ʻO Popov paha ka mea mua - akā ʻaʻole ʻo ia i patent i kāna mau mea i hana ai a hoʻāʻo paha e kūʻai aku iā lākou
I ka makahiki 1895, ua hoʻohana ʻo Alexander Popov physicist Lūkini i kāna mea kani hekili e hōʻike i ka lawe ʻana i nā nalu lekiō.
Na wai i haku i ka lekiō? Aia paha kāu pane i kou wahi i hele mai ai.
Ma ka lā 7 o Mei, 1945, ua piha ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni Bolshoi ma Moscow me nā ʻepekema a me nā mokuʻāina mai ka Communist Party of the Soviet Union, e hoʻolauleʻa ana i ka makahiki 50 o ka hōʻike lekiō mua i alakaʻi ʻia e . He manawa kūpono kēia e hoʻohanohano ai i kahi mea hana hale a hoʻāʻo e hoʻoneʻe i ka moʻolelo mōʻaukala mai nā hoʻokō , ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma nā ʻāina he nui a puni ka honua ma ke ʻano he mea hana lekiō. Ua hoʻolaha ʻia ʻo 7 Mei ma USSR , ka mea i kaulana a hiki i keia la ma Rusia.
ʻO ka ʻōlelo e pili ana i ka manaʻo nui o Popov ma ke ʻano he mea haku lekiō ma muli o ka haʻiʻōlelo āna i hāʻawi ai ma ka lā 7 o Mei, 1895, "No ka pilina o nā pauka metala me nā haʻalulu uila" ma St. Petersburg University.
Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Alexander Popov i ka lekiō mua i hiki ke hoʻouna i ka code Morse
He mea maʻalahi ka polokalamu a Popov ["Branly tube"] - he ipu aniani i loaʻa nā waihona metala i loko, a puka i waho ʻelua mau electrodes i loaʻa i kahi kenimika kaʻawale. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka mea hana ma ka hana a kahi physicist Farani , nāna i wehewehe i kekahi papahana like i ka makahiki 1890, a ma nā hana a ka physicist English , nāna i hoʻomaikaʻi i ka mea hana i ka makahiki 1893. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, kiʻekiʻe ke kūʻē o nā electrodes, akā inā hoʻopili ʻia kahi manaʻo uila iā lākou, e ʻike ʻia kahi ala no kēia manawa me ka pale liʻiliʻi. E kahe ana ke au, akā, e hoʻomaka ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā metala a piʻi ke kūʻē. Pono e hoʻoluliluli a paʻi ʻia ka coherer i kēlā me kēia manawa e hoʻopuehu hou i ka sawdust.
ma St. Petersburg, ʻo Popov ka mea hoʻohana lekiō mua i hiki ke ʻike i nā hōʻailona ma ko lākou lōʻihi. Ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i ka hōʻailona coherer o Lodge a hoʻohui i kahi polarized , ka mea i hana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻonui pololei. Ua ʻae ka relay iā Popov e hoʻopili i ka mea hoʻopuka i ka bele uila, ka mea hoʻopaʻa leo, a i ʻole ka telegarapa, a loaʻa i nā manaʻo electromechanical. Hōʻike ʻia kahi kiʻi o ia mea me ka bele mai ka hōʻiliʻili o ka hale hōʻikeʻike ma ka hoʻomaka o ka ʻatikala. Hoʻihoʻi ʻakomi ka manaʻo i ka coherer i kona kūlana mua. I ke kani ʻana o ka bele, haʻalulu koke ka coherer.
Ma Malaki 24, 1896, ua alakaʻi ʻo Popov i kahi hōʻike kipi lehulehu o ka hāmeʻa - i kēia manawa ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka ʻike ma ka code Morse ma o ke kelepona uila. A eia hou, oiai ma ke Kulanui o St. Petersburg, ma ka halawai o ka Russian Physical and Chemical Society, ua hoouna aku o Popov i na hoailona ma waena o elua hale i 243 mika mai kekahi i kekahi. Ua kū ka polopeka ma ka papa ʻeleʻele ma ka hale ʻelua, e kākau ana i nā leka i ʻae ʻia ma ka code Morse. ʻO nā huaʻōlelo i loaʻa: .
Ua lilo nā kaʻapuni i hoʻokumu ʻia e Coherer e like me Popov i kumu no nā lako lekiō mua. Ua hoʻohana mau ʻia lākou a hiki i 1907, i ka wā i hoʻololi ʻia ai lākou e nā mea hoʻokipa e pili ana i nā mea ʻike aniani.
Ua ʻokoʻa loa ʻo Popov lāua ʻo Marconi i ka lekiō
ʻO Popov ka mea hou o Marconi, akā ua hoʻomohala lākou i kā lākou mau mea hana ma ke kaʻawale, me ka ʻike ʻole o kekahi i kekahi. He mea paʻakikī ka hoʻoholo pololei ʻana i ka primacy ma muli o ka lawa ʻole o nā palapala o nā hanana, nā wehewehe hoʻopaʻapaʻa o ka mea e pili ana i ka lekiō, a me ka haʻaheo ʻāina.
ʻO kekahi o nā kumu i makemake nui ʻia ai ʻo Marconi ma kekahi mau ʻāina, ʻo ia ka mea i ʻoi aku ka ʻike i ka paʻakikī o ka waiwai naʻauao. ʻO kekahi o nā ala maikaʻi loa e hoʻopaʻa ai i kou wahi ma ka mōʻaukala ʻo ke kākau inoa ʻana i nā patent a hoʻolaha i kāu mau ʻike i ka manawa. ʻAʻole i hana ʻo Popov i kēia. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i noi no ka palapala hōʻailona no kāna mea ʻike uila, a ʻaʻohe moʻolelo kūhelu o kāna hōʻike hōʻike ʻo Malaki 24, 1896. ʻO ka hopena, ua haʻalele ʻo ia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka lekiō a lawe i nā X-ray i ʻike ʻia.
Ua noi ʻo Marconi i palapala hōʻailona ma Beretania i ka lā 2 o Iune, 1896, a ua lilo ia i mea noi mua ma ke kahua o ka radiotelegraphy. Ua hōʻiliʻili koke ʻo ia i nā hoʻopukapuka e pono ai ke kūʻai aku i kāna ʻōnaehana, hana i kahi ʻoihana ʻoihana nui, a no laila ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea hoʻokumu i ka lekiō ma nā ʻāina he nui ma waho o Rūsia.
ʻOiai ʻaʻole i hoʻāʻo ʻo Popov e kūʻai i ka lekiō no ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā leka, ua ʻike ʻo ia i kona hiki ke hoʻohana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā haunaele o ka lewa - e like me ka ʻike uila. I Iulai 1895, ua hoʻokomo ʻo ia i ka mea ʻike uila mua ma ka meteorological observatory o ka Forestry Institute ma St. Petersburg. Hiki iā ia ke ʻike i nā hekili ma kahi mamao a hiki i 50 km. I ka makahiki aʻe, ua hoʻokomo ʻo ia i ka lua o ka mea ʻike ma ka All-Russian Manufacturing Exhibition, i mālama ʻia ma Nizhny Novgorod, 400 km mai Moscow.
Ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki, ua hoʻomaka ka hui kiaʻi ʻo Hoser Victor ma Budapest e hana i nā mea ʻike uila e pili ana i nā hoʻolālā a Popov.
Ua hōʻea ka polokalamu a Popov i ʻApelika Hema
Ua hōʻea kekahi o kāna mau kaʻa i ʻApelika Hema, e holo ana i 13 km. I kēia lā, hōʻike ʻia ma ka hale hōʻikeʻike (SAIEE) ma Johannesburg.
ʻAʻole ʻike mau nā hale hōʻikeʻike i nā kikoʻī o ka mōʻaukala o kā lākou mau hōʻike ponoʻī. He paʻakikī loa ke ʻimi ʻana i ke kumu o nā mea hana kahiko. ʻAʻole paʻa nā moʻolelo o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike, hoʻololi pinepine nā limahana, a ma muli o ka hopena, nalo paha ka hui i kahi mea a me kona ʻano koʻikoʻi.
Ua loaʻa paha kēia i ka mea ʻike Popov ma ʻApelika Hema inā ʻaʻole no ka makaʻala o Derk Vermeulen, he ʻenekini uila a he lālā lōʻihi o ka pūʻulu mōʻaukala o SAIEE. No nā makahiki he nui, manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo Vermeulen ʻo kēia hōʻike he ammeter hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia i hoʻohana ʻia e ana i kēia manawa. Eia naʻe, i kekahi lā ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e aʻo maikaʻi i ka hōʻike. Ua ʻike ʻo ia i kona hauʻoli ʻo ia paha ka mea kahiko loa i ka hōʻiliʻili SAIEE, a ʻo ia wale nō ka mea kani ola mai ka Johannesburg Meteorological Station.
ʻO ka mea ʻike uila ʻo Popov mai ka Johannesburg Meteorological Station, i hōʻike ʻia ma ka South Africa Institute of Electrical Engineers museum.
I ka makahiki 1903, ua kauoha ke aupuni colonial i ka Popov detector, ma waena o nā mea pono ʻē aʻe e pono ai no ke kahua hou i wehe ʻia ma kahi puʻu ma ka palena hikina o ke kūlanakauhale. ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻana o kēia mea ʻike maka ua kūlike me ka hoʻolālā kumu a Popov, koe wale nō ka haʻalulu, nāna i hoʻoluliluli i ka sawdust, hoʻohuli pū i ka peni hoʻopaʻa. Ua kāʻei ʻia ka pepa hoʻopaʻa leo a puni ka pahu alumini i hoʻololi ʻia i hoʻokahi hola. Me kēlā me kēia hoʻololi ʻana o ka pahu, ua hoʻoneʻe kahi ʻāpana ʻokoʻa i ka canvas e 2 mm, a ʻo ka hopena e hiki ai i nā mea hana ke hoʻopaʻa i nā hanana no kekahi mau lā i ka lālani.
Vermeulen no ka pukana o Kekemapa 2000 o ka Proceedings of the IEEE. Ua haʻalele ʻo ia iā mākou me ke kaumaha i ka makahiki i hala, akā ua hiki i kāna hoa hana ʻo Max Clark ke hoʻouna mai iā mākou i ke kiʻi o ka mea ʻike maka o ʻApelika Hema. Hoʻoikaika ikaika ʻo Vermeulen no ka hana ʻana i hale hōʻikeʻike no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā mea waiwai i mālama ʻia ma SAIEE, a ua hoʻokō i kāna pahuhopu i ka makahiki 2014. Me he mea lā, ma kahi ʻatikala i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i ka poʻe paionia o nā kamaʻilio lekiō, e ʻike i ka pono o Vermeulen a hoʻomanaʻo i ka mea ʻike nalu lekiō āna i ʻike ai.
Source: www.habr.com