Ua kamaʻilio mua ʻo Cloud4Y e pili ana i ka hoihoi kūkulu ʻia ma ka USSR. Ke hoʻomau nei i ke kumuhana, e hoʻomanaʻo kākou i nā papahana ʻē aʻe i manaʻo maikaʻi ʻia, akā no nā kumu he nui ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka ʻike ākea a i hoʻopaʻa ʻia paha.
Keena ʻenekini
I ka wā o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana no ka 'Olumepika-80, ua hoʻoholo ʻia e hōʻike i nā mea āpau (a ʻo ka mea mua i nā ʻāina kapitalista) i ke ʻano hou o ka USSR. A ua lilo nā hale hoʻokele kinoea i kekahi o nā ala e hōʻike ai i ka ikaika a me nā hana maikaʻi loa o ka ʻāina. I Iapana, ua kauoha ʻia kekahi mau (e like me kekahi mau hōʻike, 5 a i ʻole 8, akā ʻaʻole pololei ka helu) ua kauoha ʻia nā hale hoʻokele kinoea, he ʻokoʻa loa ia mai nā keʻena kinoea maʻamau.
Ua kau ʻia ka mea mua ma Brovarsky Prospekt ma Kyiv, ma waena o nā kikowaena metro Darnitsa a me Levoberezhna. Ma ke ala, hana ke kinoea a , ʻoiai ʻaʻole hānai hou ʻia nā nozzle wahie mai luna mai. Ke waiho wale nei ke koena o ka lako i loko o ka hale kūʻai no ka manawa lōʻihi, a popopo a ʻaihue ʻia paha, akā, ʻo ke koena, ua lawa wale nō ia no hoʻokahi hale kiʻi ʻea. Ua kau ʻia ʻo ia ma ke alanui Kharkov.
ʻAʻole lākou i hana hou i kēia mau mea. Eia naʻe, aia kekahi mau mea ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi laʻana, ma Kuibyshev (ʻo Samara kēia manawa), ma ke kuʻina o ke alaloa Moskovsky a me ke alanui Revolutionary, aia kahi pahu hau, kahi i hoʻolakoʻia ai ka wahie mai luna mai.
Ma ke ala nui o ke Kai ʻEleʻele ma Nizhnyaya Khobz (kokoke iā Sochi) aia kahi pahu pahu hau. Ua kūkulu ʻia ke kahua i ka makahiki 1975 e like me ka papahana mua, e noʻonoʻo ana i ke ʻano o ka ʻāina, nā kūlana climatic a ua lako me nā lako hale.
Minamina no ka pau ʻana o nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo no ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā hale hoʻokele kinoea. ʻAʻole i mākaukau ka ʻāina i ka hoʻolālā ʻana, no laila ʻaʻole i loli nui ke ʻano o ke kahua kinoea a hiki i kēia lā. ʻAe, ua lilo nā mea a pau i mea hou a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi, akā ua like ke ʻano. A pehea e pili ana i ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana o nā hale hoʻopihapiha ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe? Eia kahi koho liʻiliʻi o nā hale hau nani.
Nui nā kiʻi hoʻokele kinoea
ʻO ke kinoea ma ke alaloa Kharkov
Hoʻopiha piha ʻia i Sochi i kēia manawa
A eia kekahi hale ho'okele kinoea ma'amau. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke kiʻi i ka makahiki 1977.
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻo POPS Arcadia Route 66 ma Oklahoma (USA) mai kahi lōʻihi aku me kahi ʻōmole nunui 20 mika ke kiʻekiʻe.
Ua loaʻa kēia ʻano i ka hale hoʻokele kinoea ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo ʻAmelika ʻo Zilla no ka hoʻohanohano ʻana i ka mauna kokoke, i loko o ka ʻōpū i lawe ʻia ai ka ʻaila. Ua kapa ʻia ka mauna ʻo Tipot Dome, ʻo ia ka consonant me ka huaʻōlelo teapot - ʻo ia hoʻi, he teapot.
Akā, ʻaʻole e kūkulu ʻia kahi hale hoʻokele kinoea e like me Kanada. Ua like ʻo ia me kahi pōʻino ahi
ʻO ke keʻena kinoea mai ke kūlanakauhale Slovak o Matushkovo, i kūkulu ʻia ma 2011, he mea hoihoi nō hoʻi. Ua like ke ʻano o ka canopy me nā ipu lele
Akā ʻo kēia "keʻena kinoea gula" mai Iraq e hoʻohālike iā ʻoe e like me King Midas.
ʻO ke kī i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e Malevich
ʻAʻole, ʻaʻole ʻeleʻele. Keʻokeʻo. Ua hele mai ka mea pena kaulana me kahi lawelawe o ke ʻano geometric maʻamau. Ua hoʻohana ʻo Kazimir i kona ola holoʻokoʻa e ʻimi ana i nā ʻano hou, e hoʻāʻo nei e hoʻololi i ka manaʻo o ke ʻano o nā mea maʻamau. A ma ka hihia o ka lawelawe, ua lanakila ʻo ia.
Ua hiki ke hana i ka lawelawe ma muli o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma hope o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ʻOkakopa, ua hoʻomaka ka Imperial Porcelain Factory e hana i ka porcelain "revolutionary in content, perfect in form and impeccable in technical execution." A ua huki ikaika ʻo ia i nā mea pena kiʻi avant-garde e hana i nā hōʻiliʻili hou.
ʻO ka lawelawe a Malevich, he ʻehā mau mea, he hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi o ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā manaʻo avant-garde i nā mea hana. ʻEhā kīʻaha i hana ʻia ma ke ʻano o nā hemispheres maʻalahi me nā lima ʻehā. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kahi ipu hao ma ke ʻano he lanakila o ka hoʻolālā ma luna o ka hana a me ka maʻalahi. ʻO kona ʻano maʻamau e huikau iā ʻoe.
ʻAʻole ʻoluʻolu nā kīʻaha Malevich, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manaʻo no ka mea pena. ʻAʻole i komo nā huahana a ka poʻe avant-garde i ka hana nui, ʻoiai ke hana ʻia nei ka lawelawe ma ka Imperial Porcelain Factory.
Nā kiʻi hou aku
Lunar base "Zvezda"
ʻO ka hoʻolālā kikoʻī mua o kahi kumu ma ka Moon. Ua noʻonoʻo ʻia ka manaʻo o ke kūlanakauhale lunar i nā makahiki 1960 a me 70s. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻohana i ke kikowaena ma ka mahina wale nō no nā kumu ʻepekema, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he pūʻali koa pū kekahi: hiki iā ia ke hoʻokomo i nā ʻōnaehana missile a me nā mea hoʻokele i hiki ʻole i nā mea kaua honua. Ua hiki ka papahana i kona pae hope, akā ma muli o ka nui o nā pilikia, pono nā kānaka ʻepekema e hōʻemi i ka papahana.
Wahi a ka papahana, ʻo ka "lunar train" me 4 astronauts ma luna o ka moku e pae mua i ka mahina. Me ke kōkua o ke kaʻaahi, e alakaʻi ka poʻe huakaʻi i kahi noiʻi kikoʻī o ia wahi a hoʻomaka i ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi kahua lunar no ka manawa pōkole. Me ke kōkua o nā kaʻa hoʻolana kaumaha, ua hoʻolālā ʻia e hāʻawi i nā modula 9 i ka ʻili o ka lunar. He kumu kikoʻī ko kēlā me kēia module: kahi keʻena hana, kahi lumi hoʻopaʻa, kahi hale hana, kahi kaʻa, kahi hale ʻaina, kahi pou kōkua mua me kahi hale haʻuki, a me ʻekolu mau wahi noho.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o nā modula i noho ʻia he 8,6 m, ke anawaena - 3,3 m; ka huina nui - 18 tons Ua hāʻawi ʻia kahi poloka pōkole ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 4 m ka lōʻihi i ka Moon, ma kahi. A laila, mahalo i kahi accordion metala, ua kikoo ʻia i ka lōʻihi i makemake ʻia. Ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻopiha ʻia ka loko i nā lako inflatable, a ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā keʻena ola no nā kānaka ʻelua.
Ua koho ʻia nā luina no nā moku lunar, ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā huakaʻi no ka hopena o 1980s. He aha ka hewa? Ua piʻi nā kaʻa hoʻolele. Ua pani ʻia ka papahana ma Nowemapa 24, 1972, i ka manawa i pau ai ka hā o ka "lunar rocket" N-1 i kahi ulia pōpilikia. Wahi a ka poʻe loiloi, ʻo ke kumu o ka pahū ʻana ʻo ka hiki ʻole ke hoʻonohonoho i ka nui o nā mīkini. ʻO kēia ka hāʻule nui loa o S.P. Moiwahine. Eia kekahi, ua helu nā mea hoʻolālā ma kahi o 50 biliona rubles (80 biliona kālā) e koi ʻia no nā huakaʻi lunar, kūkulu a me ka noho ʻana o ka waihona lunar. Ua nui loa. Ua mālama ʻia ka manaʻo o ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi waihona lunar a hiki i hope.
Nānā a me nā kaha kiʻi
OS DEMOS
Ma kahi o 1982-1983 ma ka Institute of Atomic Energy. Ua lawe mai ʻo I. V. Kurchatov i nā māhele o ka ʻōnaehana hana UNIX (v6 a me v7). Ma ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā loea mai nā hui ʻē aʻe i ka hana, ua hoʻāʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema e hoʻololi i ka OS i nā kūlana Soviet: unuhi i ka ʻōlelo Lūkini a hoʻokumu i ka launa pū me ka ʻenehana home. ʻO ka mea mua, me nā mīkini SM-4 a me SM-1420. Ua lawe ʻia ka localization e ka Institute for Advanced Studies o ka Ministry of Automotive Industry.
Ma hope o ka hui ʻana o ka hui, ua kapa ʻia ka papahana DEMOS (Interactive Unified Mobile Operating System). He mea ʻakaʻaka ke kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo UNAS, me he mea lā e kūʻē ana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo UNIX ka "loaʻa iā lākou". A kapa ʻia ka Minavtoprom i ka ʻōnaehana MNOS (Machine-Independent Operating System).
Ua hoʻohui maikaʻi ka Soviet OS i ʻelua mana o Unix: ka 16-bit DEC PDP OS a me ka ʻōnaehana 32-bit VAX. Ua hana ʻo DEMOS ma nā hale hana ʻelua. A i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ka hana ʻana o ka SM 1700, kahi analogue o ka VAX 730, i ka mea kanu ma Vilnius, ua kau ʻia ka DEMOS OS ma luna.
I ka makahiki 1985, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka mana DEMOS 2.0, a i ka makahiki 1988, ua hāʻawi ʻia nā mea hoʻomohala o ka Soviet OS i ka makana ʻepekema a me Technology o ka USSR Council of Ministers. Akā i ka makahiki 1990 ua pani ʻia ka papahana. He mea minamina. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻo wai ka mea ʻike, hiki paha i kā mākou hoʻomohala ke ʻoi aku ma mua o ka huahana ʻenemi mai Microsoft?
Nā kiʻi hou aku
Nā mea hoʻomohala DEMOS ma hope o ka hana hoʻohanohano
Aia kekahi puke ma ka Soviet OS. A ʻoi aku kāna kūʻai!
ʻO ka hui i kapa ʻia ma hope o ka OS i hana ʻia i ola i ka USSR
Kahi hana a Rodchenko
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hale kūkulu hale o Alexander Rodchenko, i kapa ʻia ʻo "Workers' Club", i ka USSR Pavilion ma ka International Exhibition of Decorative Arts ma Paris i ka makahiki 1925. ʻO ia ka hōʻikeʻike honua nui mua i komo ai ka Soviet Union. Ua hana ʻo Rodchenko i kahi ākea multifunctional e hōʻike ana i nā manaʻo o kahi hui hou e nānā ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana. Ua manaʻo ʻia e lilo ka loko i ke ʻano kumu o nā hui limahana, ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻolālā a me ka hoʻolālā.
ʻAʻole ʻo ka Hui Hana he lumi i hoʻonani ʻia i ke ʻano hana kūkulu. He philosophy maoli ia o ka hana ʻana i kahi e hiki ai i nā limahana Soviet ke hoʻololi i nā manaʻo, hāʻawi i nā haʻiʻōlelo, hoʻonaʻauao iā lākou iho, pāʻani chess, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Eia kekahi laʻana, hiki i ke kahua peʻe ke lilo i wahi no nā haʻiʻōlelo, nā hana keaka, nā ahiahi keaka, a no ka mālama ʻana i ka lewa, ua hana ʻia ka pākaukau chess i mea e hiki ai i nā mea pāʻani ke hoʻololi i ke kala o nā ʻāpana me ke ala ʻole. Wahi a Rodchenko, ua alakaʻi ʻia ʻo ia e ke kumu "e hiki ai ke kau i ka mea i kāna hana ma luna o kahi wahi nui, a me ka hoʻopili paʻa ʻana i ka wā e pau ai ka hana."
ʻEhā kala i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻolālā - hina, ʻulaʻula, ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo. Hāʻawi ʻia ke kala ʻana i mea koʻikoʻi - ʻo ia ke ʻano o nā mea a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana.
Ua loaʻa i ka papahana kahi mekala kālā, a ma hope o ka hōʻikeʻike ua hōʻike ʻia i ka ʻAha Komunista Farani, no laila ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia ma Rusia. Eia naʻe, i ka makahiki 2008, ua kūkulu hou nā loea Kelemania i ka hui no kā lākou hōʻikeʻike "Mai Plane a Space. Malevich a me Early Modernism", a laila hāʻawi i kahi kope i ka Tretyakov Gallery.
Nā kiʻi keʻena hou aku
moku lalo
He moʻolelo koʻikoʻi piha i nā kuko kiu a me nā pahū pohihihi. I nā makahiki 1930, ʻo Alexander Trebelsky (e like me nā kumu ʻē aʻe - Trebelev) i ʻōlelo maoli i ka manaʻo o ka hana ʻana i kahi "subterrine" - kahi kaʻa e hiki ai ke neʻe i lalo e like me nā pale tunneling, akā i ka manawa like me ka wikiwiki, ʻoi aku ka mālie. a oi aku ka pono.
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Trebelevsky e hana i kahi supercircuit thermal - kahi mea, inā pono, hiki ke hoʻomehana i ka ʻili o waho o ka moku lalo a puhi i ka lepo paʻa. Akā ma hope ua haʻalele ʻo ia i kēia manaʻo, no ka hana ʻana i kahi hoʻolālā, ke kumu o ka hana ʻana i ʻaiʻē ʻia mai kahi mole maʻamau. ʻEli kēia mau holoholona i ka lepo ma ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ko lākou mau wāwae a me ke poʻo, a laila hoʻokuʻi i ko lākou kino me ko lākou mau wāwae hope. I kēia hihia, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka honua i loko o nā paia o ka lua i loaʻa.
Ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka moku lalo ma ke ʻano like. Aia kekahi wili ikaika ma ke kakaka, aia ma waenakonu he mau augers e kaomi ana i ka pōhaku i loko o nā paia o nā pūnāwai, a ma hope he ʻehā mau ʻoki ikaika e hoʻoneʻe i ka mea hana i mua. Me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka drill i ka wikiwiki o 300 rpm, ua uhi ka moku lalo i kahi mamao o 10 m i hoʻokahi hola. Me he mea lā ua kūleʻa. ʻIke ʻia ua hana.
I ka makahiki 1933, ua hopu ʻia ʻo Trebelevsky e ka NKVD no ka mea i kāna huakaʻi i Kelemānia ua hui ʻo ia me kekahi ʻenekinia a lawe mai i nā kiʻi mai laila mai. Ua ʻike ʻia ua ʻaiʻē ʻo Trebelevsky i ka manaʻo o kahi moku lalo mai Horner von Wern a hoʻāʻo e hoʻomanaʻo. Ua pau nā kaha kiʻi ma kahi o ka NKVD. E like me ka ʻenekinia ponoʻī.
Ua hoʻomanaʻo hou ʻia ka mole hao i ka makahiki 60: Ua hoʻohiki ʻo Nikita Khrushchev i ka lehulehu "e kiʻi i nā imperialist ʻaʻole wale ma ka lewa, akā ma lalo hoʻi." ʻO nā manaʻo kiʻekiʻe o ka USSR i pili i ka hana ma ka moku hou: ʻo ka Leningrad professor Babaev a me Sakharov academician. ʻO ka hopena o ka hana koʻikoʻi he kaʻa me kahi reactor nuklea, i hoʻomalu ʻia e kahi ohua o 5 mau lālā o ka hui a hiki ke lawe i hoʻokahi tona o nā mea pahū a me 15 mau mea kaua. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka subterrin i ka hāʻule o 1964 ma nā Urals kokoke i ka mauna Bgodadat. Ua kapa ʻia ka moku ma lalo o "Battle Mole".
Ua komo ka mea hana i ka honua me ka wikiwiki o kahi mea hele wāwae, hele ma kahi o 15 km a luku i ka hale noho o lalo o ka ʻenemi. Pīhoihoi ka pūʻali koa a me nā ʻepekema i nā hopena o ka hoʻāʻo. Ua hoʻoholo lākou e hana hou i ka hoʻokolohua, akā ua pahū ka mole kaua ma lalo o ka honua, a pepehi i nā poʻe āpau ma luna o ka moku a paʻa mau loa i loko o ka ʻōpū o nā mauna Ural. ʻAʻole ʻike maopopo ʻia ke kumu o ka pahū ʻana, no ka mea, ʻo nā mea a pau e pili ana i kēia hanana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ke ʻano he "huna huna". ʻO ka mea nui paha, ua pahū ka ʻenekini atomika o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana. Ma hope o ka ulia pōpilikia, ua hoʻopanee ʻia ka hoʻoholo no ka hoʻohana hou ʻana i ka moku lalo, a laila hoʻopau loa.
Nā kiʻi hou aku
He aha ke ʻano o ka subterrine?
Nā lako hana
ʻO ka mauna hoʻokahi kahi i hanaʻia ai nā ho'āʻo
He aha nā papahana hoihoi, akā ʻaʻole "hoʻopau" āu e hoʻomanaʻo ai?
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Kau inoa i kā mākou -channel, i ʻole e poina i ka ʻatikala aʻe! ʻAʻole mākou e kākau ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelua manawa i ka pule a ma ka ʻoihana wale nō.
Source: www.habr.com