: www.habr.com