Inā huli ʻoe i kahi kanaka maʻamau, e ʻōlelo paha ʻo ia e make ana ka lekiō, no ka mea, ma ka lumi kuke ua ʻoki ʻia ka lekiō, hana wale ka mea hoʻokipa ma ka ʻāina, a ma ke kaʻa e hoʻokani ʻia kāu mau mele punahele mai kahi uila. kaʻa a i ʻole kahi papa inoa pūnaewele. Akā, ʻike ʻoe a me aʻu inā ʻaʻole no ka lekiō, ʻaʻole mākou e heluhelu ma Habré e pili ana i ka lewa, nā kelepona kelepona, GPS, hoʻolaha kīwī, Wi-Fi, nā hoʻokolohua me nā microwaves, nā hale akamai a me IoT ma ka laulā. A ʻaʻole e noho ʻo Habr, no ka mea he lekiō ka Pūnaewele. No laila, i kēia lā, Mei 7, 2019, ke kākau nei mākou i kahi pou o ka mahalo i ka lekiō, kahi i hana nui ai no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kaiāulu ma mua o nā kipi a me nā hui intergalactic i hui pū ʻia.
ʻO ke ola o ka lekiō, ʻaʻole ia he moʻolelo wale nō o kekahi mea ʻenehana, ʻo ke ola maoli nō ia: ʻaʻole i manaʻoʻiʻo nā mākua i ia mea a manaʻoʻiʻo he hiki ke liʻiliʻi, ua kaupalena ʻia i kona hiki, ua hoʻohana ʻia no nā hana ʻino. Ua kōkua ʻo ia i ka lanakila ʻana i ka maikaʻi a hoʻopakele i ka poʻe a ua lawe ʻo ia ma luna o ka honua a lilo i mea hoʻokumu i ke ao ʻenehana ʻokoʻa. He moʻolelo superhero!
No ka laulā nui loa, ʻo ka lekiō ke kamaʻilio me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā nalu radio. Hiki iā ia ke ala hoʻokahi, ʻelua ala a i ʻole multi-way, hiki iā ia ke hāʻawi i ka hoʻololi a hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻike ma waena o nā mīkini a me nā kānaka - ʻaʻole ia ke kumu. ʻElua mau huaʻōlelo nui ma ʻaneʻi: nā nalu radio a me ke kamaʻilio.
ʻO ka mea mua, e hoʻopau kākou i ka hoʻomaka o ka ʻatikala - no ke aha ʻo Mei 7? Ma ka lā 7 o Mei, 1895, ua alakaʻi ʻo Alexander Stepanovich Popov ke kauka lapaʻau Lūkini i ka hālāwai kamaʻilio lekiō mua. ʻO kāna radiogram he ʻelua mau huaʻōlelo "Heinrich Hertz", no laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka ʻepekema nāna i hoʻokumu i ke kumu o ka lekiō e hiki mai ana. Ma ke ala, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ka primacy ma ka ʻoihana lekiō ʻaʻole wale e Guglielmo Marconi, nāna i alakaʻi i ka hālāwai mua ma 1895, akā pū kekahi o nā physicists ʻē aʻe: 1890 - Edouard Branly, 1893 - Nikola Tesla, 1894 - Oliver Lodge a me ʻO Jagadish Chandra Bose. Eia naʻe, hāʻawi nā mea a pau i kā lākou haʻawina, a pono e hoʻohui i kekahi mau inoa hou: ʻO James Maxwell, nāna i hana i ke kumumanaʻo o ke kahua electromagnetic, ʻo Michael Faraday, ka mea i ʻike i ka electromagnetic induction, a me Reginald Fessenden, ʻo ia ka mea mua i hoʻololi i kahi hōʻailona lekiō. a ma ka lā 23 o Dekemaba, 1900 ua hoʻouna ʻo ia i kahi haʻiʻōlelo he 1 mile ka mamao - me ka maikaʻi weliweli, akā ʻo ke kani.
A. Popov a me kāna mea i hana ai
Ua lawe ʻia nā hoʻokolohua mua me ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka ʻike uila e Heinrich Hertz. Ua lei ʻia kāna hoʻokolohua me ka kūleʻa - hiki iā ia ke hoʻouna i kahi leka i loko o nā palena o hoʻokahi attic o kona hale ponoʻī. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ia ka hopena o ka mea inā ʻaʻole i heluhelu ka Italia Marconi i kēia mea kupaianaha i ka moʻolelo o Hertz. Ua aʻo ʻo Marconi i ka pilikia, hoʻohui i nā manaʻo o kona mau mua a hana i ka mea hoʻouna mua, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka hoihoi mai nā luna Italia a ua patent ʻia e kahi ʻepekema ma ʻEnelani. I kēlā manawa, ua loaʻa ke kelepona uila a, e like me ka ʻōlelo a Marconi, e hoʻokō kāna hāmeʻa i ka telegraph kahi ʻaʻohe uea. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka mea hana a Marconi no ke kamaʻilio ʻana ma nā moku kaua, a ʻo ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā leka i ka manawa like i ka lehulehu o ka poʻe hoʻolohe i koe i ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻAʻole ʻo Marconi i manaʻoʻiʻo i ka wā e hiki mai ana o nā kamaʻilio lekiō.
G. Marconi a me kana mea i hanaia
Ma ke ala, e pili ana i nā moku, a ʻoi aku paha, e pili ana i ka navy - i ka makahiki 1905, i ke kaua ʻo Tsushima, ua lanakila nā ʻauwaʻa Iapana i ka pūʻali koa Lūkini ma kahi ʻāpana "mahalo" i nā mea lekiō i kūʻai ʻia e nā alakaʻi koa Iapana mai Marconi. ʻAʻole naʻe kēia i lilo i kumu hoʻopaʻapaʻa hope loa no ka radioification piha o ka pūʻali koa a me nā ʻauwaʻa kīwila. ʻO ka ʻōlelo hope loa i lilo i mea ʻē aʻe, i kēia manawa kīwila, pōʻino - ka make o ka Titanic. Ma hope o ka hoʻopakele ʻia ʻana o 711 mau mea kaʻa mai kahi kanaka nui make i ka lekiō, ua kauoha nā luna moana o nā ʻāina i kūkulu ʻia o ka honua e loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kai a me nā moku moana nā kamaʻilio lekiō, a he kanaka kūikawā - he mea hoʻokele lekiō - hoʻolohe i nā hōʻailona e hiki mai ana a puni. ka uaki. Ua piʻi nui ka palekana ma ke kai.
Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole lākou i manaʻoʻiʻo i nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka lekiō.
Akā ua manaʻoʻiʻo ka nui o nā poʻe lekiō. Ma ke Kaua Honua Mua, ua nui nā lekiō ʻōpio i hana ʻia a hopohopo nā aupuni: pili ka poʻe amateurs i nā kumu kamaʻilio pūʻali koa a hoʻolohe i nā kahawai. No laila, ua lilo ka lekiō ma lalo o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, a ʻaʻohe poʻe i hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia. Ua ʻike ʻia he mana moʻomeheu ko ke kanaka, nā mea kaua ʻike a me nā ʻenehana hoʻohiki i kona mau lima. ʻOiai, makemake mākou e pili, ʻaʻohe mea i ʻike e pili ana i ka manaʻo maoli o ka lekiō i kēlā manawa.
Eia naʻe, ua hoʻokaʻawale ka lekiō i ke ola o ke kanaka i ke kenekulia iwakālua i ʻekolu ʻāpana:
Nowemapa 2, 1920 - ʻO KDKA ka lekiō pāʻoihana mua loa ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ma Pittsburgh.
ʻO Iulai 1, 1941 - hoʻomaka ka hoʻolaha pāʻoihana mua
ʻApelila 3, 1973 - Ua hana ʻo Motorola's Martin Cooper i ke kelepona kelepona mua ma ka mōʻaukala.
E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ua ʻike nā mokuʻāina a me nā ʻoihana ʻo ka lekiō ka ʻike, kālā, a me ka mana.
Akā, ʻaʻole i hoʻōki ka poʻe ʻepekema a me nā ʻenekinia, hauʻoli lākou i nā nalu lekiō hiki ke hoʻouna, wela, a loaʻa nā lōʻihi a me ka wikiwiki. Ua hele mai ka lekiō i ka lawelawe ʻepekema a ke hana nei nō. Manaʻo wau e mau ana ia no nā makahiki e hiki mai ana. I kēia lā, e hoʻomanaʻo mākou i nā mea maʻamau a koʻikoʻi i ka lekiō ʻaʻole ia he mea hana a he ala paha, akā he mea kākau piha piha.
Hoʻomohala uila. ʻO ka lekiō i kūkulu wale i nā mea uila a me nā microelectronics: nā mea hana, nā kīwī, nā mea hoʻokipa, nā mea hoʻouna i makemake i ka nui o nā kaapuni, nā papa, nā mea paʻakikī a maʻalahi. Ua hana kekahi ʻoihana nunui a ke hana nei no ka ʻoihana lekiō.
Lekiō hōkū. Ua hiki i nā lekiō lekiō ke aʻo i nā mea i loko o ke ao holoʻokoʻa (ʻoiai he lōʻihi ka manawa o ka hōʻailona e nā pae honua - mai kekahi mau kekona a i kekahi mau hola) ma o ke aʻo ʻana i kā lākou radiation electromagnetic a me ka laulā hawewe. Ua hāʻawi ka Radio Astronomy i ka ikaika nui i ka holoʻokoʻa o ka astronomy, i hiki ke loaʻa ka ʻikepili mai nā rovers lunar a me Mars, a ʻike i ka lewa i ka mea hiki ʻole i nā optics ikaika loa.
ʻO kēia ke ʻano o nā telescope radio (Paul Wild Observatory, Australia)
Nā kōkua hoʻokele a me ka radar - mahalo pū i ka lekiō. Mahalo iā lākou, pono ʻoe e hoʻāʻo e nalowale i nā wahi mamao loa o ka honua. ʻO ia ka lekiō e kōkua ana i ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā palapala ʻāina kūpono loa, nā mākaʻikaʻi koʻikoʻi loa a hōʻoia i ka launa pū ʻana o nā mīkini me kēlā me kēia (M2M). He mea kūpono hoʻi e haʻi aku i nā radars, me ka ʻole o ka ʻoihana kaʻa a me ka lawe ʻana i hoʻomohala pinepine i ka lohi. Ua hana nui ʻo Radar i nā ʻoihana koa, reconnaissance, ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea kaua a me nā kaʻa kaua a me nā moku, i ka ʻepekema, ka noiʻi i lalo o ka wai a me nā mea hou aku.
ʻO ke kumu o ka hana ʻana o kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻokele satellite.
Nā kelepona kelepona a me ka Pūnaewele. E hoʻomanaʻo i nā huaʻōlelo Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, CDMA, DECT, GSM, HSDPA, 3G, WiMAX, LTE, 5G? ʻO kēia mau ʻenehana a me nā maʻamau he mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o kahi kaapuni oscillatory i ʻike ʻia ma 1848. ʻO ia hoʻi, nā hawewe lekiō like, akā me nā māmā like ʻole, nā pae, a me nā alapine. No laila, ʻo ka lekiō ke ʻaiʻē mākou i nā mea e noho nei i ko mākou mau manaʻo i kēia lā - ʻo ia hoʻi, ka Pūnaewele o nā mea (mea e kamaʻilio ma o ka lekiō), home akamai, nā ʻenehana hoʻohui like ʻole no ka ʻohi ʻana i ka ʻike, etc.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua ʻike kēlā me kēia o ʻoukou i kēia mau hale kiaʻi ma kahi kokoke (nā pahu keʻokeʻo - nā kahua kahua hoʻokele, BS-ki). Hoʻoholo ʻia nā ʻāpana o nā ʻāpana uhi BS e nā "cells" - nā pūnaewele.
Hoʻohui Satellite he hoʻokō kūʻokoʻa. Ua hiki i nā nalu lekiō ke loaʻa nā pōmaikaʻi o nā kamaʻilio uea ʻole kahi hiki ʻole ke hoʻonohonoho i ke kelepona - ma nā wahi mamao, ma nā mauna, ma nā moku, etc. He mea hana kēia i hoʻopakele i nā ola ma mua o hoʻokahi manawa.
Kelepona uila
Hale kiaʻi ʻEiffel. Kūkulu ʻia no kahi hōʻikeʻike honua i ka makahiki 1889, ua manaʻo ʻia he 20 mau makahiki wale nō a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia e wehe ʻia. Akā, ʻo kēia hale kiʻekiʻe ma Paris i lilo i hale hoʻolele lekiō, a laila hoʻolaha kīwī a me nā kamaʻilio - no laila, ua hoʻololi lākou i ko lākou manaʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻopau ʻana i kahi contraption pono, a lilo ia i hōʻailona nui o Farani. Ma ke ala, ʻaʻole lākou e haʻalele i ka wahi hana - ua hoʻopili mau ʻia nā kahua kumu, nā transmitters, nā kīʻaha, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka hale kiaʻi.
Pehea kou makemake i kēia hiʻohiʻona o ka hōʻailona o Farani?
ʻokiʻoki ʻana i ka nalu lekiō (ʻaʻole e huikau me ka radiosurgery!). ʻO kēia kahi ʻano hana ʻokiʻoki e hui pū ai i ka ʻāpana ʻiʻo a me ka coagulation ("seals" i nā moku i ʻole he koko) me ka ʻole o ka hopena mechanical me kahi scalpel. ʻO ke kumumanaʻo o ka hana ʻo ia kēia: kahi electrode ʻokiʻoki lahilahi e hoʻopuka i nā hawewe lekiō kiʻekiʻe i hana ʻia e ke ʻano o kēia manawa me ke alapine o ka liʻiliʻi o 3,8 MHz. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā hawewe lekiō i ka ʻiʻo, hoʻoheheʻe i ka makū o ke kelepona, a hoʻokaʻawale ʻole ka ʻiʻo ma ke kahua ʻoki. ʻO kēia kahi ala haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka ʻeha ʻole (hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ma lalo o ka anesthesia kūloko), ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea maʻamau i ka hana aesthetic.
ʻO ka ʻoki ʻoki ʻana i ka hawewe lekiō BM-780 II
ʻOiaʻiʻo, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomanaʻo i kekahi mau ʻano o nā wahi, nā umu microwave i kamaʻāina iā mākou, nā hoʻokolohua therapeutic, ʻoiaʻiʻo, nā lekiō he nui a me nā ʻano like ʻole, ka honua holoʻokoʻa o nā radio amateurs a me nā hiʻohiʻona he nui - ua hāʻawi mākou i nā mea ākea a hoihoi.
Ma keʻano laulā, e nā kāne, nā mea hōʻailona a me nā mea pili, hauʻoli hoʻomaha! ʻO ka maʻamau: no ka pilina me ka male ʻole, ka maʻemaʻe o nā alapine a ʻaʻole hoʻokahi hoʻomaha.
73!
Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia ke kāleka e ka hui - ʻaʻole mākou e hana wale i nā ʻōnaehana CRM, akā hoʻāʻo pū mākou e hāʻawi i kahi kōkua kūpono i ke ola o ke kīwī a me nā paʻa lekiō, no laila ua hoʻomohala mākou i kahi hopena ʻoihana maikaʻi no lākou. . Ma ke ala, hoʻāʻo ʻia ma 19 TPX :)
Source: www.habr.com