ʻO nā meaʻawaʻawa weliweli loa

Aloha %username%

ʻAe, ʻike wau, ua hackney ka inoa a aia ma luna o 9000 mau loulou ma Google e wehewehe ana i nā mea ʻawaʻawa weliweli a haʻi i nā moʻolelo weliweli.

Akā ʻaʻole makemake wau e papa inoa like. ʻAʻole au makemake e ana i nā kau LD50 a koi aku i ke kumu.

Makemake au e kākau e pili ana i nā lāʻau ʻawaʻawa āu, %username%, i ka pilikia nui e hālāwai ai i kēlā me kēia lā. A ʻaʻole maʻalahi e like me kā lākou mau hoa pili.

Pono ʻoe e ʻike i ka ʻenemi ma ka ʻike. A manaʻolana wau he mea hoihoi ia. A inā lilo ia i mea hoihoi, a laila hiki iā ʻoe ke haku ʻāpana ʻelua.

No laila - koʻu ʻumi make!

Wahi ʻumi

Thallium

ʻO Thallium he metala palupalu a keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo me ka ʻulaʻula. I loko o ke kiʻi aia ʻo ia i loko o kahi ampoule - ʻaʻole kēia he pōʻino. ʻO ka 600 mg o ka thallium ka mea hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i kekahi kanaka olakino - ma kēia ʻano, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka thallium ma mua o kēia mau metala kaumaha ʻē aʻe āu. I ka manawa like, e like me nā metala kaumaha a pau, ua helu ʻia ka thallium ma ke ʻano he kumulative poison - hōʻiliʻili i nā hōʻailona pathological i ka make mau.

ʻAʻole like me nā metala kaumaha maʻamau, e pili pono ana i ka hui cysteine ​​​​thiol i nā protein a pale iā lākou mai ke ola ʻana, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka thallium: ʻo nā monovalent thallium ions ka nui like a me nā waiwai kemika e like me ka potassium, a no laila e hoʻololi i nā ion potassium i nā kaʻina biochemical. Hoʻopili ʻia ʻo Thallium i ka lauoho, nā iwi, nā puʻupaʻa a me nā ʻiʻo, pili i ka ʻōnaehana nerve peripheral, ka ʻōpū ʻōpū a me nā puʻupaʻa.

ʻO kahi hōʻailona hiʻohiʻona o ka make ʻana me nā pūhui thallium he hapa o ka lauoho lauoho, me ka nui nui - alopecia holoʻokoʻa. Ma kahi kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole maʻamau ka alopecia, no ka mea, make ke kanaka mai ka make ʻana ma mua o ka pau ʻana o ka lauoho. ʻO ia hoʻi, ma ke kumu, inā makemake ʻoe e kahi ʻōhule, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻāʻo e pāʻani me ka dose, akā aia kahi pilikia o ka koho ʻole.

I ka hihia o ka ʻona me ka thallium a i ʻole kona mau pūhui, hoʻohana ʻia ka polū Prussian ma ke ʻano he antidote, ʻo ke kōkua mua no ka lawelawe ʻana i ka thallium ʻo ia ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka ʻōpū me ka hopena o 0,3% sodium thiosulfate me ka pauka lanahu hoʻāla ʻia. 'Ōlelo lākou he mea kōkua, akā ʻaʻole pololei kēia.

Ma keʻano laulā, ua helu ʻia ka thallium ma ke ʻano he lāʻau make, no laila no ke aha ia ma kaʻu papa inoa? ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā laboratories e hana ana i ka wai a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā meaʻai ʻoluʻolu kalibration maikaʻi IV. Ua ʻike au i ke ʻano o ka lawe ʻia ʻana o kēia hopena me ka pipette, a no ka mea, ʻaʻohe hua paʻa - huki i ka hoʻonā ma ka waha. He aha kaʻu e ʻōlelo ai… ʻAʻole ke ala maikaʻi loa e loaʻa ai ka makana Darwin.

wahi ʻeiwa

Phosgene

ʻO Phosgene, maʻalahi a hiki i ka hilahila, nani maoli: ua kamaʻāina ke kanaka iā ia mai ka makahiki 1812, akā ʻo kēia "mālamalama" (a ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka unuhi ʻia ʻana o ka inoa mai ka bourgeois) ʻaʻole maikaʻi: ʻo ia ke kumu. toxic pulmonary edema, ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia e kekahi poʻe maikaʻi me ke kaohi ʻole i ka wā i ʻona ai i nā kānaka maikaʻi ʻē aʻe i ke Kaua Honua Mua. ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka phosgene me ka ʻiʻo māmā e hoʻopilikia i ka alveolar permeability a me ka holomua wikiwiki o ka edema pulmonary. Ua hoʻohana ka poʻe maikaʻi i kēia, akā pū kekahi a hiki i kēia lā, ʻaʻohe lāʻau lapaʻau no ka phosgene i hana ʻia.

Aia ka nani a me ka maʻalahi i ka ʻike ʻana o nā hōʻailona mua o ka ʻawaʻawa ma hope o kahi manawa huna o 4 a 8 mau hola, ʻoiai ua ʻike ʻia nā manawa o 15 mau hola. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia me ka ʻū ikaika, pōkole o ka hanu, cyanosis o ka maka a me nā lehelehe. ʻO ka edema pulmonary holomua e alakaʻi i ka ʻeha nui, ke kaumaha nui i ka umauma, piʻi ka hanu hanu, i kekahi manawa a hiki i 60-70 i hoʻokahi minuke. Ka hanu ʻana. ʻO kekahi mau kikoʻī: hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka ʻāʻī edematous i loko o ka protein mai ka alveoli a me nā bronchioles o nā māmā i nā ala ākea ākea, e alakaʻi ana i ka pilikia a hiki ʻole ke hanu. He aha ka hana a ka mea pōʻino i kēia manawa a pehea kona ʻano - ke hoʻomanaʻo nei ʻoe i nā kiʻi weliweli? Pololei. Me ka edema pulmonary toxic, e pili ana i ka hapalua o ka nui o ke koko i loko o ke kino e hele i loko o ka māmā, ʻo ia ka hopena, pehu a hoʻonui i ka nui. ʻOiai ke kaumaha o ka māmā maʻamau ma kahi o 500-600 grams, ua ʻike ʻia nā māmā "phosgene" a hiki i ka 2,5 kilokani.

ʻO ka hopena, hāʻule nui ke koko, ʻoi aku ka hauʻoli o ka mea ʻona, hanu me ka walaʻau, ʻūhā ka ea, a laila make.

Aia kekahi mau hihia ke pale aku ka mea ʻona i nā neʻe pono ʻole a koho i kahi kūlana ʻoluʻolu loa e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hanu. ʻO nā lehelehe o ia poʻe lāʻau ʻawaʻawa, ʻeleʻele, ʻo ka hou ke anu a me ka pulu. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka sputum mai lākou. Ma hope o kekahi mau lā, make ka mea ʻona. Kakaʻikahi, ma hope o 2-3 mau lā, hiki i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kūlana, a ma hope o 2-3 mau pule e hopena i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana, akā ʻo nā hoʻopiʻi ma muli o nā maʻi maʻi maʻi lua e ulu pinepine, e alakaʻi ana i ka make.

No laila, pehea e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke honi i ka phosgene a holo ʻole me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka lāʻau ʻawaʻawa, hāʻawi ʻia i ka wā huna lōʻihi a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o kēia kinoea ʻaʻohe ʻono a ʻala e like me ka hua pala a i ʻole ka mauʻu - ʻaʻole ka mea ʻoi loa, ʻaʻole e like me ka mea ʻala i loko o kahi minibus. ma kahi āu e hele nei? ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe - puhi: ʻaʻole ʻoluʻolu a hiki ʻole paha ke puhi ʻana i ka ea i loko o ka phosgene.

Hoʻohana ikaika ʻia ʻo Phosgene i ka synthesis organik: i ka hana ʻana i nā dyes, a me ka hana ʻana i nā thermoplastics polycarbonate. Akā ʻo ʻoe, %username%, e hoʻomanaʻo: ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka phosgene i ka wā o ka puhi ʻana o nā freon i loko o ka chlorine. ʻO ka mea hoihoi, ʻo ka hopena, pāpā ʻia ka puhi ʻana i ka wā e lawelawe ana i nā mīkini pahu hau a me nā hoʻonohonoho. Ma muli o ka manaʻo o ka mea puhi paka i ka hewa, he paʻakikī ke haʻi i ka mea nui.

Wahi ʻewalu

Ke alakaʻi и Tetraethyl kēpau

ʻAe, ua ʻike nā mea a pau e pili ana i ka ʻawaʻawa o ke kēpau a me kona ʻano. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe mea e hoʻopaʻa i ka lima, a i kekahi manawa ʻai lākou i nā sanwiti me kēia mau lima. ʻAʻohe mea e hoʻoheheʻe i nā pahu kepau a hanu i ka uahi. I kēia manawa, he mea ʻawaʻawa loa ke kēpau a, e like me nā metala kaumaha a pau, he mana maikaʻi loa kona e hōʻiliʻili. Hiki i ke kepau ke hōʻiliʻili i loko o nā iwi, e hoʻopōʻino mālie ʻia i loko o ke ake a me nā puʻupaʻa. No laila, ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka maʻi i makemake ʻia, ʻo ʻoe, %username%, e ʻeha maoli ʻoe: e loaʻa ka ʻeha ma ka ʻōpū, ma nā ami, ʻāʻī, maule. Ināʻoe e hoʻomau, hiki keʻike i ka mālamalama ma ka hopena o ka tunnel me nā hopena a pau.

ʻOi aku ka pōʻino o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ke kepau no nā keiki: ʻo ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka wā lōʻihi ke kumu o ka lohi o ka noʻonoʻo a me ka maʻi lolo mau.

Ma ke ala, ʻono ka acetate lead! Ua ʻike anei ʻoe iā %username%? ʻAe, ʻo ia ke kumu i kapa ʻia ai ke kō kēpau. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Saltykov-Shchedrin i ka hana ʻana i nā waina hoʻopunipuni:

Ua ninini ʻia kahi bākeke waiʻona ma luna o ka barela, a laila, ma muli o ka waiwai o ka waina i hana ʻia: nui ka molasses ma Madeira, tar ma Malaga, sugar lead ma Rhine waina, a pēlā aku. a laila hoʻopaʻa ...

Ma ke ala, aia kahi manaʻo e pili ana ka huaʻōlelo Lūkini "lead" me ka huaʻōlelo "waina", i waena o nā Roma kahiko (a ma ka Caucasus) ua mālama ʻia ka waina i loko o nā kīʻaha alakaʻi, a hāʻawi iā ia i kahi ʻono ʻokoʻa. Ua mahalo nui ʻia kēia ʻono a ʻaʻole lākou i nānā i ka hiki ke make me nā mea ʻona. ʻAe, e ola wikiwiki - make ʻōpio ...

Akā ʻo ke kēpau tetraethyl pono ke nānā kūikawā - he wai kala ʻole, ʻaila i hoʻohana lōʻihi ʻia ma ke ʻano he anti-knock additive no ka ʻaila (ʻo ia ka Leaded Petrol). I ka USSR, ua hoʻohui ʻia kahi dye i ka ʻaila kaʻa i loaʻa i ka tetraethyl lead no ke kumu o ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻana: a hiki i ka makahiki 1979, ʻo ka ʻaila AI93, A-76 a me A-66 i loaʻa i ka tetraethyl lead i hoʻoluʻu ʻia i ka uliuli, ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a me ka ʻalani; mai ka makahiki 1979, Ua hoʻomaka ʻia ke kala ʻulaʻula (AI-93), melemele (A-76), uliuli (AI-98), ʻōmaʻomaʻo (A-66) a i ʻole ʻulaʻula (A-72).

ʻAʻole i hana ʻia kēia no ka nani a me ka huki ʻana i nā mea kūʻai aku - ʻokoʻa ka hoʻohaumia ʻana o nā mea āpau a puni me ke kēpau, ʻo ka tetraethyl lead ponoʻī he mau waiwai ʻoluʻolu, mai ka carcinogenicity a hiki i ka ʻona kiʻekiʻe loa. I kēia hihia, hiki ke komo me nā mahu (he mea maʻalahi kēia mea, mai poina) a ma o ka ʻili. Pili kēia mea i ka ʻōnaehana nūnū, e hoʻoulu ai i ka ʻawaʻawa, subacute a me ka maʻi mau loa (ʻae, e like me ke kēpau, makemake kēia mea e hōʻiliʻili).

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā lāʻau ʻawaʻawa he acute a subacute. ʻO ka mea mua, pili ka cerebral cortex. Ma kahi o nā kikowaena vegetative o ka diencephalon, ʻike ʻia kahi manaʻo o ka congestive excitation, kahi e alakaʻi ai i nā hewa nui o nā pilina cortical-subcortical.

I ka pae mua o ka make ʻana, ʻike ʻia nā maʻi vegetative i ʻōlelo ʻia: hāʻule ka mahana o ke kino a me ke kahe o ke koko, hoʻopilikia ʻia ka hiamoe, ʻike ʻia ka makaʻu mau i ka make i ka pō, kahi ʻano hopohopo, kaumaha. Loaʻa ka manaʻo o ka pōpō lauoho a i ʻole nā ​​kaula ma ke alelo.

I ka wā ma mua o ka climax, ʻike ʻia nā maʻi noʻonoʻo: hoʻomaka ka makaʻu i ka make e hoʻopilikia ʻaʻole i ka pō wale nō, akā i ke ao hoʻi, ʻike ʻia nā hallucinations auditory, ʻike, a me ka tactile o ke ʻano weliweli a me nā hoʻopunipuni o ka hoʻomāinoino. Ma lalo o ka mana o ka delirium, ulu ka psychomotor agitation, lilo ka mea maʻi i ka huhū, pinepine nā hihia i ka wā, e ho'āʻo ana e hoʻopakele i ko lākou ola mai ka poʻe i ʻōlelo ʻia e alualu iā lākou, kiola nā kānaka iā lākou iho i waho o nā puka makani.

I ka pae kiʻekiʻe, hiki i ka psychomotor arousal ke koʻikoʻi loa. Ua huikau ka ike. Me he mea lā i ka pōʻino ke ʻoki ʻia ʻo ia i ʻāpana, ʻo nā nahesa e ʻōwili nei i kona kino, a pēlā aku. I ke kiʻekiʻe o ka psychomotor arousal, piʻi ka mahana (a hiki i 40 ° C), piʻi ka puʻuwai a me ka puʻuwai. Akaka ka hopena: hāʻule, make.

Inā laʻa ʻoe, maikaʻi ka prognosis: ua hoʻololi ʻia ka psychomotor arousal e kahi mokuʻāina vegetative-asthenic. I ka manawa like, mau nā hemahema o ka noʻonoʻo, ka puʻuwai naʻau, ka emi ʻana o ka naʻauao, ka nalowale o ka hoihoi i ke kaiapuni, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe - akā e ola ʻoe. ʻAʻole maopopo inā hauʻoli.

Ma ke ala, hoʻomanaʻo anei ʻoe i nā moʻolelo o nā kupuna wahine e pili ana i nā mea hoʻohana lāʻau weliweli e honi ana i ka ʻaila? Auwe! Wahi a kahi kuhiakau koʻikoʻi i manaʻo ʻia e wehewehe i ka loli o ka helu kalaima i ka hapa ʻelua o ke kenekulia 1960 a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 1990, ʻo ka tetraethyl lead poisoning i ka wā kamaliʻi e komo ai i ka uhaki ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana kūloko waena, ka hopena i ka hoʻonui. i ka hana kolohe i ka wā makua, i hoʻonui ai i ka hewa mai nā makahiki 1990 a hiki i nā makahiki 1970. ʻO ka hāʻule ʻana o nā helu kalaima mai ka makahiki XNUMX, e like me kēia hypothesis, ua wehewehe ʻia e ka emi ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻaila i hana ʻia me ka tetraethyl lead mai ka makahiki XNUMX.

Inā naʻe, pōʻino ʻoe, a ua ʻona ʻoe me ka tetraethyl lead, a laila e mālama ʻia ʻoe e like me ka psycho maʻamau: nā moe moe (barbiturates), hexenal, chlorpromazine, nā lāʻau (koe wale ka morphine, ka mea e hāʻawi ai i kahi hopena paradoxical, hoʻonui i ka hoʻāla. ). ʻO ka glucose intravenous me nā hua B a me ka waikawa ascorbic, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe wai (glucose, magnesium sulfate), a me nā maʻi cardiac a me nā vascular agents (me ka hāʻule) ua kuhikuhi pū ʻia. Malia paha e hana lakou i kanaka mailoko mai o kou kua. Inā laki ʻoe, a laila kūpono.

Ma ke ala, pāpā ʻia ke kēpau tetraethyl ma nā wahi āpau, ʻae. Ma Rūsia - mai Nowemapa 15, 2002, akā i kekahi manawa, ke nānā nei i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, kānalua wau ...

Kahi ʻehiku

Dioxins

Ma keʻano laulā, ua wehewehe ʻia nā dioxins ma ke ʻano he hui ʻana o nā derivatives polychlorinated dibenzodioxin. Loaʻa ka inoa mai ka inoa pōkole o ka derivative tetrachloro - 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo[b, e] -1,4-dioxin - hōʻike ʻia kēia nani ma ke ʻano o kahi ʻano, akā hui pū me nā mea hoʻololi ʻē aʻe - nā halides - no nā dioxins kekahi.

ʻO nā dioxins a pau he mau mea make kumulative a no ka hui o nā xenobiotics weliweli - ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻohe o ia mau mea i ke ʻano, a ʻo kā lākou mea kākau he kanaka. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā Dioxins ma ke ʻano he huahana i ka wā o ka hana ʻana i nā herbicides chlorophenol. He aha ka hana a ke kanaka me nā huahana a pau? Akau!

Hoʻokumu ʻia nā dioxins ma ke ʻano he mea haumia makemake ʻole ma muli o nā hopena kemika like ʻole i nā wela kiʻekiʻe a ma ke alo o ka chlorine. ʻO nā kumu nui o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā dioxins i loko o ka biosphere, ʻo ia ka mea mua, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana wela kiʻekiʻe no ka chlorination a me ka hana ʻana o nā mea organochlorine a, ʻoi aku hoʻi, ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā ʻōpala ʻoihana. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka polyvinyl chloride ubiquitous a me nā polymers ʻē aʻe a me nā pūhui chlorine like ʻole i loko o ka ʻōpala i luku ʻia e kōkua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā dioxins i nā kinoea flue. ʻO kekahi kumu o ka pilikia ʻo ka pulp a me ka ʻoihana pepa. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o ka pulp cellulose me ka chlorine e hui pū ʻia me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā dioxins a me kekahi mau mea organochlorine pōʻino ʻē aʻe.

ʻO ka ʻike mua o ke kanaka mahalo me nā dioxins i loaʻa i ka wā o ke Kaua Vietnam mai 1961 a i 1971 ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka papahana luku mea kanu Ranch Hand. A laila ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Agent Orange ma ke ʻano he defoliant - kahi hui o 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) a me 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), i loko o nā haumia o polychlorobenzodioxins. ʻO ka hopena, ua pilikia kekahi helu nui o nā Vietnamese a me nā koa i hōʻike ʻia iā Agent Orange ma muli o ka ʻike ʻana i nā dioxins. ʻAʻohe mea i noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka Vietnamese i kēlā manawa, akā ʻo nā koa - pono, ʻo ia kā lākou mau koa, ʻeā?

ʻO kahi kamaʻāina kokoke loa i hana ʻia ma Iulai 11, 1976 ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Italia o Seveso, i ka wā i pahū ai kahi mea kanu kemika o ka hui Swiss ICMESA i alakaʻi i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i kahi ao o dioxin i ka lewa. Ua kau ʻia kahi ao ma luna o ke kula ʻoihana, a laila hoʻomaka ka lāʻau make e kau ma luna o nā hale a me nā māla. Ua hoʻomaka nā kaukani o ka poʻe e ʻike i ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka nausea, nāwaliwali ka ʻike, a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka maʻi maka, kahi i ʻike ʻia ai ke ʻano o nā mea i pohihihi a paʻa ʻole. Hoʻomaka ka hopena pōʻino o ka mea i hana ʻia ma hope o 3-4 mau lā. Ma ka lā 14 o Iulai, ua piha nā keʻena maʻi ma waho o Seveso i nā poʻe maʻi. Mawaena o lakou, he nui na keiki e loaa ana i ka mai hulahula a me ka mai hehe. Ua hoʻopiʻi lākou i ka ʻeha hope, nāwaliwali a me ke poʻo poʻo. Ua haʻi ka poʻe maʻi i nā kauka ua hoʻomaka nā holoholona a me nā manu ma ko lākou pā a me nā māla e make koke. I nā makahiki ma hope o ka ulia pōpilikia, ʻike nā wahi a puni ka hale hana i ka piʻi nui ʻana o nā anomalies congenital i nā keiki hānau hou, me ka spina bifida (spina bifida, kahi spinal cord). ʻAʻole no ka poʻe nawaliwali ka nānā ʻana, e ʻoiaʻiʻo.

Ma ke ala, aia ke kamaʻilio ma ʻaneʻi e pili pū ana ka piʻi nui o ka likeability o ka Pelekikena mua o Ukraine Viktor Yushchenko me nā dioxins. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole paha. ʻAʻohe kanaka, me Viktor Yushchenko ponoʻī, ʻike.

ʻO ke kumu o ka ʻawaʻawa o nā dioxins aia i ka hiki o kēia mau mea ke komo pololei i loko o nā mea hoʻokipa o nā mea ola a kāohi a hoʻololi paha i kā lākou mau hana koʻikoʻi. ʻO Dioxins, ma ke kāohi ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana pale a hoʻopilikia nui i nā kaʻina hana o ka māhele cell a me ka loea, hoʻonāukiuki i ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi kanesa. Hoʻopilikia pū ʻo Dioxins i ka hana paʻakikī o nā ʻōpū endocrine. Hoʻopilikia lākou i ka hana hānau, hoʻolohi nui i ka wā ʻōpio a alakaʻi pinepine i ka male ʻole o ka wahine a me ke kāne. Hoʻopilikia lākou i nā kaʻina hana metabolic āpau, hoʻopau a hoʻopau i ka hana o ka ʻōnaehana pale, e alakaʻi ana i ka mokuʻāina i kapa ʻia ʻo "chemical AIDS".

Ua hōʻoia nā haʻawina hou i nā dioxins ke kumu i nā deformities a me nā pilikia ulu i nā keiki.

Hoʻokomo nā Dioxins i ke kino o ke kanaka ma nā ʻano he nui: 90 pakeneka - me ka wai a me ka meaʻai ma o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, ʻo ke koena 10 pakeneka - me ka ea a me ka lepo ma o ka māmā a me ka ʻili. Ke holo nei kēia mau mea i loko o ke koko, waiho ʻia i loko o ka ʻiʻo adipose a me nā lipid o nā cell āpau o ke kino me ka ʻole. Lawe ʻia lākou ma o ka placenta a me ka waiū umauma i ka pēpē a me ke keiki.

Eia kekahi pūʻulu o kekahi mau mākau e hoʻomaikaʻi nui i kēia meʻe:

• ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai.
• A hiki i kahi mahana o 900 °C, ʻaʻole pili nā dioxins i ka mālama wela.
• ʻO ko lākou hapalua ola ma ke kaiapuni ma kahi o 10 mau makahiki.
• Hoʻokahi manawa i loko o ke kino kanaka a holoholona paha, hōʻuluʻulu lākou i loko o ka ʻiʻo adipose a hoʻoheheʻe lohi a hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ke kino (ʻo ka hapalua o ke ola o ke kino kanaka mai 7-11 mau makahiki).
• LD50 - 70 mcg/kg no nā monkey, ma ka waha. He haʻahaʻa kēia ma mua o ka hapa nui o nā mea hana kemika koa. ʻAe, ua iho mai mākou mai nā moʻo, ʻaʻole anei?
• Ma muli o ko lākou ʻawaʻawa kiʻekiʻe loa, hoʻohana ʻia ka chromatography-mass spectrometry a me ka nānā ʻana me ka bioassays (CALUX) e hoʻoholo ai i nā dioxins i loko o ke kaiapuni a me ka wai. He ʻano kumu kūʻai nui kēia, ʻaʻole pono kēlā me kēia keʻena hana me lākou, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma kēia ʻāina.
• I kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe ala e hoʻopau loa i nā dioxins mai ke kino, ʻaʻole hoʻi nā antidotes maikaʻi.

Ma keʻano laulā, %username%, e like me kāu i manaʻo ai, ʻaʻohe mea hiki ke hoʻopōʻino iā ia iho ma mua o ke kanaka ponoʻī. I kēia manawa, ke hoʻomaka nei ka ʻimi no ka hoʻololi genetically i kekahi mau ʻano bacteria i mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ko lākou hiki ke komo i nā dioxins. Akā, e noʻonoʻo ana i ka makaʻu o nā kānaka a pau i nā GMO, a me ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokō ʻana o ke kanaka me ka ʻoki ʻana iā lākou iho, hopohopo wau e hoʻopilikia wale kēia mau ʻano bacteria i nā mea āpau.

E ʻike kāua.

ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ʻaʻole nui ka nui o nā dioxins a puni, aia wale nō ka maʻi bacteria, a no laila aia lākou ma kahi ʻehiku wale nō, akā me kahi kumu koʻikoʻi no ka wā e hiki mai ana.

Wahi ʻeono

ʻO ka ʻawaʻawa botulinum

He neurotoxin pūmua paʻakikī i hana ʻia e ka bacteria Clostridium botulinum. ʻO ka neurotoxin ikaika loa i ʻike ʻia he ʻano semi-lethal ma kahi o 0,000001 mg/kg o kou kino palupalu.

Ma ke ala, ʻo ka botulinum toxin kekahi o nā protein paʻakikī i hoʻohui ʻia i ke ʻano. He hana nani ia: ʻo ka mole he ʻelua-domain globule. ʻO nā domain A a me B nā polypeptides laina i hoʻopili ʻia e kahi alahaka cystine hoʻokahi. ʻO ka Domain B ke kuleana no ka lawe ʻana i ka toxin i loko o ke kino, ka hoʻokipa ʻana ma ka membrane presynaptic o ka neuron a me ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana o ka ʻāpana peri-receptor o kēia membrane me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi kahawai transmembrane i loko. A laila, hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka paʻa disulfide, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka domain A a komo i loko o kēia kahawai i loko o ka cytoplasm o ka cell nerve, kahi e pale ai i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka mea hoʻolaha, acetylcholine. Ua like loa me ka hopena o nā organophosphates e like me sarin, soman a me VX - akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. Ua ʻōlelo mua anei au he ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻikena makuahine ma mua o ke kanaka?

He aha kāu e manaʻo ai ke komo kēia kiʻekiʻe o ka synthesis kūlohelohe i kou ʻōpū? ʻAe, ʻo ka mea mua, aia kahi manawa huna, i kekahi manawa a hiki i 2-3 mau lā. A laila, e ʻeha koke ʻoe: ʻo ka lāʻau ʻawaʻawa e hoʻopilikia i ka hana o nā aʻalolo cranial, nā ʻiʻo iwi, a me nā kikowaena nerve o ka puʻuwai. ʻIke ʻia nā haumāna, ʻike ʻia ka noe a me nā kiko i mua o nā maka, a nui ka poʻe e hoʻomaka ana e makaʻala (a ʻaʻole loa no kou inu nui ʻana i ka pāʻina). Ma hope mai, ʻike ʻia nā maʻi ʻōlelo a me ka ʻai ʻana a me kahi maka e like me ka maka. ʻO ka make mai ka hypoxia i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka haʻihaʻi ʻana o ka oxygen metabolism, asphyxia o ka ʻōpū hanu, paralysis o nā ʻiʻo hanu a me ka ʻiʻo cardiac. I ka pōkole, e make ʻoe, a ʻeha loa. Inā laki ʻoe, e kaupalena ʻia ʻoe i ka maʻi lolo o nā ʻiʻo maka a me ka strabismus, ʻoiai inā hele lākou, e lohi loa. ʻAʻole laki nā kānaka a pau.

No ke aha he wahi ʻeono wale nō? ʻO ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo clostridia botulinum - ʻo nā haku wale nō o ka hana ʻana o kēia toxin ʻaʻole i hōʻike i ka mea huna - ʻaʻole makemake e hana i ka lewa, a no laila hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa iā lākou i loko o ka meaʻai canned a me ka sausage - ʻoi aku hoʻi i loko o nā halo palai. a ʻohi ʻia ka ʻiʻo a me ka iʻa ma nā ʻāpana nui me ka pōʻino o ka ʻili. ʻO ka lua o ka lāʻau lapaʻau: ʻo Botox, Relatox, Xeomin, BTXA, Dysport, Neuronox. No laila inā e hahau ʻia ʻoe me kahi mea like, aia nā manawa āpau e ʻike i kahi paʻakikī hiki ʻole ke wehewehe ʻia o nā pono āpau i hōʻike ʻia ma luna. ʻAʻohe mea e haʻi aku.

Ma ke ala, he philanthropic nui ka poʻe, a no laila i ka USA, Great Britain a me Kanada ua manaʻo lākou i ka botulinum toxin ma ke ʻano he mea kaua kemika i nā makahiki 60-70 o ke kenekulia i hala. ʻO ka hopena, mai ka makahiki 1975, ua lawe ʻia ka botulinum toxin A e ka US Army ma lalo o ke code XR. Ua mālama ʻia ka lāʻau make ma ka Pine Bluff Arsenal ma Arkansas. Aia nō paha ma laila, ʻaʻole paha ma laila wale nō. Ke noʻonoʻo nei i kēlā XR, e like me nā hopena o nā hoʻokolohua (no wau e pili ana iā wai?) ʻO ia ka mea ʻawaʻawa loa o nā mea lethal i ʻike ʻia o ke kumu maoli a me ka synthetic, ʻaʻole wau makaʻu i kahi hoʻoilo nuklea.

Pehea e ho'ōla ai? Mai ʻai i kekahi mea. A inā ʻoe e ʻai iā ia, a laila ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela: ʻaʻole makemake nui ka botulinum toxin iā ia i ka ʻai ʻia a i ʻole ka paila. ʻOiai ʻaʻole makaʻu kēia mea i ka wai o ka ʻōpū, ua luku loa ia i ka wā e hoʻolapalapa ai no 25-30 mau minuke.

Ma ke ala, ua ʻike ka poʻe koa aia kahi kano e kūʻē i ka botulinum toxin! ʻAe, ʻae, e like me ka ʻāʻī. Akā, mai wikiwiki i ka lāʻau lapaʻau - ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka lāʻau lapaʻau i ka lehulehu, a ʻo ka mea hou, ua ʻike nā koa like ʻole he 10% -30% o ka poʻe i hiki ʻole ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa, a ma ke koena, kū wale ka palekana ma hope o kahi mahina a ʻoi aku paha. Ma ke ala, i ka nui o 1000-10000 toxic doses (a ʻaʻole nui kēia - 0,057-0,57 mg/kg wale nō inā lawe ʻia e ka waha), kuha ka botulinum toxin i kēia mau lāʻau a make ʻoe a make.

Wahi ʻelima

Amatoxins
ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, he hui kēia o nā meaʻawaʻawa, pili ia i ka mea e hoʻopili ai ma kahi o R1..R5. Ma ke ʻano maoli, he cyclic octapeptides kēia me ʻewalu mau koena amino acid. Loaʻa lākou i loko o nā kino hua o nā halo o ka genus Amanita, Galerin a me Lepiota - ʻae, mai ʻaneʻi ka pale grebe.

ʻO Amatoxins kekahi o nā hepatotoxins ikaika loa ma ka honua. No laila no ka nui o kāu inu ʻana, %username%, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kēia nani: paʻa pono nā amatoxins i ka RNA polymerase II, ka mea e pale ai i ka synthesis o ka messenger RNA a hoʻoulu i ka necrosis o nā hepatocytes. A no ka mea, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke ola me ke akepaʻa ʻole i ko mākou honua - pono, maopopo ʻoe.

ʻO kahi nuance ʻoluʻolu o kēia ʻōpala he wā latent lōʻihi: 6-30 mau hola. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole ʻoe e hilinaʻi i ka manawa e noʻonoʻo ai a holoi i kou ʻōpū. Hiki koke mai nā hōʻailona: luaʻi nui (hoʻomau), ʻeha ʻōpū, ʻeha. I nā huahana o ka diarrhea (maikaʻi, maopopo iā ʻoe), ʻike ʻia ke koko, ʻoiai ka luku ʻana o nā enterocytes intestinal. He aha ka mea e hana nei i kēia manawa me ke ake ... ʻaʻole wau makemake e noʻonoʻo. Ke ulu nei ka nawaliwali, ka hewa o ka wai a me ke kaulike electrolyte. Ma ka lā 2 - 3, e ulu ana nā hōʻailona o ka hepatopathy ʻawaʻawa: hoʻonui ka ate, piʻi ka naʻau, ʻike ʻia ka jaundice a loaʻa ka hemorrhagic diathesis - ʻo ia ka wā e uhi ʻia ai ʻoe me ka ʻeha koko. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka nephropathy, hepatic-renal failure, hepatargia, anuria, coma. Kaumaha nā mea a pau. Loaʻa ka lāʻau ʻawaʻawa i nā keiki, ʻoi aku ka pōʻino inā ua komo ka nui o nā toxins (ʻoi aku ma mua o 200 mg) i ke kino: i kēia hihia, hiki ke hoʻomohala ʻia ka ʻona i ka wikiwiki o ka uila, me ka ulu ʻana o ka ate atrophy a me kahi atrophy. make wikiwiki.

ʻO ke kumu nui o ka make ʻana, ʻo ia ka hemahema o ke akepaʻa, ʻaʻole pinepine ka ate a me ke kīkī. ʻOiai inā ola ʻoe, e loaʻa paha iā ʻoe nā loli hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻia i ke ʻano o ka ʻiʻo ate, i hōʻike ʻia e ka necrosis holoʻokoʻa.

Pehea e hoʻopakele ʻia mai kēia? ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻoi aku ka pale ʻana o nā amatoxins i ka wela ma mua o nā toxins botulinum. ʻO kēlā me kēia hihia, mai hoʻohālike ʻoe he mea ʻohi ʻohi a inā ʻoe i hele i loko o ka ululāʻau - e ʻimi iā ʻoe iho i kahi mea maikaʻi e hana ai! Mai kūʻai i nā halo mai nā kupuna wahine, ʻoiai inā he nani loa lākou! E hoʻomanaʻo e pili ana iā Snow White - ʻaʻohe ou gnomes a i ʻole aliʻi kamaʻāina!

ʻO ka mea ʻē, kōkua ka nui o ka penicillin i ka ʻona. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ka silibinin, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi ʻano o ka waiu kumulāʻau kumulāʻau, he antidote i nā amatoxins, akā ʻaʻole pololei kēia. Nui nā poʻe e hāʻawi e komo i nā hoʻokolohua, akā no kekahi kumu ʻaʻohe mea i ʻae.

Wahi ʻehā

ʻO Aflatoxins

ʻO Aflatoxins kahi hui o nā polyketides i hana ʻia e nā haʻiki microscopic (micromycetes) o kekahi mau ʻano o ka genus Aspergillus (ʻo ka nui o A. flavus a me A. parasiticus). Ke ulu nei kēia mau pēpē ma luna o nā kīʻaha, nā ʻanoʻano, a me nā hua o nā mea kanu me ka nui o ka aila nui, e like me ka hua pīnī. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā Aflatoxins i ka manawa a me ka mālama pono ʻole i nā hōʻiliʻili kī a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa ka ʻawaʻawa i ka waiū o nā holoholona i ʻai i ka meaʻai haumia.

ʻO nā mea ʻawaʻawa a pau i hana ʻia ma ke ola kino, ʻo nā aflatoxins ka hepatocarcinogens ikaika loa i ʻike ʻia a hiki i kēia lā. Ke komo ka nui o ka lāʻau make i loko o ke kino, hiki i ka make i loko o kekahi mau lā ma muli o ka pōʻino o ke akepaʻa hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻia; i ka wā e ʻai ʻia ai ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hoʻomohala ʻia ka aflatoxicosis maʻi, i hōʻike ʻia e ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana pale, ka pōʻino DNA, ka hoʻāla ʻana o ka oncogenes - ka maʻi ʻaʻai ate. ma ka hopena. ʻAe, %username%, inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻai i nā pīni maikaʻi loa a i ʻole nā ​​​​anoano, e make ʻoe. ʻAʻole paha koke, akā hōʻoiaʻiʻo a ʻeha.

Kūleʻa nā Aflatoxins i ka mālama wela o ka huahana - no laila pili pū kēia i nā pīni i kālua ʻia.

I nā ʻāina hoʻomohala, mālama ʻia ka nānā pono ʻana i nā huahana kahi e ʻike pinepine ʻia ai nā aflatoxins (peanuts, kulina, hua paukena, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). No nā ʻāina e ulu ana i ka nele o ia mana, ʻo ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka meaʻai e nā fungi mold ka mea nui i ka make. No ka laʻana, ma Mozambique, he 50 manawa kiʻekiʻe ka nui o ka make ʻana o ka maʻi maʻi ate ma mua o Farani.

He aha ka ʻāina āu e hoʻohui ai iā ʻoe, %username%?

E hoʻokiʻekiʻe kākou i ka pili! Wahi ʻekolu

Mercury
a keu hoʻi

Methylmercury

Ua ʻike nā kānaka a pau i ka pōʻino o ka mercury. E pili ana i ka haʻihaʻi ʻana i nā thermometers a me ka pāʻani ʻana me nā pōpō kilokilo maikaʻi ʻaʻole pono ia - manaʻolana wau.

He mea make ka Mercury a me kona mau mea a pau. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i ka mercury, ʻoiai ma nā mea liʻiliʻi, hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā pilikia olakino koʻikoʻi a hoʻoweliweli i ka ulu ʻana o ka fetal a me ka ulu ʻana o nā kamaliʻi. Hiki i ka Mercury ke lilo i mea ʻawaʻawa i ka puʻuwai, digestive, a me nā ʻōnaehana pale, a me nā māmā, nā puʻupaʻa, ka ʻili, a me nā maka. Hoʻopaʻa ʻo WHO i ka mercury ma ke ʻano he ʻumi o nā kemika nui a i ʻole nā ​​hui o nā kemika e hopohopo nui nei i ke olakino lehulehu.

Akā ʻoiaʻiʻo i kēia manawa. ʻO nā kauka like a hiki i ka makahiki 1970 ua ikaika loa i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūhui mercury:

• mercury chloride (I) (calomel) - laxative;
• ʻO Mercusal a me Promeran nā diuretics ikaika;
• mercury (II) chloride, mercury (II) cyanide, mercury amidochloride a me melemele mercury (II) oxide - antiseptics (me ka ʻāpana o ka ʻaila).

Aia kekahi mau hihia i ka wā o ka volvulus o ka ʻōpū, ua ninini ʻia kahi aniani o ka mercury i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka mea maʻi. Wahi a nā mea lapaʻau kahiko i hāʻawi i kēia ʻano o ka mālama ʻana, ʻo ka mercury, ma muli o kona kaumaha a me ka neʻe ʻana, pono e hele i loko o ka ʻōpū a, ma lalo o kona kaumaha ponoʻī, e hoʻoponopono i kona mau ʻāpana wili.

Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o Mercury mai ke kenekulia 1963. (ma ka USSR a hiki i XNUMX) no ka mālama ʻana i nā syphilis. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka pale treponema, ka mea e hoʻopiʻi ai i ka syphilis, he mea koʻikoʻi loa ia i nā pūhui organik a me nā mea ʻole e pale ai i nā pūʻulu sulfhydryl o nā enzyme thiol o ka microbe - nā pūhui mercury, arsenic, bismuth a me iodine. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i lawa ka maikaʻi o ia ʻano lapaʻau no ke kino o ka mea maʻi, aia nō hoʻi nā pūʻulu sulfhydryl, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka treponema pōʻino. ʻO ia ʻano lapaʻau i alakaʻi ʻia i ka pau ʻana o ka lauoho a me ka pilikia nui o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kauka philanthropic: ua hoʻohana lākou i nā ʻano o ka mercurization maʻamau o ke kino, kahi i waiho ʻia ai ka mea maʻi i loko o kahi pahu wela, kahi i hoʻolako ʻia ai ka mahu mercury. ʻO kēia ʻano hana, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, nā hopena ʻaoʻao a me ka pilikia o ka make ʻana o ka mercury make i alakaʻi i kona hoʻopau mālie ʻana mai ka hana lapaʻau.

Ma ke ala, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka amalgam kālā i ka dentistry ma ke ʻano he mea no ka hoʻopiha ʻana i nā niho ma mua o ka hiki ʻana mai o nā mea hoʻōla māmā. E hoʻomanaʻo i kēia i kēlā me kēia manawa e kūlou ana kekahi ʻanakē nani me nā aniani iā ​​ʻoe!

ʻO nā mahu meaʻawaʻawa a me nā pūhui mercury hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka pōʻino o ka metala mercury ponoʻī, akā e hoʻoheheʻe mālie ʻo ia a hiki i ka lumi wela, a hiki i nā mahu ke hoʻomake nui - a ma ke ala, ʻaʻole honi ka mahu. ʻO ka Mercury a me kāna mau pūhui (sublimate, calomel, cinnabar, mercury cyanide) e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana nerve, ate, puʻupaʻa, ʻāpana ʻōpū, a i ka wā e hoʻomoʻa ʻia, ka ʻōpū hanu. ʻO Mercury kahi hōʻailona maʻamau o nā mea ʻawaʻawa kumulative.

ʻO nā pūhui mercury organik, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka methylmercury, kū kaʻawale iki. Hoʻokumu ʻia, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ma muli o ka metabolism o nā microorganisms lalo ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka mercury i loko o nā kino wai. He mea ʻawaʻawa loa ka mea. ʻOi aku ka ʻawaʻawa ma mua o ka mercury, ma muli o ka hana ʻoi aku ka ikaika me nā pūʻulu sulfhydryl o nā enzymes a, no laila, ʻo ka inactivation o kēia mau enzymes. No ka mea he hui covalent ka waiwai a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka polar ma mua o ka mercury cation ponoʻī, ʻo ka hopena ma ke kino e like me ka ʻona metala kaumaha (ʻo ia hoʻi, mercury), akā he ʻano ʻokoʻa: ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pōʻino o ka ʻōnaehana nerve. Ua kapa ʻia kēia maʻi maʻi ʻo Minamata.

No ka manawa mua, ua kākau inoa ʻia kēia maʻi maʻi a aʻo ʻia ma Iapana, ma Kumamoto Prefecture ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Minamata i ka makahiki 1956. ʻO ke kumu o ka maʻi ʻo ia ka hoʻokuʻu lōʻihi ʻana o ka mercury inorganic i loko o ka wai ʻo Minamata Bay e Chisso, i hoʻololi ʻia i methylmercury e nā microorganism benthic i loko o kā lākou metabolism, a no ka mea e hōʻiliʻili kēia pūhui i loko o nā mea ola, ʻo ia ka hopena i loko o nā kiko o nā mea ola e hoʻonui me ka piʻi ʻana o ko lākou kūlana i ke kaulahao meaʻai. No laila, i ka iʻa i ka Minamata Bay, ʻo ka ʻike o ka methylmercury mai 8 a 36 mg / kg, i nā ʻoʻo - a hiki i 85 mg / kg, ʻoiai i ka wai ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 0,68 mg / l.

ʻO nā hōʻailona e pili ana i ka dysmotility, ke kuni, ke kaniʻuhū, a me ka goosebumps ma nā wēlau, impaired intelligibility, luhi, kani ʻana i nā pepeiao, haiki i ke kahua o ka ʻike, nalo ka lohe, a me nā neʻe clumsy. ʻO kekahi o ka poʻe i loaʻa i ka maʻi Minamata, ua hehena, maule, a make i loko o hoʻokahi mahina mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka maʻi.

Aia kekahi poʻe i loaʻa i nā hōʻailona mau o ka maʻi Minamata, e like me ke poʻo, ka luhi pinepine, ka nalowale o ka ʻala a me ka ʻono, a me ka poina, he mea maʻalahi akā paʻakikī loa ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. Eia kekahi, aia kekahi mau maʻi me ka maʻi Minamata congenital i hānau ʻia me ka maʻi ʻino ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka methylmercury i ka wā i loko o ka ʻōpū o ko lākou mau makuahine i ʻai i nā iʻa haumia.

ʻAʻole i hoʻōla ʻia ka maʻi Minamata, no laila ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka hoʻāʻo e hōʻemi i nā hōʻailona a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau hoʻōla kino. Ma waho aʻe o ka pōʻino kino i loaʻa i ke olakino, aia kekahi pōʻino pili kanaka, ʻo ia ka hoʻokae ʻana i ka poʻe i loaʻa i ka maʻi Minamata. ʻAe, %username%, makemake anei ʻoe e neʻe i ka ʻāina ʻo Fukushima, Minamata a me ka Lā Hikina?

Ma ke ala, ma 1996, ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Meisei, aia ma kahi kokoke i ke kai kūʻono, ua kūkulu ʻia ka Minamata Disease Museum. I ka makahiki 2006, ua kūkulu ʻia kahi Hoʻomanaʻo ma ka pā o ka hale hōʻikeʻike e hoʻomanaʻo ai i ka poʻe i loaʻa i ka make ʻana o ka mercury mai ka pollution ma Minamata Bay. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻaʻole i hoʻomaha ʻia ka poʻe i hōʻeha ʻia e kēia.

Ma ke ala, aia kekahi mea hou -

Dimethylmercury

ʻAe, he pāʻani holoʻokoʻa kēia, he mea ʻawaʻawa ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia a loaʻa ʻole ma nā wahi āpau. ʻO ka wai kala ʻole kekahi o nā neurotoxins ikaika loa. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia he ʻala ʻono kona, akā ʻaʻole ʻike ka ʻepekema i ka poʻe e nānā i kēia a hōʻike i ko lākou mau manaʻo. ʻOiai, ma muli o kona kūpaʻa pili, ua lilo ka dimethylmercury i kekahi o nā pūhui organometallic mua i ʻike ʻia. ʻAe, makemake ka poʻe e ʻike i nā mea a laila e ʻoki koke iā lākou, ʻae ʻo Oppenheimer.

No laila e hoʻouna ʻia ʻoe, %username%, i kahi honua ʻē aʻe. Ua lawa ka 0,05-0,1 ml o kēia mea. Hoʻonui hou ʻia ka pilikia ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kaomi mahu o kēia wai. Ma ke ala, ua komo koke ka dimethylmercury (i kekona) i ka latex, PVC, polyisobutylene a me neoprene, a komo i loko o ka ʻili. No laila, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mīkina lima laboratory maʻamau, ʻaʻole ia he pale hilinaʻi, a ʻo ke ala wale nō e pakele ai i ka mālama pono ʻana i ka dimethylmercury ʻo ke komo ʻana i nā mīkina lima laminated pale loa ma lalo o ka neoprene lua kuʻekuʻe a i ʻole ka manoanoa pale manoanoa. Hoʻomaopopo pū ʻia ka pono e komo i kahi pale maka lōʻihi a hana ma lalo o kahi puʻupuʻu fume. Makemake ʻoe e kamaʻāina me kēia ʻala ʻono?

Ua hōʻike hou ʻia ka ʻona o ka dimethylmercury e ka make ʻana o ka mea kemika inorganic ʻo Karen Wetterhahn i kekahi mau mahina ma hope o kona hoʻokahe ʻana i kekahi mau kulu o ka pūhui ma kona lima lima latex.

Hoʻopili maʻalahi ʻo Dimethylmercury i ka pale koko-lolo, ma muli paha o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi pūhui paʻakikī me ka cysteine. Hoʻokuʻu lohi ʻia ia mai ke kino a no laila e hoʻomau i ka bioaccumulate. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona o ka lāʻau ʻawaʻawa i nā mahina ma hope, ua lohi pinepine no ka mālama pono ʻana. No laila.

ʻO ka mea wale nō e hoʻopakele ai i ka honua, ʻo ka dimethylmercury ʻaʻohe noi (ʻoiai ke hoʻāʻo nei kekahi Alexander Litvinenko e ʻōlelo i kekahi mea ma aneʻi). Kakaʻikahi loa ia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā spectrograph NMR no ka ʻike ʻana i ka mercury, ʻoiai naʻe ma ʻaneʻi ka poʻe i hoʻomaopopo i kekahi mea makemake nui i nā paʻakai mercury ʻona no kēia kumu.

Ka lua

Ka Methanol

Ua ʻike nā kānaka a pau e pili ana i ka methanol. Akā i koʻu manaʻo, ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia.

ʻAʻole ʻo ia ka pilikia o ka methanol, akā ʻo ka pilikia o ko mākou kino. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, loaʻa iā ia ka enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (a i ʻole ADH I), i hāʻawi ʻia iā mākou e ke ʻano makuahine no ka haki ʻana o nā waiʻona. A inā, ma ke ʻano o ka ethanol maʻamau, hoʻokaʻawale ia i ka acetaldehyde (hello, hangover!), A inā ʻoe e laki, hoʻohiolo ia i ka acetic acid ma ke ʻano he acetyl-coenzyme A. a laila, ua huikala ʻia ka methanol: ua lilo ia i formaldehyde a me ka formate. Me he mea lā, he manaʻo hoʻomākeʻaka ko Mother Nature.

Hoʻonui ʻia ka pilikia ma muli o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, e like me nā daredevils (ʻaʻohe nui o lākou), ʻaʻohe ʻono a ʻala ka methanol mai ka waiʻona maʻamau, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hui ʻana me ia. Ma ke ala, ʻo ka hopena o ka iodoform, ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka iodoform melemele me ka ethyl alcohol, akā ʻaʻohe mea e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka methanol, ʻaʻole ia e hana no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ʻike methanol i loko o kahi hopena ethanol.

ʻO 1-2 milliliters o ka methanol no kilokani o ke kupapaʻu (ʻo ia hoʻi, ma kahi o 100 ml) ka mea maʻamau e hoʻouna i nā daredevils i nā poʻe hoihoi ʻē aʻe me nā ʻēheu ma ko lākou kua, a ma muli o ka predisposition kūikawā o kēia mea i ke aʻalolo optic, 10 wale nō. -20 ml e makapō ke kanaka. mau loa.

ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ua ulu nā hopena ʻawaʻawa o ka methanol i kekahi mau hola, a hiki i nā antidotes maikaʻi ke hōʻemi i ka pōʻino. No laila, inā ʻoe, %username%, ma hope o ka hana nui ʻana no kekahi kumu, manaʻo ʻoe i ke poʻo, nāwaliwali ākea, malaise, ʻaʻa, nausea a me ka luaʻi - inu hou. ʻAʻole wau e ʻakaʻaka: e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka manual no kahi kauka pilikia, no ka make ʻana o ka methanol, ʻo ka antidote he ethanol, i lawelawe ʻia ma ke ʻano he 10% solution ma ka hāʻule ʻana a i ʻole he 30-40% solution ma ka waha ma ka helu. o 1-2 grams o ka hopena no 1 kg o ke kaumaha o ke kino i ka lā. ʻO ka hopena maikaʻi i kēia hihia e hōʻoia ʻia e ka hoʻohuli ʻana o ka enzyme ADH I i ka hoʻomake ʻana o ka ethanol exogenous. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia inā ʻaʻole pololei ka hōʻike ʻana, hiki ke kuhihewa ʻia ka make ʻana o ka methanol no ka inu ʻona maʻalahi (e like me kāu i ʻōlelo ai ma luna) a i ʻole ka make ʻana me ka 1,2-dichloroethane a i ʻole carbon tetrachloride (nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik, he makana nō ia. akā ʻaʻole ʻālohilohi loa) - i kēia hihia, ʻo ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka nui o ka ethyl alcohol he mea weliweli. Ma ka holoʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole ʻoe i laki, %username%. E ikaika.

He mea maʻamau ka make methanol. No laila, ma USA i ka makahiki 2013, 1747 mau hihia i hoʻopaʻa ʻia (a ʻae - ʻo USA). Ua ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā lāʻau make methanol:

• ʻO ka make methanol nui ma Sepania i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka makahiki 1963; he 51 ka nui o ka poe make, aka, aia na manao mai 1000 a 5000.
• ʻO ka make nui me ka methanol ma Bangalore (India) i Iulai 1981. He 308 ka nui o ka poe make.
• ʻO ka make nui me ka waina methanol-laced ma Italia i ka puna o 1986; 23 kanaka i make.
• ʻO ka make ʻana o ka methanol nui ma El Salvador i ʻOkakopa 2000 i make ai he 122 poʻe. Ua manaʻo nā luna i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka methanol i loko o nā mea inu ʻawaʻawa ma nā mea kanu hana i ka wā o ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana i ka hanana.
• ʻO ka ʻona nui me ka methanol ma Sepatemaba 9-10, 2001 ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Pärnu (Estonia); 68 kanaka i make.
• ʻO ka make nui me ka methanol ma Czech Republic, Polani a me Slovakia i Kepakemapa 2012; 51 kanaka i make.
• ʻO ka make nui me ka methanol ma Dekemaba 17-20, 2016 ma Irkutsk (Russia). He 78 ka nui o ka poe make.

No kēia kumu, ua loaʻa ka methanol i ka lua o kā mākou kūlana. A ʻaʻole ʻakaʻaka hou.

Ta-dam! Aloha! Loaʻa iā mākou kahi mua!

ʻO ka mea mua, ʻaʻole e loaʻa iā mākou kekahi mea ʻawaʻawa loa i hiki ke loaʻa ma kekahi wahi i kekahi mau holoholona a iʻa paha. No laila e poina kākou e pili ana i ka tetrodotoxin a me ka batrachotoxin.

ʻAʻole ia e lilo i kekahi ʻano inorganic hiki ke loaʻa wale i nā ʻoihana kūikawā - e like me ka beryllium nitrate, ka mea, ma ke ala, ʻono ʻono, a i ʻole arsenic chloride, i aloha nui ʻia i ka Middle Ages.

ʻAʻole ia he ʻano mea olaola, ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa i ka lā me ke ahi - e like me ka ricin, a i ʻole i aʻo ʻia i ka wā lōʻihi i hala a waiho ʻia i loko o ke keʻena lāʻau lapaʻau - e like me strychnine a digitoxin paha.

ʻAʻole ia ʻo ka cyanide a me ka waika hydrocyanic i hoʻokō ʻole ʻia i ka hihia o Rasputin.

ʻAʻole ia he polonium-210 a i ʻole VX, ka mea i hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia e pepehi a hiki i nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi - akā ʻaʻole loa i loaʻa i ka lehulehu.

ʻAʻole, he mea pepehi maoli ko mākou alakaʻi, nona nā miliona o nā ola ma kāna moʻokāki.

kalapona kalapona

ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka carbon monoxide ka mea i hoʻouna aku i kahi pūʻulu o nā kānaka i ka honua aʻe. Komo kēia kinoea kala ʻole, ʻala a ʻono ʻole i ka ea lewa i kēlā me kēia ʻano o ka puhi ʻana. Hoʻopaʻa ikaika ka carbon monoxide i ka hemoglobin, e hana ana i ka carboxyhemoglobin, a pale i ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka oxygen i nā pūnaewele kiko, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ke ʻano hemic hypoxia. Hoʻopili pū ʻia ka carbon monoxide i nā hopena oxidative, e hoʻopau i ke koena biochemical i loko o nā kiko. Ma kēia, ua like loa kāna hana me ka cyanide.

Hiki ke make:

• i ke ahi;
• i ka hana ʻana, kahi e hoʻohana ʻia ai ka carbon monoxide e synthesize i kahi helu o nā mea kūlohelohe (acetone, methyl alcohol, phenol, etc.);
• i loko o nā wahi kinoea kahi e hoʻohana ʻia ai nā mea hoʻohana kinoea (nā kapuahi, nā mea hoʻomehana wai koke, nā mea hoʻomohala wela me kahi keʻena puhi ahi) ma lalo o nā kūlana o ka lawa ʻole o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ea, no ka laʻana, inā he haki ʻana o ka draft i loko o nā chimneys a / a i ʻole nā ​​ducts ventilation a i ʻole. ka nele o ka lako ea no ka puhi kinoea;
• i loko o nā hale kaʻa me ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka ea, ma nā keʻena ʻē aʻe i hoʻokuʻu ʻole ʻia a maikaʻi ʻole paha, nā tunnels, no ka mea, aia ka 1-3% CO e like me nā kūlana;
• i ka wā e noho lōʻihi ai ma ke alanui a i ʻole ma kahi kokoke - ma nā ala nui, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka neʻe ʻana o COXNUMX ma mua o ka paepae make;
• ma ka home i ka wā o ka leakage o ke kinoea hoʻomālamalama a i ka wā e pani ʻole ʻia nā kapuahi dampers i loko o nā keʻena me ka umu wela (nā hale, nā ʻauʻau);
• i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i ka ea haʻahaʻa i loko o nā mea hanu;
• i ka puhi ʻana i ka hookah (ʻae, he hapa nui loa o ka poʻe e ʻike i ka ʻeha poʻo, dizziness, nausea, drowsiness ma hope o ka puhi ʻana i ka hookah, ʻo ia ke kumu o ka make ʻana o carbon monoxide i hana ʻia i ka nele o ka oxygen i ka mea hookah).

No laila ʻoe, %username%, loaʻa iā ʻoe ka nui o nā manawa e kamaʻāina ai i ka lāʻau make.

Ma kahi maʻiʻo o 0,08% CO i loko o ka ea inhaled, manaʻo ke kanaka i ke poʻo a me ka ʻeha. Me ka piʻi ʻana o ka manaʻo CO i 0,32%, hiki mai ka maʻi lolo a me ka nalowale o ka ʻike (hiki ka make ma hope o 30 mau minuke). Ma kahi hoʻonui ma luna o 1,2%, nalowale ka ʻike ma hope o ʻelua a ʻekolu paha hanu, make ke kanaka ma lalo o 3 mau minuke i ka convulsions. Ma nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa dotoxic (emi iho ma mua o 0,08%), hiki iā ʻoe ke hopu i kēia mau mea leʻaleʻa (ke piʻi aʻe ka ʻike):

1. Hoʻemi i ka wikiwiki o nā hopena psychomotor, i kekahi manawa - he hoʻonui uku i ke kahe o ke koko i nā kino koʻikoʻi. I ka poʻe me ka maʻi cardiovascular koʻikoʻi - ʻeha ka umauma i ka wā hoʻoikaika kino, pōkole o ka hanu.
2. ʻO ka maʻi poʻo liʻiliʻi, hoʻemi i ka hana noʻonoʻo a me ke kino, pōkole o ka hanu me ka hoʻoikaika kino kino. Hoʻopilikia i ka ʻike. Hiki ke make i ka pēpē, ka poʻe me ka puʻuwai koʻikoʻi.
3. ʻO ka maʻi poʻo, ka noʻonoʻo, ka huhū, ka paʻakikī o ka naʻau, ka maʻi hoʻomanaʻo, ka nausea, ka hui ʻole o nā lima liʻiliʻi.
4. ʻO ke poʻo nui, nāwaliwali, kahe ka ihu, nausea, luaʻi, ʻike maka, huikau.
5. ʻO ka halucinations, kahi hōʻeha koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻiʻo - ʻo ia ke kumu i make pinepine ai nā kānaka i ke ahi.

Pehea e kōkua ai i ka make ʻana o ka carbon monoxide? ʻAe, ʻo ka mea mua, haʻalele i ka ʻāpana o ka maʻi. Ma ke ala, ʻaʻole mālama ka mask gas maʻamau, nā lole ʻūlū ma ka maka a me nā kāʻei pulupulu-gauze, ʻike ka carbon monoxide iā lākou āpau i kahi wahi hoihoi a hele mālie iā lākou - pono ʻoe i kahi mask gas me kahi pahu hopkalite - ʻo ia kēia. ʻo ka mea me ka ʻokikene keleawe e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ke kalapona monoxide i kahi kalapona kalapona palekana. A laila - hanu, hanu! Hanu i ka ea hou, a i ʻole ka oxygen, hāʻawi i kāu mau ʻiʻo pōʻino a me nā kino i ka mea e pono ai!

ʻAʻole ʻike ka lāʻau lapaʻau honua i nā antidotes hilinaʻi no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hihia o ka make carbon monoxide. Akā! - e haʻaheo: Ua hoʻomohala nā ʻepekema Lūkini i ka lāʻau hou "Acyzol", i hoʻonoho ʻia ma ke ʻano he antidote (ʻoiai no kekahi kumu ʻaʻohe manaʻoʻiʻo o nā ʻepekema ʻē aʻe). Hāʻawi ʻia ia intramuscularly ma ke ʻano he hopena. Hāʻawi ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he prophylactic. Ke kono nei nā kānaka ʻepekema Lūkini e hoʻāʻo i kēia lāʻau lapaʻau, akā no kekahi kumu ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka poʻe e makemake ai ma mua o ka hihia o kahi antidote no amatoxins.

ʻO ia, %username%!

Manaʻo wau ʻaʻole wau i hōʻino i kou makemake, he mea hoihoi, a ua aʻo ʻoe i kahi mea hou no ʻoe iho, ʻaʻole i kaupalena wale i kāu ʻai a me nā wahi e kipa aku ai.

ʻO ke olakino a me ka pōmaikaʻi!

“He mea make na mea a pau, aohe mea make ole; Hoʻokahi wale nō maʻa i ʻike ʻole ʻia ka lāʻau make.

— Paracelsus

Source: www.habr.com