Ua lōʻihi ke kumuhana o kēia memo. A ʻoiai ma ke noi a ka poʻe heluhelu channel , Makemake au e kākau e pili ana i ka hana palekana me ka hydrogen peroxide, akā i ka hopena, no nā kumu i ʻike ʻole ʻia e aʻu (eia, ʻae!), Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi heluhelu lōʻihi. ʻO kahi hui ʻana o ka popsci, rocket fuel, "coronavirus disinfection" a me ka permanganometric titration. Pehea pololei hale kūʻai hydrogen peroxide, he aha nā mea pale e hoʻohana ai i ka wā e hana ai a pehea e pakele ai i ka hihia o ka make - nānā mākou ma lalo o ka ʻoki.
ps ua kapa ʻia ka pipi ma ke kiʻi ʻo "bombardier". A ua nalowale ʻo ia ma kahi o nā kemika :)
Hoʻolaʻa ʻia i nā "keiki o ka peroxide" ...
Aloha ko mākou kaikunāne i ka hydrogen peroxide, ʻē, aloha ʻo ia. Manaʻo wau e pili ana i kēia i kēlā me kēia manawa aʻu e ʻike ai i kahi nīnau e like me ka "huhū ka ʻōmole hydrogen peroxide. he aha ka hana?" Ma ke ala, hui pinepine au iā ʻoe :)
ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha ma nā wahi post-Soviet, hydrogen peroxide (3% solution) kekahi o nā antiseptics "folk" punahele. A e ninini ma luna o ka ʻeha, a me ka disinfect i ka wai, a me ka luku ʻana i ka coronavirus (ʻoi aku nei). Akā ʻoiai ʻo kona ʻano maʻalahi a me ka hiki ke loaʻa, he ʻokoʻa ka reagent, kahi aʻu e kamaʻilio hou aku ai.
Ma hope o ka hele ʻana ma nā "luna" biological ...
ʻĀnō nā mea a pau me ka prefix eco: nā huahana eco-friendly, eco-friendly shampoos, eco-friendly mea. E like me koʻu hoʻomaopopo ʻana, makemake nā kānaka e hoʻohana i kēia mau huaʻōlelo e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea biogenic (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻike mua ʻia i loko o nā mea ola) mai nā mea i hana maoli ʻia ("hard chemistry"). No laila, ʻo ka mea mua, kahi hoʻolauna liʻiliʻi, aʻu e manaʻo nei e hoʻoikaika i ka pilina o ka hydrogen peroxide a hoʻohui i ka hilinaʻi iā ia i waena o ka lehulehu :)
No laila, he aha ka hydrogen peroxide? ʻO kēia maʻalahi loa ʻO ka hui peroxide, aia i loko o ʻelua mau ʻātoma oxygen i ka manawa hoʻokahi (ua hoʻopili ʻia lākou e kahi paʻa -OO-). Aia ma kahi o kēia ʻano pili, aia ka instability, aia ka oxygen atomic, a me nā waiwai oxidizing ikaika a me nā mea āpau, nā mea āpau. Akā ʻoiai ke koʻikoʻi o ka oxygen atomic, aia ka hydrogen peroxide i loko o nā mea ola he nui, ʻo ia hoʻi. a ma ke kanaka. Hoʻokumu ʻia ia i ka nui micro i ka wā o nā kaʻina biochemical paʻakikī a hoʻoneʻe i nā protein, lipids membrane a me DNA (ma muli o ka hopena o nā radical peroxide). ʻO ko mākou kino, i ke kaʻina o ka evolution, ua aʻo maikaʻi i ka hana me ka peroxide. Hana ʻo ia i kēia me ke kōkua o ka enzyme superoxide dismutase, nāna e hoʻopau i nā pūhui peroxide i ka oxygen a me ka hydrogen peroxide, me ka enzyme. ka mea e hoʻololi i ka peroxide i oxygen a me ka wai hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha manawa.
He nani nā enzyme i nā hiʻohiʻona XNUMXD
Hūnā ma lalo o ka mea hao. Makemake au e nānā iā lākou, akā ʻaʻole makemake kekahi ...
Ma ke ala, mahalo ia i ka hana o ka catalase, aia i loko o nā ʻiʻo o ko mākou kino, "e paila" ke koko i ka wā e mālama ai i nā ʻeha (e loaʻa kahi palapala ʻokoʻa e pili ana i nā ʻeha ma lalo).
He "hana pale" koʻikoʻi ko ka hydrogen peroxide i loko o mākou. Nui nā mea ola i loaʻa i kahi organelle hoihoi (he ʻano pono no ka hana ʻana o ke kelepona ola) e like me . ʻO kēia mau hale he lipid vesicles i loko kahi i loaʻa ai kahi ʻano like me ke aniani me ka biological tubular "". Hana ʻia nā kaʻina hana biochemical like ʻole i loko o ka nucleus, ma muli o ia... hoʻokumu ʻia ka hydrogen peroxide mai ka oxygen ea a me nā pūhui organik paʻakikī o ke ʻano lipid!
Akā ʻo ka mea hoihoi loa ma ʻaneʻi ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia ai kēia peroxide. Eia kekahi laʻana, i loko o nā pūnaewele o ke ake a me nā puʻupaʻa, hoʻohanaʻia ka H2O2 i hanaʻia e luku a hoʻopau i nā toxins i komo i ke koko. ʻO Acetaldehyde, ka mea i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka metabolism o nā mea inu ʻona () - ʻo ia hoʻi ka pono o kā mākou poʻe hana luhi ʻole o nā peroxisomes, a me ka hydrogen peroxide "makuahine".
No laila, ʻaʻole like nā mea āpau me ka peroxides, hikiwawe E hoʻomanaʻo wau iā ʻoe e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka hana o ka radiation ma ke kino ola. ʻO nā molekule o nā ʻiʻo olaola e hoʻopaʻa i ka ikehu radiation a lilo i ionized, i.e. hele i loko o kahi mokuʻāina kūpono i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā pūhui hou (ʻo ka hapa pinepine ʻole pono i loko o ke kino). ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka wai i ka ionization; hiki mai . Ma ke alo o ka oxygen, ma lalo o ka mana o ka radiation ionizing, e ala mai nā ʻano radical manuahi (OH- a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me lākou) a me nā pūhui peroxide (H2O2 ma ke ʻano).
ʻO ka hopena o nā peroxides e hana ikaika me nā pūhui kemika i loko o ke kino. ʻOiai, inā mākou e lawe i ka superoxide anion (O2-) i hana ʻia i kekahi manawa i ka radiolysis, pono e ʻōlelo ʻia ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia ion ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau, i loko o ke kino olakino maikaʻi loa, me ka ʻole o nā radical manuahi. и ʻAʻole hiki i ko mākou kino ke hoʻopau i nā maʻi bacterial. ʻO kēlā mau mea. me ka ʻole o kēia mau mea ʻAʻole hiki ʻole kēia - hele pū lākou me nā hopena oxidation biogenic. Hiki mai ka pilikia ke nui loa o lakou.
ʻO ia ka hakakā ʻana i nā pūhui peroxide "nui loa" a ke kanaka i haku ai i nā mea e like me nā antioxidants. Kāohi lākou i nā kaʻina hana oxidation o nā organik paʻakikī me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā peroxides, etc. nā radical manuahi a pēlā e hoʻemi ai i ka pae .
ʻO ke koʻikoʻi oxidative ke kaʻina hana o ka pōʻino o nā cell ma muli o ka oxidation (= nui loa nā radical manuahi i loko o ke kino)
ʻOiai, ma ke ʻano nui, ʻaʻole kēia mau pilina e hoʻohui i kahi mea hou i ka mea e noho nei, ʻo ia hoʻi. "nā antioxidants kūloko" - superoxide dismutase a me catalase. A ma ka laulā, inā hoʻohana hewa ʻole, ʻaʻole kōkua wale nā antioxidants synthetic, akā e hoʻonui pū ʻia kēia koʻikoʻi oxidative.
Manaʻo e pili ana i ka "peroxide a me nā ʻeha". ʻOiai he mea paʻa ka hydrogen peroxide i loko o nā keʻena lāʻau lapaʻau o ka home (a me ka hana), aia nā hōʻike e hoʻohana ana i ka H2O2 e hoʻopilikia i ka ho'ōla ʻana i ka ʻeha a hoʻoulu i ka ʻili no ka peroxide. . ʻO nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa wale nō ka hopena maikaʻi (0,03% solution, ʻo ia hoʻi, pono ʻoe e hoʻoheheʻe i ka 3% solution pharmaceutical 100 mau manawa), a me ka hoʻohana hoʻokahi wale nō. Ma ke ala, ʻo "coronavirus mākaukau" 0,5% hoʻonā pū kekahi . No laila, e like me kā lākou e ʻōlelo nei, hilinaʻi, akā hōʻoia.
ʻO ka hydrogen peroxide i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā a "kūʻē i ka coronavirus"
Inā hiki i ka hydrogen peroxide ke hoʻololi i ka ethanol i acetaldehyde i loko o ke ake, a laila he mea kupanaha ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i kēia mau mea oxidizing maikaʻi i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou ma nā ʻāpana penei:
Hoʻohana ʻia ka hapalua o ka hydrogen peroxide i hana ʻia e ka ʻoihana kemika e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka cellulose a me nā ʻano pepa like ʻole. ʻO ka lua o ka wahi (20%) i ka noi e noho ʻia e ka hana ʻana i nā bleaches like ʻole e pili ana i nā peroxide inorganic (sodium percarbonate, sodium perborate, etc., etc.). ʻO kēia mau peroxides (pinepine i hui pū me e hoemi i ka wela bleaching, no ka mea ʻAʻole hana nā paʻakai peroxo i nā mahana ma lalo o 60 degere) hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻano "Persol", etc. (hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā kikoʻī hou aku ). A laila hiki mai, ma kahi palena liʻiliʻi, ka bleaching o nā lole a me nā fiber (15%) a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai (10%). A ʻo ka hope loa, ua māhele like ʻia ka ʻāpana i koe ma waena o nā mea kemika maʻemaʻe a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hydrogen peroxide no nā kumu olakino. E noʻonoʻo wau i ka mea hope i nā kikoʻī hou aku no ka mea e hoʻololi paha ka maʻi maʻi coronavirus i nā helu ma ke kiʻikuhi (inā ʻaʻole ia i loli).
Hoʻohana ikaika ʻia ka hydrogen peroxide e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā ʻano like ʻole (me nā mea ʻokiʻoki) a, i kēia manawa, ma ke ʻano o ka mahu (ka mea i kapa ʻia. - vaporized hydrogen peroxide) no ka sterilization o ka hale. Hōʻike ka kiʻi ma lalo nei i kahi laʻana o ia mea hoʻoheheʻe peroxide. He wahi hoʻohiki maikaʻi loa ʻaʻole i hiki i nā halemai kūloko ...
Ma keʻano laulā, hōʻike ka peroxide i ka hopena disinfection kiʻekiʻe e kūʻē i kahi ākea o nā maʻi maʻi, bacteria, yeast a me nā spores bacteria. He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo no nā microorganisms paʻakikī, ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā enzymes e decompose peroxide (i kapa ʻia he peroxidases, kahi hihia kūikawā ʻo ia ka catalase i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna), hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka hoʻomanawanui (~ resistance). Heʻoiaʻiʻo loa kēia no nā haʻina me ka ʻike ma lalo o 1%. Akā i kēia manawa ʻaʻohe mea, ʻaʻole kahi maʻi, ʻaʻole kahi bacterial spore, hiki ke pale i ka 3%, a ʻoi aku ka nui o 6-10%.
I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, me ka ethyl a me ka isopropyl alcohol a me ka sodium hypochlorite, aia ka hydrogen peroxide ma ka papa inoa o nā antiseptics pilikia "vital" no ka disinfecting surfaces e kū'ē iā COVID-19. ʻOiai ʻaʻole wale mai COVID-19. i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka coronavirus bacchanalia holoʻokoʻa, aia mākou me ka poʻe heluhelu hoʻohana ikaika i nā ʻōlelo paipai mai . Pili nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo i nā coronaviruses ma ka laulā, a me ka COVID-19 ma ke ʻano. No laila ke paipai nei au e hoʻoiho a paʻi i ka ʻatikala (no ka poʻe hoihoi i kēia pukana).
He hōʻailona koʻikoʻi no kahi disinfectant ʻōpio
I ka manawa i hala mai ka puka ʻana mai o ka maʻi maʻi, ʻaʻohe mea i loli nui i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana. Akā ʻo ka mea i hoʻololi, no ka laʻana, ʻo ia nā ʻano i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hydrogen peroxide. Eia wau makemake e hoʻomanaʻo koke i ka palapala me nā haku mele i ʻōlelo ʻia no ka disinfection. Makemake au i nā holoi holoi ma kēia papa inoa (ma ka maʻamau, no ka mea makemake wau i nā holoi holoi disinfectant, nā hypochlorite. , a 100% hauʻoli wau iā lākou). I kēia hihia, makemake wau i kahi huahana ʻAmelika e like me Holoi ʻo Oxivir (a i ʻole kona mea like Oxivir 1 Holoi) mai Diversey Inc.
Aia kekahi mau mea hana i helu ʻia:
Hydrogen Peroxide 0.5%
Maʻalahi a ʻono. Akā, no ka poʻe makemake e hana hou i kēia haku mele a hoʻopaʻa i kā lākou mau holoi holoi maʻamau, e ʻōlelo wau i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka hydrogen peroxide, aia pū ka hopena impregnating:
ʻAikika Phosphoric (ʻakika phosphoric - stabilizer) 1-5%
2-Hydroxybenzoic Acid (salicylic acid) 0,1–1,5%
No ke aha e maopopo ai kēia mau "mea haumia" ke heluhelu ʻoe i ka ʻāpana e pili ana i ka kūpaʻa.
Ma waho aʻe o ka haku mele, makemake wau e hoʻomanaʻo iā ʻoe i kāna ʻōlelo i ka Oxivir i ʻōlelo ʻia. ʻAʻohe mea hou (e pili ana i ka papa mua), akā makemake wau i ka nui o nā maʻi i hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia.
He aha nā maʻi virus hiki ke lanakila i ka peroxide?
A ʻaʻole wau e lilo iaʻu iho inā ʻaʻole wau e hoʻomanaʻo hou iā ʻoe e pili ana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka wā e hana ai. E like me ka mea ma mua (=like me nā manawa a pau) pono ia e hana pēlā Ke holoi ʻia me nā wīwī pulu, ʻike ʻia nā ʻili paʻa ʻole a pau me ka pulu no 30 mau kekona. (a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, hoʻokahi minuke!) e hoʻopau i nā mea āpau a me nā mea āpau (me kēia COVID-19 pū kekahi).
ʻO ka hydrogen peroxide ma ke ʻano he kemika
Ua hele mākou a puni ka nahele, ʻo ia ka manawa e kākau ai e pili ana i ka hydrogen peroxide mai ka manaʻo o ka chemist. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ʻo kēia nīnau (a ʻaʻole ke ʻano o ka peroxisome) i makemake pinepine i ka mea hoʻohana ʻike ʻole i hoʻoholo e hoʻohana iā H2O2 no kāna mau hana ponoʻī. E hoʻomaka kākou me ka hana ʻekolu-dimensional (e like me kaʻu e ʻike ai):
Pehea ka ʻike ʻana o ke kaikamahine ʻo Sasha i ka hale, ka mea makaʻu o pahū ka peroxide (ʻoi aʻe ma lalo)
"ke holo nei ka moa mai lalo mai"
ʻO ka peroxide maʻemaʻe kahi wai maʻemaʻe (ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula no nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe). ʻO ka nui o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe dilute kokoke i ka nui o ka wai (1 g / cm3), ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā hopena concentrated (35% - 1,13 g / cm3...70% - 1,29 g / cm3, etc.). Ma ka density (inā loaʻa iā ʻoe nā hydrometers), hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻoholo pololei i ka neʻe ʻana o kāu hopena (ʻike mai ).
ʻO ka hydrogen peroxide ʻenehana kūloko hiki ke ʻekolu mau māka: A = 30-40%, B = 50-52%, C = 58-60%. ʻIke pinepine ʻia ka inoa "perhydrol" (ʻo ia ka ʻōlelo "perhydrol blonde"). ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo ia nō ka "brand A", i.e. ka hopena hydrogen peroxide me ka hoʻonui ʻana o 30%.
Manaʻo e pili ana i ka bleaching. Ma muli o ko mākou hoʻomanaʻo ʻana e pili ana i nā blondes, hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hydrogen peroxide (2-10%) a me ka amonia ma ke ʻano he bleaching composition no ka lauoho "operhydrolyzing". ʻAʻole hana ʻia kēia i kēia manawa. Akā, aia ka peroxide niho whitening. Ma ke ala, ʻo ka keʻokeʻo o ka ʻili o nā lima ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana me ka peroxide he ʻano "operhydration" i hana ʻia e nā tausani. , i.e. ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā capillaries e nā ʻōmole oxygen i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka decomposition o ka peroxide.
Hoʻokomo ʻia ka peroxide lāʻau lapaʻau i ka wai demineralized i ka peroxide me ka manaʻo o 59-60%, e hoʻoheheʻe i ka concentrate i ka pae i makemake ʻia (3% ma ko mākou ʻāina, 6% ma USA).
Ma waho aʻe o ka paʻa, kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi ka pae pH. ʻO ka hydrogen peroxide he ʻakika nāwaliwali. Hōʻike ke kiʻi ma lalo nei i ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ka pH o kahi solution hydrogen peroxide i ka ʻike nui.
ʻOi aku ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka hopena, ʻoi aku ka pili o kona pH i ka pH o ka wai. Loaʻa ka pH haʻahaʻa (= ka ʻakika loa) ma nā ʻāpana o 55-65% (papa B e like me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻāina).
Pono e ʻike ma aneʻi, me ka minamina, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka pH no ka helu ʻana i ka noʻonoʻo no nā kumu he nui. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻaneʻane loaʻa nā peroxide hou ma o ka oxidation o nā anthraquinones. Hoʻokumu kēia kaʻina hana i nā huahana ʻawaʻawa hiki ke hoʻopau i ka peroxide i pau. ʻO kēlā mau mea. He ʻokoʻa paha ka pH mai ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka papa ma luna ma muli o ka maʻemaʻe o ka H2O2. ʻO Ultra-pure peroxide (no ka laʻana, i hoʻohana ʻia no ka wahie rocket a e kamaʻilio kaʻawale wau) ʻaʻole i loko o nā haumia. ʻO ka lua, ua hoʻohui pinepine ʻia ka acid stabilizers i ka hydrogen peroxide kalepa (ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka peroxide i ka pH haʻahaʻa), e "lubricate" i nā heluhelu. A ʻo ke kolu, ʻo nā chelate stabilizers (no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā haumia metala, ʻoi aku e pili ana iā lākou ma lalo nei) hiki ke lilo i alkaline a i ʻole acidic a pili i ka pH o ka hopena hope.
ʻO ke ala maikaʻi loa e hoʻoholo ai i ka noʻonoʻo (). Ua like loa ka ʻenehana, akā hiki ke loaʻa nā reagents a pau e pono ai no ka hoʻāʻo. Pono ʻoe i ka waikawa sulfuric concentrated (electrolyte bateria) a me ka potassium permanganate maʻamau. E like me kā B. Gates i hoʻōho ai, "Ua lawa ka 640 kb o ka hoʻomanaʻo no nā mea a pau!", E hoʻōho hoʻi au i kēia manawa, "Hiki i nā mea a pau ke hoʻopaʻa i ka peroxide!" :). ʻOiai ke haʻi mai nei kaʻu intuition iaʻu inā kūʻai ʻoe i ka hydrogen peroxide i loko o kahi lāʻau lapaʻau a ʻaʻole mālama iā ia no nā makahiki he mau makahiki, a laila ʻaʻole paha e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka fluctuations i ka ± 1%, akā naʻe, e wehewehe wau i ke ʻano o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, no ka mea, aia nā reagents. loaʻa a maʻalahi ka algorithm.
Ke nānā ʻana i ka hydrogen peroxide pāʻoihana no nā lice
E like me kāu e koho ai, e nānā mākou me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka titration. Hāʻawi ka ʻenehana i kekahi e hoʻoholo pololei i nā manaʻo mai 0,25 a 50%.
ʻO ka algorithm hōʻoia penei:
1. E hoʻomākaukau i kahi hopena 0,1N o ka potassium permanganate. No ka hana ʻana i kēia, e hoʻoheheʻe i 3,3 grams o ka potassium permanganate i 1 lita o ka wai. E wela i ka hopena i kahi ʻeha a hoʻolapalapa no 15 mau minuke.
2. E koho i ka nui o ka peroxide i makemake ʻia e hoʻāʻo ʻia (ma muli o ka manaʻo i manaʻo ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi, inā loaʻa iā ʻoe he 3%, me ka manaʻo e lilo koke ia i 50% he naʻaupō ia):
Hoʻololi mākou i ka leo i koho ʻia i loko o ka ʻōmole a kaupaona ʻia ma nā unahi (e hoʻomanaʻo e kaomi i ke pihi Tara i ʻole e noʻonoʻo i ke kaumaha o ka hue ponoʻī)
3. E ninini i kā mākou laʻana i loko o ka pahu volumetric 250 ml (a i ʻole ka ʻōmole pēpē me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka leo) a kau i luna a hiki i ka hōʻailona (“250”) me ka wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. Huikau.
4. E ninini i 500 ml o ka wai i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i loko o kahi pahu conical 250 ml (="half-lita jar"), e hoʻohui i 10 ml o ka sulfuric acid concentrated a me 25 ml o kā mākou hopena mai ka pae 3.
5. E hoʻokuʻu i kēlā me kēia kulu (ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi mai kahi pipette me ka kaha nui) i kahi hopena o 0,1N potassium permanganate i loko o kā mākou pahu hapalua lita mai ka pae 4. Hāʻule - hui ʻia, hāʻule - hui ʻia. A pēlā mākou e hoʻomau ai a loaʻa i ka solution transparent kahi ʻulaʻula liʻiliʻi. Ma muli o ka hopena o ka hopena, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka peroxide e hana i ka oxygen a me ka wai, a ua hoʻemi ʻia ka manganese (VI) i ka potassium permanganate i manganese (II).
5H2O2 + 2KMnO4 + 4H2SO4 = 2KHSO4 +2MnSO4 + 5O2 + 8H2O
6. E helu mākou i ka neʻe ʻana o kā mākou peroxide: C H2O2 (mass%) = [Ka nui o ka solution potassium permanganate in ml*0,1*0,01701*1000]/[ka nui o ka hāpana ma ka grams, mai ka ʻanuʻu 2] PALAPALA!!!
Kūkākūkā kūʻokoʻa e pili ana i ke kūpaʻa mālama
Manaʻo ʻia ka hydrogen peroxide he pūhui paʻa ʻole i hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. Hoʻonui ka nui o ka decomposition me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, ka ʻike a me ka pH. ʻO kēlā mau mea. Ma ka laulā, hana ka lula:
... hōʻike ʻia ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa o nā hāʻina anu, dilute, acidic...
Hoʻonui ʻia ka decomposition e: hoʻonui i ka mahana (hoʻonui i ka wikiwiki e 2,2 mau manawa no kēlā me kēia 10 degere Celsius, a ma kahi mahana ma kahi o 150 degere, concentrates ma ka laulā. decompose like me ka avalanche me ka pahū), hoʻonui i ka pH (ʻoi loa ma ka pH > 6-8)
ʻŌlelo e pili ana i ke aniani: Hiki ke mālama ʻia i loko o nā ʻōmole aniani, no ka mea Hiki i ke aniani ke hana i kahi kaiapuni alkaline ke hoʻopili ʻia me ka wai maʻemaʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi e kōkua i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.
Hoʻopilikia i ka nui o ka decomposition a me ka hele ʻana o nā mea haumia (ʻoi aku ka nui o nā metala hoʻololi e like me ke keleawe, manganese, hao, kālā, platinum), ʻike i ka radiation ultraviolet. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻo ke kumu paʻakikī nui ka piʻi ʻana o ka pH a me ka hele ʻana o nā mea haumia. Ma ka awelika, me nā kūlana o 30% hydrogen peroxide nalowale ma kahi o .
No ka wehe ʻana i nā haumia, hoʻohana ʻia ka kānana ultrafine (ka wehe ʻana i nā ʻāpana) a i ʻole chelates (nā mea hoʻohuihui) e hoʻopaʻa ai i nā ion metala. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā chelates , koloidal aiʻole sodium pyrophosphate (25-250 mg/l), organophosphonates, nitrates (+ pH regulators a corrosion inhibitors), phosphoric acid (+ pH regulator), sodium silicate (stabilizer).
ʻAʻole i ʻōlelo ʻia ka mana o ka radiation ultraviolet i ka nui o ka decomposition e like me ka pH a i ʻole ka mahana, akā hiki nō ia (e nānā i ke kiʻi):
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka piʻi ʻana o ka molecular extinction coefficient me ka emi ʻana o ka hawewe ultraviolet.
ʻO ka coefficient hoʻopau molar kahi ana o ka ikaika o ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana o ke kemika i ka mālamalama ma kahi hawewe i hāʻawi ʻia.
Ma ke ala, ua kapa ʻia kēia kaʻina decomposition i hoʻomaka ʻia e nā photon he photolysis:
ʻO Photolysis (ʻike pū ʻia ʻo photodissociation a me photodecomposition) he hopena kemika kahi e wāwahi ʻia ai kahi mea kemika (inorganic a i ʻole organik) e nā kiʻi ma hope o ka launa pū ʻana me kahi mole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Hiki i nā photon me ka ikehu lawa (ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka ikehu dissociation o ka hoʻopaʻa paʻa) hiki ke hana i ka decomposition. Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia kahi hopena like me ka radiation ultraviolet me nā kukui-x a me nā kukui-γ.
He aha kā mākou e ʻōlelo ai ma ka laulā? A ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e mālama ʻia ka peroxide i loko o kahi pahu opaque, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, i loko o nā ʻōmole aniani ʻeleʻele e ālai i ka mālamalama keu (ʻoiai ʻo ia ka "hopu"! = "decomposes koke"). ʻAʻole pono ʻoe e mālama i kahi omole peroxide kokoke i ka mīkini X-ray :) ʻAe, mai kēia (UR 203Ex (?):
... mai ""ʻO ka peroxide (a me kāu mea aloha, e ʻoiaʻiʻo) pono e mālama ʻia.
He mea nui ia ma waho aʻe o ka opaque, pono e hana ʻia ka ipu / ʻōmole me nā mea "peroxide-resistant", e like me ke kila kila a i ʻole ke aniani (maikaʻi, + kekahi mau plastics a me nā alumini alumini). Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi hōʻailona no ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana (e pono no nā kauka e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ana i kā lākou mau mea hana):
ʻO ka moʻolelo lepili penei: A - kūpono maikaʻi loa, B - kūpono maikaʻi, hopena liʻiliʻi (micro-corrosion a i ʻole discoloration), C - kūpono ʻole (ʻaʻole i ʻōlelo ʻia no ka hoʻohana lōʻihi, hiki ke nalowale i ka ikaika, etc.), D - ʻaʻohe kūpono (= ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana). ʻO ke kaha kaha ʻo ia hoʻi "ʻaʻohe ʻike i loaʻa." Nā helu helu helu: 1 - ʻoluʻolu ma 22 ° C, 2 - ʻoluʻolu ma 48 ° C, 3 - ʻoluʻolu ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā gaskets a me nā sila.
ʻO nā hana palekana i ka wā e hana ai me ka hydrogen peroxide
ʻIke ʻia paha i ka poʻe i heluhelu i kēia mamao ʻo ka peroxide he mea hoʻoheheʻe ikaika, ʻo ia hoʻi he mea pono e mālama ʻia mai nā mea hiki ke ahi a me nā mea hoʻemi. Hiki ke hana ʻia ka H2O2, ma ke ʻano maʻemaʻe a me ka diluted i ka hui ʻana me nā mea hoʻohuihui. Ke noʻonoʻo nei i nā mea a pau i luna, hiki iā mākou ke kākau e like me kēia
ʻAʻole kūpono ka hydrogen peroxide me nā mea flammable, nā wai a me nā metala a me kā lākou mau paʻakai (no ka emi ʻana o ka hopena catalytic) - osmium, palladium, platinum, iridium, gula, kālā, manganese, cobalt, keleawe, ke kēpau.
Ma ke kamaʻilio ʻana e pili ana i nā catalysts decomposition metala, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke haʻi ʻokoʻa . ʻAʻole wale ʻo ia ka metala ʻoi loa ma ka Honua, ʻo ia ka mea kaua maikaʻi loa o ka honua no ka wāwahi ʻana i ka hydrogen peroxide.
ʻO ka hopena o ka wikiwiki ʻana i ka decomposition o ka hydrogen peroxide no kēia metala e ʻike ʻia i nā nui ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia e kēlā me kēia ʻano analytical - i mea e hiki ai (x3-x5 mau manawa e pili ana i ka peroxide me ka ʻole o ka catalyst) decompose peroxide i oxygen a me ka wai. pono ʻoe i 1 gram osmium no 1000 tons o ka hydrogen peroxide.
Manaʻo e pili ana i ka "ʻano pahū": (Ua makemake koke wau e kākau "ʻO wau ka peroxide", akā ua hilahila). I ka hihia o ka hydrogen peroxide, ʻo ke kaikamahine spherical Sasha, nāna e hana me kēia peroxide, makaʻu pinepine i kahi pahū. A ma ke kumu, ua kūpono ka makaʻu o Alexandra. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, hiki i ka peroxide ke pahū no nā kumu ʻelua. ʻO ka mea mua, mai ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i loko o kahi pahu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e loaʻa kahi decomposition lohi o H2O2, ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka oxygen. E piʻi a piʻi ka paʻi i loko o ka pahu a hiki i ka BOOM! ʻO ka lua, aia kahi hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka hydrogen peroxide me kekahi mau mea, hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia nā pūhui peroxide paʻa ʻole, hiki ke hoʻopau mai ka hopena, ka wela, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. I loko o kahi puke ʻelima puʻupuʻu maikaʻi Nui nā mea i ʻōlelo ʻia e pili ana i kēia a ua hoʻoholo wau e hūnā ma lalo o kahi mea hao. Pili ka ʻike i hydrogen peroxide paʻa >= 30% a me <50%:
Kūlike ʻole loa
pahū ma ka launa pū me: nā waiʻona + sulfuric acid, acetal + acetic acid + wela, acetic acid + N-heterocycles (ma luna o 50 °C), aromatic hydrocarbons + trifluoroacetic acid, azelaic acid + sulfuric acid (ma kahi o 45 °C), tert-butanol + sulfuric acid , nā waikawa carboxylic (formic, acetic, tartaric), diphenyl diselenide (ma luna o 53 °C), 2-ethoxyethanol + polyacrylamide gel + toluene + wela, gallium + hydrochloric acid, hao (II) sulfate + nitric acid + carboxymethylcellulose, nitric acid + nā ketones (2-butanone, 3-pentanone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone), nā kumu nitrogenous (ammonia, hydrazine hydrate, dimethylhydrazine), pūhui organik (glycerin, acetic acid, ethanol, aniline, quinoline, cellulose, lepo lanahu), nā mea kūlohelohe + sulfuric ʻakika (ʻoi loa i loko o nā wahi paʻa), wai + oxygen-containing organics (acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetone, ethanol, formaldehyde, formic acid, methanol, propanol, propanal), vinyl acetate, alcohols + tin chloride, phosphorus oxide (V), phosphorus, nitric acid , stibnite, arsenic trisulfide, chlorine + potassium hydroxide + chlorosulfonic acid, copper sulfide, hao (II) sulfide, formic acid + organic contaminants, hydrogen selenide, lead di- and monoxide, ke kēpau (II) sulfide, manganese dioxide , mercury oxide (I), molybdenum disulfide, sodium iodate, mercuric oxide + nitric acid, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, thiourea + acetic acid
kukui i ka pili me: ka waiʻona furfuryl, nā metala pauka (magnesium, zinc, hao, nickel), sawdust
hana ino me: alumini isoropoxide+paʻakai metala kaumaha, lanahu, lanahu, lithium tetrahydroaluminate, metala alkali, methanol+ʻakika phosphoric, pūhui mea ola unsaturated, tin (II) chloride, cobalt oxide, iron oxide, lead hydroxide, nickel oxide
Ma ke kumu, inā e mālama ʻoe i ka peroxide concentrated me ka mahalo a ʻaʻole e hui pū me nā mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, a laila hiki iā ʻoe ke hana ʻoluʻolu no nā makahiki a ʻaʻole makaʻu i kekahi mea. Akā mālama ke Akua i ka mea maikaʻi loa, no laila ke neʻe mālie nei mākou i nā lako pale pilikino.
PPE a me ka pane
Ua ala ka manaʻo o ke kākau ʻana i kahi ʻatikala i koʻu hoʻoholo ʻana e hana i kahi leka i loko , hoʻolaʻa i nā pilikia o ka hana palekana me nā hāʻina H2O2 koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, nui ka poʻe heluhelu i kūʻai i nā canisters o perhydrol (inā "ʻaʻohe mea i loko o ka lāʻau lapaʻau" / "ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hele i ka lāʻau lapaʻau") a hiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o ke ahi kemika i ka wela o ka manawa. No laila, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea i kākau ʻia ma lalo (a ma luna) e pili nui i nā hoʻonā me ka ʻike ma luna o 6%. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka manaʻo, ʻoi aku ka pili o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka PPE.
No ka hana palekana, ʻo nā mea a pau āu e pono ai ma ke ʻano he mea pale ponoʻī he mau mīkina lima i hana ʻia me ka polyvinyl chloride/butyl rubber, polyethylene, polyester a me nā plastics ʻē aʻe e pale ai i ka ʻili o kou mau lima, nā maka aniani a i ʻole nā maka pale i hana ʻia me nā mea polymer māmā e pale ai i kou mau maka. Inā hoʻokumu ʻia nā aerosol, e hoʻohui i kahi respirator me ka pale anti-aerosol i ka pahu (a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, kahi pahu kānana ABEK carbon me ka pale P3). Ke hana nei me nā haʻina palupalu (a hiki i 6%), lawa nā mīkina lima.
E noʻonoʻo wau i nā "hopena hoʻokūkū" i nā kikoʻī hou aku. ʻO ka hydrogen peroxide kahi mea ʻino loa e hoʻopau ai i ke ahi inā pili ia me ka ʻili a me nā maka. He mea ʻino inā inhaled a moni ʻia. E nānā i ke kiʻi mai SDS ("Oxidizer" - "Corrodes" - "Irritant"):
I ʻole e paʻi a puni ka ululāʻau, e kākau koke wau e pili ana i ka mea e hana ai inā hele mai ka hydrogen peroxide me ka manaʻo o> 6% me kahi kanaka spherical me ka ʻole o nā lako pale pilikino.
ma pili me ka ʻili - e holoi me ka lole maloʻo a i ʻole ka pulupulu ʻia me ka waiʻona. A laila pono ʻoe e holoi i ka ʻili i hōʻino ʻia me ka wai nui no 10 mau minuke.
ma pili me na maka - holoi koke i nā maka ākea ākea, a ma lalo o nā lihilihi, me kahi kahawai wai nāwaliwali (a i ʻole he 2% solution o ka soda baking) no ka liʻiliʻi loa he 15 mau minuke. E kelepona i ke kanaka ophthalmologist.
Ina aleia - inu nui i ka wai (= wai maʻemaʻe i loko o nā lita), carbon activated (1 papa no 10 kg o ke kaumaha), saline laxative (magnesium sulfate). Mai hoʻoulu i ka luaʻi (= ka holoi ʻana i ka ʻōpū WALE e ke kauka, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻimi, a ʻaʻohe o nā "manamana ʻelua ma ka waha" maʻamau). Mai hāʻawi i kekahi mea ma ka waha i ke kanaka ʻike ʻole.
Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa ʻOi aku ka pōʻino i ka ʻai ʻana, no ka mea, i ka wā decomposition i loko o ka ʻōpū ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka nui o ke kinoea (10 mau manawa i ka nui o kahi hopena 3%), e alakaʻi ana i ka bloating a me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o nā ʻōpū o loko. ʻO kēia ka carbon activated no...
Inā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea āpau me ka mālama ʻana i nā hopena no ke kino, a laila pono e ʻōlelo i kekahi mau huaʻōlelo hou e pili ana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka hydrogen peroxide keu / kahiko / spilled ma muli o ka ʻike ʻole.
... hoʻohana hou ʻia ka hydrogen peroxide ma o a) hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka wai a ninini ʻia i lalo o ke kahawai, a i ʻole b) decomposition me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā catalysts (sodium pyrosulfite, etc.), a i ʻole c) decomposition ma ka hoʻomehana ʻana (me ka paila)
Eia kekahi laʻana o ke ʻano o ia mea. No ka laʻana, i loko o ke keʻena hana ua hoʻokahe au i kahi lita o 30% hydrogen peroxide. ʻAʻole wau e holoi i kekahi mea, akā e hoʻohui i ka wai i loko o kahi hui o nā nui like (1: 1: 1) +one + (= "mea hoʻopiha bentonite no nā pā"). A laila hoʻomaʻemaʻe wau i kēia hui ʻana me ka wai a hiki i ka puka ʻana o kahi slurry, e kāʻei i ka slurry i loko o kahi pahu a hoʻoili i kahi bākeke wai (ʻelua hapakolu piha). A i loko o kahi bākeke wai e hoʻohui mālie wau i kahi hopena o ka sodium pyrosulfite me ka 20% keu. No ka hoʻopau ʻana i kēia mea āpau ma ka pane ʻana:
Na2S2O5 + 2H2O2 = Na2SO4 + H2SO4 + H2O
Inā ʻoe e hahai i nā kūlana o ka pilikia (kahi lita o 30% solution), a laila ʻike ʻia no ka neutralization pono ʻoe i 838 grams o ka pyrosulfite (kahi kilokani o ka paʻakai e puka mai i ka nui). ʻO ka solubility o kēia mea i ka wai he ~ 650 g / l, i.e. Ma kahi o hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua lita o ka hopena concentrated e pono ai. ʻO ka pono kēia: mai hoʻokahe i ka perhydrol ma ka papahele, a i ʻole e hoʻoheheʻe i ka ikaika, inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e lawa i nā neutralizers :)
Ke ʻimi nei ʻo Kāpena Obvious i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā mau reagents i hana ʻole i ka nui o ke kinoea i ka wā e hana ai me ka hydrogen peroxide. Hiki paha kēia, no ka laʻana, hao (II) sulfate. Kūʻai ʻia ia ma nā hale kūʻai lako a hiki i Belarus. No ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka H2O2, pono kahi hopena i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia me ka sulfuric acid:
2FeSO4 + H2O2 + H2SO4 = Fe2(SO4)3 + 2H2O
Hiki nō hoʻi iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i ka potassium iodide (ua hoʻohui pū ʻia me ka sulfuric acid):
2KI + H2O2 + H2SO4 = I2 + 2H2O + K2SO4
E hoʻomanaʻo wau e pili ana nā manaʻo āpau i ka pilikia hoʻomaka (30% solution); inā ʻoe e ninini i ka peroxide i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (3-7%), a laila hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i ka potassium permanganate acidified me ka sulfuric acid. ʻOiai inā hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka oxygen ma laila, no ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke "hana i nā mea" inā makemake ʻo ia.
E pili ana i ka pipi
Akā, ʻaʻole au i poina iā ia, e ke aloha. E like me ka uku no ka poʻe i pau ka heluhelu ʻana i kaʻu mea e hiki mai ana heluhelu lōʻihi. ʻAʻole maopopo iaʻu inā aloha ʻo Alexey JetHackers Statsenko aka e pili ana i kaʻu mau jetpacks, akā loaʻa iaʻu kekahi mau manaʻo. ʻOi loa i ka wā i loaʻa iaʻu ka manawa e nānā (a i ʻole e nānā hou) i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni Disney ma kahi lipine VHS." (ma ke kumu Rocketeer).
Penei ka pili ana. E like me kaʻu i kākau ai ma mua, hydrogen peroxide o nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (e like me ka home home B) me kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe (memo - ka mea i kapa ʻia he peroxide hoʻāʻo kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole. ) hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i wahie ma nā missiles (a me nā torpedoes). Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he oxidizer i loko o nā ʻenekini ʻelua ʻāpana (no ka laʻana, he pani no ka oxygen wai), a ma ke ʻano o ka mea i kapa ʻia. monofuel. I ka hihia hope, hoʻomoʻi ʻia ʻo H2O2 i loko o kahi "keʻena puhi ahi", kahi e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ai ma kahi catalyst metala (kekahi o nā metala i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua o ka ʻatikala, no ka laʻana, kālā a platinum) a, ma lalo o ke kaomi, ma ke ʻano o ka mahu. me kahi mahana ma kahi o 600 ° C, puka i ka nozzle, e hana ana i ka traction.
ʻO ka mea hoihoi loa, ʻo ka ʻohana pipi liʻiliʻi mai ka ʻohana pipi honua he ʻano like ʻole o loko ("keʻena kuni", nozzles, etc.) i loko o kona kino. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia me ka mana, akā iaʻu ʻo kona ʻano kūloko (= kiʻi ma ka hoʻomaka o ka ʻatikala) e hoʻomanaʻo mai iaʻu i ka ʻāpana mai ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni 1991 i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna :)
Kapa ʻia ka ʻōpala he bombardier no ka mea hiki iā ia ke kiʻi pololei i ka wai paila me ka ʻala maikaʻi ʻole mai nā ʻili ma hope o ka ʻōpū.
Hiki ke piʻi ka mahana ejection i 100 degere Celsius, a ʻo ka wikiwiki ejection he 10 m / s. Hoʻokahi pana mai ka 8 a hiki i ka 17 ms, a he 4-9 mau puʻupuʻu e hahai koke ana kekahi i kekahi. No laila ʻaʻole pono e hoʻi hou i ka hoʻomaka, e hana hou au i ke kiʻi ma aneʻi (me he mea lā ua lawe ʻia mai kahi makasina mai ka ʻatikala o ka inoa hoʻokahi).
Hoʻopuka ka pipi i ʻelua "mea wahie rocket" i loko ona (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole ia he "monopropellant"). mea hoemi ikaika - (hoʻohana mua ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomohala i ke kiʻi). A ʻo kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe ikaika he hydrogen peroxide. Ke hoʻoweliweli ʻia, hoʻopaʻa ka pipi i nā ʻiʻo e hoʻokuʻu i ʻelua mau mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o kahi keʻena hui pū me ka wai a me kahi hui o nā enzymes (peroxidases) e hoʻoheheʻe i ka peroxide. Ke hui pū ʻia, hoʻopuka nā reagents i kahi hopena exothermic ikaika, paila ka wai a lilo i kinoea (= "annihilation"). Ma keʻano laulā, hoʻopau ka pipi i ka ʻenemi me ke kahawai wai e hoʻolapalapa (akā ʻaʻole lawa no ka hoʻokuʻu mua ʻana). Akā...ʻO ka liʻiliʻi hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he kiʻi kiʻi no ka ʻāpana ʻO nā hana palekana i ka wā e hana ai me ka hydrogen peroxide. ʻO kēia ka moʻolelo:
%USERNAME%, mai hoʻolike me ka puʻupuʻu bombardier, mai hoʻohui i ka peroxide me kahi mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa me ka ʻike ʻole! 🙂
Pākuʻi e pili anaт : “Me he mea lā ua hoʻoulu ʻia ka namu pōā o ka Honua e ka pīkī plasma mai Starship Troopers. Loaʻa iā ia ka manawa kūpono (ʻaʻole ke kī!) e hoʻomohala i ka wikiwiki holo mua; ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka mīkini i ka wā o ka hoʻomohala ʻana a ua hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻolei i nā spores i loko o ka orbit i mea e hoʻonui ai i kona ākea, a he mea pono hoʻi i mea kaua e kūʻē i nā moku holo moku ʻenemi. ”
ʻAe, ua haʻi wau iā ia e pili ana i ka pīkī a hoʻokaʻawale i ka peroxide. E kū kāua i kēia manawa.
Mea nui! Hiki ke loaʻa nā mea ʻē aʻe a pau (me ke kūkākūkā o nā memo, nā kikoʻī waena a me kaʻu mau paʻi āpau) ma ke kahawai telegram . E kau inoa a hahai i nā hoʻolaha.
ʻO ka sodium dichloroisocyanurate a me "nā papa chlorine."
Mahalo: Ke haawi aku nei ka mea kakau i ka mahalo nui i na mea komo ikaika a pau kaiaulu LAB-66 — ka poʻe e kākoʻo ikaika ana i ke kālā i kā mākou "koki ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana" (= telegram channel), kā mākou kamaʻilio (a me nā poʻe akamai i loko e hāʻawi i ke kākoʻo ʻenehana a puni ka manawa (!!!)), a ʻo ka mea kākau hope loa iā ia iho. Mahalo no kēia mau mea a pau, e nā kāne, mai !
"osmium catalyst" no ka ulu a me ka ulu ʻana o ke kaiāulu i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna: ===>
1. kāleka haku 5536 0800 1174 5555
2. kālā Yandex
3. kālā pūnaewele 650377296748
4. crypt BTC: 3QRyF2UwcKECVtk1Ep8scndmCBoRATvZkx, ETH: 0x3Aa313FA17444db70536A0ec5493F3aaA49C9CBf
5. Lilo
Nā kumu hoʻohana
ʻO Shandala M.G. ʻO nā pilikia o kēia manawa i ka disinfection maʻamau. Nā haʻiʻōlelo i koho ʻia. - M.: Lapaʻau, 2009. 112 p.
Lewis, R. J. Sr. Na Waiwai Pilikino o Sax o na Mea Hana Hana. 12th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2012., p. V4: 2434
Haynes, W. M. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 4-67
WT Hess "Hydrogen Peroxide". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 13 (4th ed.). Nu Ioka: Wiley. (1995). pp. 961–995.
C. W. Jones, J. H. Clark. Hoʻohana i ka Hydrogen Peroxide a me nā mea hoʻohui. Royal Society of Chemistry, 1999.
Ronald Hage, Achim Lienke; Lienke Noi o Transition-Metal Catalysts i Textile a me Wood-Pulp Bleaching. ʻO Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 45(2):206–222. (2005).
Schildknecht, H.; Holoubek, K. ʻO ka namu pōā a me kona pahū kemika. Angewandte Chemie. 73:1–7. (1961).
Jones, Craig W. Nā noi o ka hydrogen peroxide a me kāna mau mea i loaʻa. Royal Society of Chemistry (1999)
Goor, G.; Glenneberg, J.; Jacobi, S. Hydrogen Peroxide. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. (2007).
Ascenzi, Joseph M., ed. ʻO ka puke lima o nā disinfectants a me nā antiseptics. Nu Ioka: M. Dekker. p. 161. (1996).
Rutala, WA; Weber, DJ Disinfection a me Sterilization i loko o nā keʻena mālama olakino: He aha nā mea lapaʻau e pono ai e ʻike. Nā maʻi lele kino. 39(5):702–709. (2004).
Block, Seymour S., ed. Mokuna 9: Pūhui Peroxygen. Disinfection, sterilization, a me ka mālama ʻana (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. pp. 185–204. (2000).
O'Neil, M. J. The Merck Index—He Encyclopedia of Chemical, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013, p. 889
Larranaga, MD, Lewis, RJ Sr., Lewis, RA; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016, p. 735
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985, p. 510
Larranaga, MD, Lewis, RJ Sr., Lewis, RA; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016, p. 735
ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili o nā mea koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi e pili ana i nā pilikia o ka disinfection, sterilization, disinfestation, deratization: Ma 5 volumes / Inform.-ed. kikowaena o ke Komite Moku'āina no ka Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision o Rusia. Hui Hui, Ke Keʻena ʻImi ʻImi o Kāohi. toxicology a me ka disinfection; Ma lalo o ka laulā ed. M. G. Shandaly. - M.: Rarog LLP, 1994
A aneane poina wau, he ʻōlelo aʻo no nā hoa pili ʻole :)
Akahana: ʻO nā ʻike a pau i hōʻike ʻia ma ka ʻatikala e hāʻawi wale ʻia no nā kumu ʻike a ʻaʻole ia he kāhea pololei e hana. Hana ʻoe i nā manipulations āpau me nā reagents kemika a me nā mea hana i kou pilikia a me ka pilikia. ʻAʻohe kuleana o ka mea kākau no ka mālama pono ʻole ʻana i nā hoʻonā koʻikoʻi, ka ʻike ʻole, ka ʻike ʻole o ke kula kumu, etc. Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe manaʻo hilinaʻi i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka mea i kākau ʻia, e noi i kahi hoahānau/hoaaloha/hoaaloha nona ka hoʻonaʻauao kūikawā e nānā i kāu mau hana. A e ʻoluʻolu e hoʻohana i ka PPE me ka palekana palekana kiʻekiʻe loa.
Source: www.habr.com