I kēia lā e aʻo mākou i ka protocol IPv6. ʻAʻole i koi ʻia ka ʻaoʻao mua o ka papa CCNA i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa kikoʻī me kēia protocol, akā naʻe, i ke kolu o ka mana 200-125, pono kāna noiʻi hohonu e hele i ka hoʻokolokolo. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka protocol IPv6 i ka wā ma mua, akā no ka manawa lōʻihi ʻaʻole i hoʻohana nui ʻia. He mea koʻikoʻi loa ia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka Pūnaewele i ka wā e hiki mai ana, no ka mea, ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻopau i nā hemahema o ka protocol IPv4 ubiquitous.
No ka mea he kumuhana ākea ka IPv6 protocol, ua hoʻokaʻawale au iā ia i ʻelua mau wikiō aʻoaʻo: ʻO ka lā 24 a me ka lā 25. ʻO ka lā mua e hāʻawi mākou i nā manaʻo kumu, a ma ka lua e nānā mākou i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā helu IP IPv6 no Cisco. nā mea hana. I kēia lā, e like me ka mea maʻamau, e uhi mākou i ʻekolu mau kumuhana: ka pono no IPv6, ke ʻano o nā helu IPv6, a me nā ʻano o nā helu IPv6.
I kēia manawa i kā mākou mau haʻawina, ua hoʻohana mākou i nā leka uila v4 IP, a ua maʻa ʻoe i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he maʻalahi loa lākou. I kou ʻike ʻana i ka helu wahi i hōʻike ʻia ma kēia paheʻe, ua hoʻomaopopo pono ʻoe i ke ʻano o ia mea.
Eia naʻe, ʻokoʻa loa ka nānā ʻana o nā helu IP v6. Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe i kamaʻāina i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻia ʻana o nā helu wahi ma kēia ʻano o ka Internet Protocol, e kahaha mua ʻoe no ka lawe ʻana o kēia ʻano IP address i kahi ākea. I ka ʻehā o ka mana o ka protocol, he 4 wale nō kā mākou helu decimal, a ua maʻalahi nā mea a pau me lākou, akā e noʻonoʻo pono ʻoe e haʻi iā Mr. X i kāna helu IP hou e like me 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e :0370: 7334.
Mai hopohopo - e lilo ana mākou i kahi kūlana maikaʻi loa ma ka hopena o kēia aʻo wikiō. E nānā mua kākou i ke kumu i kū mai ai ka pono e hoʻohana i ka IPv6.
I kēia lā, hoʻohana ka hapa nui o ka poʻe i ka IPv4 a hauʻoli nui lākou me ia. No ke aha ʻoe i pono ai e hoʻonui i ka mana hou? ʻO ka mua, he 4 bits ka lōʻihi o nā helu IP 32. ʻAe kēia iā ʻoe e hana ma kahi o 4 billion mau helu ma ka Pūnaewele, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka helu pololei o nā helu IP he 232. I ka manawa o ka hana ʻana o IPv4, ua manaʻo nā mea hoʻomohala ua ʻoi aku ka nui o kēia helu helu. Inā ʻoe e hoʻomanaʻo, ua māhele ʻia nā helu o kēia mana i 5 mau papa: nā papa hana A, B, C a me nā papa mālama D (multicasting) a me E (noiʻi). No laila, ʻoiai ʻo ka helu o nā helu IP hana he 75% wale nō o ka 4 biliona, ua hilinaʻi nā mea hana o ka protocol e lawa lākou no nā kānaka āpau. Eia naʻe, ma muli o ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o ka Pūnaewele, ua hoʻomaka ka hapa o nā helu IP manuahi i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a inā ʻaʻole no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana NAT, ua pau nā helu IPv4 manuahi i ka wā ma mua. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua lilo ʻo NAT i mea hoʻopakele o kēia protocol Internet. ʻO ia ke kumu i pono ai e hana i kahi mana hou o ka protocol Internet, me ka ʻole o nā hemahema o ka mana 4th. E nīnau paha ʻoe no ke aha ʻoe i lele pololei ai mai ka mana 5 a i ka mana 1,2. No ka mea, he hoʻokolohua ka mana 3, e like me ka mana XNUMX a me XNUMX.
No laila, loaʻa i nā helu IP v6 kahi kikowaena helu 128-bit. ʻEhia mau manawa āu e manaʻo ai ua hoʻonui ʻia ka helu o nā leka uila IP? E ʻōlelo paha ʻoe: "4 manawa!". ʻAʻole naʻe, no ka mea, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka 234 i ka 4. No laila, nui loa ka 232 - ua like ia me 2128. ʻO ia ka helu o nā helu IP i loaʻa ma luna o IPv340282366920938463463374607431768211456. ʻO ia ke ʻano hiki iā ʻoe ke hāʻawi i kahi leka uila IP i kekahi mea āu e makemake ai: kāu kaʻa, kelepona, wati lima. Hiki i kekahi kanaka o kēia wā ke loaʻa i ka pona, kekahi mau smartphones, nā wati akamai, kahi home akamai - kahi TV pili i ka Pūnaewele, kahi mīkini holoi i pili i ka Pūnaewele, kahi hale holoʻokoʻa i pili i ka Pūnaewele. Hiki i kēia helu helu wahi ke manaʻo o "Internet of Things", i kākoʻo ʻia e Cisco. ʻO ia ke ʻano o nā mea āpau o kou ola e pili ana i ka pūnaewele a pono lākou āpau i kā lākou IP IP ponoʻī. Me IPv6 hiki! Hiki i kēlā me kēia kanaka ma ka Honua ke hoʻohana i nā helu helu miliona o kēia mana no kā lākou mau polokalamu, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea manuahi. ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke wānana i ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻenehana, akā hiki iā mākou ke manaʻolana ʻaʻole e hiki mai ke kanaka i ka manawa i noho ai ʻo 6 kamepiula wale nō ma ka Honua. Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia e ola ana ʻo IPv1 no ka manawa lōʻihi. E nānā kākou i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka helu IP helu ʻeono.
Hōʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻōlelo he 8 mau pūʻulu o nā helu hexadecimal. 'O ia ho'i, he 4 bits ka lō'ihi o kēlā me kēia 'ano o ka helu wahi, no laila he 4 bits ka lō'ihi o kēlā me kēia pū'ulu o ia mau huapalapala, a he 16 bits ka lō'ihi o ka helu wahi holo'oko'a. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēlā me kēia hui o 128 mau huaʻōlelo mai ka hui aʻe e kahi kolonā, ʻaʻole like i nā helu IPv4 kahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai nā hui e nā kiko, no ka mea, ʻo ke kiko ka hōʻike decimal o nā helu. No ka mea ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana o ia ʻōlelo, aia kekahi mau lula no ka pōkole. Ua ʻōlelo ka lula mua e hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā pūʻulu o nā zeros e nā kolonā pālua. Hiki ke hana ʻia kahi hana like ma kēlā me kēia IP address 4 wale nō. E ʻike kākou i ke ʻano o ia mea.
E like me kāu e ʻike ai, i ka laʻana helu helu i hāʻawi ʻia, aia ʻekolu mau pūʻulu o 4 zeros. ʻO ka huina o nā kolonā e hoʻokaʻawale ana i kēia mau pūʻulu 0000:0000:0000 he 2. No laila, inā hoʻohana ʻoe i kahi kolonā pālua ::, ʻo ia ke ʻano o nā pūʻulu o nā zeros ma kēia wahi helu wahi. No laila, pehea ʻoe e ʻike ai i ka nui o nā pūʻulu zero i kū nei kēia kolonā pālua? Inā ʻoe e nānā i ke ʻano pōkole o ka helu wahi, hiki iā ʻoe ke helu i nā pūʻulu 5 o 4 mau huaʻōlelo. Akā, ʻoiai ua ʻike mākou he 8 pūʻulu ka helu piha, a laila ʻo ke kolonā pālua ke ʻano o 3 mau pūʻulu o 4 zeros. ʻO kēia ka lula mua o ke ʻano pōkole o ka helu wahi.
'Ōlelo ka lua o ka lula hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻolei i nā zeros alakaʻi i kēlā me kēia pūʻulu o nā huapalapala. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka hui 6 o ka ʻano lōʻihi o ka helu wahi e like me 04FF, a ʻo kona ʻano pōkole e like me 4FF, no ka mea, ua hāʻule mākou i ka zero alakaʻi. No laila, ʻo ke komo ʻana 4FF ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 04FF.
Ke hoʻohana nei i kēia mau lula, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻopōkole i kekahi helu IP. Eia naʻe, ʻoiai ma hope o ka pōkole ʻana, ʻaʻole ʻano pōkole kēia helu wahi. Ma hope e nānā mākou i kāu mea e hana ai no ia mea, no ka mea, e hoʻomanaʻo wale i kēia mau lula 2.
E nānā kākou i ke ʻano o nā poʻomanaʻo helu IPv4 a me IPv6.
ʻO kēia kiʻi aʻu i lawe ai mai ka pūnaewele e wehewehe maikaʻi loa i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā poʻo ʻelua. E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka pane ʻōlelo IPv4 a loaʻa nā ʻike hou aʻe ma mua o ke poʻo IPv6. Inā paʻakikī ke poʻo, a laila hoʻolōʻihi ka mea alalai i ka manawa e hana ai i kahi hoʻoholo ala, no laila ke hoʻohana nei i nā helu IP maʻalahi o ka mana ʻeono, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea ala. ʻO ia ke kumu i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o IPv6 ma mua o IPv4.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke poʻomanaʻo IPv4 mai 0 a 31 mau bits e lawe i 32 bits. Ma waho aʻe o ka laina hope o nā koho a me ka Padding, ʻo kahi helu IP 4 he helu helu 20-byte, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo kona nui liʻiliʻi he 20 bytes. ʻAʻohe liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ka lōʻihi o ka helu wahi o ka mana ʻeono, a he 40 paita ka lōʻihi o ia ʻōlelo.
Ma ke poʻomanaʻo IPv4, hele mua ka mana, a ma hope o ka lōʻihi o ke poʻo IHL. ʻO ka paʻamau he 20 bytes, akā inā ʻike ʻia nā ʻike koho hou i ke poʻo, hiki ke lōʻihi. Ke hoʻohana nei iā Wireshark, hiki iā ʻoe ke heluhelu i kahi waiwai Version o 4 a me kahi waiwai IHL o 5, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻelima mau poloka kū pololei o 4 bytes (32 bits) i kēlā me kēia, ʻaʻole i helu i ka poloka Options.
Hōʻike ke ʻano o ka lawelawe i ke ʻano o ka ʻeke - no ka laʻana, he pūʻolo leo a i ʻole pūʻulu ʻikepili, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka leo ma mua o nā ʻano kaʻa ʻē aʻe. I ka pōkole, hōʻike kēia kahua i ka mea nui o ke kaʻa. ʻO ka lōʻihi holoʻokoʻa ka huina o ka lōʻihi o ke poʻo o 20 bytes me ka lōʻihi o ka uku uku, ʻo ia ka ʻikepili i hoʻoili ʻia. Inā he 50 paita, a laila he 70 paita ka lōʻihi. Hoʻohana ʻia ka packet Identification e hōʻoia i ka pono o ka ʻeke me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻāpana checksum o ke poʻo Header Checksum. Inā ʻoki ʻia ka pūʻolo i 5 mau ʻāpana, pono e loaʻa i kēlā me kēia o lākou ka ʻike like - fragment offset Fragment Offset, hiki ke loaʻa ka waiwai mai ka 0 a 4, ʻoiai ʻo kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka pūʻolo e loaʻa i ka waiwai offset like. Hōʻike nā hae inā ʻae ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻāpana. Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe makemake i ka ʻāpana ʻikepili, hoʻonoho ʻoe i ka DF - mai ʻoki i ka hae. Aia ka hae MF - ʻoi aku ka ʻāpana. ʻO ia hoʻi, inā e ʻāpana ʻia ka ʻeke mua i 5 mau ʻāpana, a laila e hoʻonoho ʻia ka ʻeke ʻelua i 0, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻohe ʻāpana! I kēia hihia, e hōʻailona ʻia ka ʻāpana hope o ka pūʻolo mua i ka 4, i hiki ai i ka mea hoʻokipa ke wehe maʻalahi i ka pūʻolo, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hoʻopili i ka defragmentation.
E nānā i nā kala i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia paheʻe. Hōʻailona ʻia nā māla i kāpae ʻia mai ke poʻo IPv6 i ka ʻulaʻula. Hōʻike ke kala polū i nā ʻāpana i hoʻololi ʻia mai ka ʻehā a i ke ono o ka mana o ka protocol ma kahi ʻano hoʻololi. ʻAʻole i loli nā pahu melemele ma nā mana ʻelua. Hōʻike ke kala ʻōmaʻomaʻo i kahi kahua i ʻike mua ʻia ma IPv6 wale nō.
Ua wehe ʻia nā kahua Identification, Flags, Fragment Offset, a me Header Checksum ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻole o ka ʻāpana i nā kūlana hoʻoili ʻikepili hou a ʻaʻole koi ʻia ka hōʻoia checksum. I nā makahiki he nui aku nei, me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻikepili lohi, ua maʻamau ka ʻāpana, akā i kēia lā ʻo IEEE 802.3 Ethernet me kahi 1500-byte MTU i nā wahi āpau, a ʻaʻole ʻike hou ʻia ka ʻāpana.
ʻO TTL, a i ʻole ka manawa packet e ola ai, he helu helu helu - ke hiki i ka manawa e ola ai i ka 0, hāʻule ka ʻeke. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo kēia ka helu kiʻekiʻe o nā hops i hiki ke hana ʻia ma kēia pūnaewele. Hōʻike ka māla Protocol i ka protocol, TCP a i ʻole UDP, e hoʻohana ʻia ana ma ka pūnaewele.
ʻO Header Checksum kahi ʻāpana i hoʻopau ʻia, no laila ua wehe ʻia mai ka mana hou o ka protocol. ʻO ka hope aʻe ka 32-bit source address a me 32-bit destination address fields. Inā loaʻa iā mākou kekahi ʻike ma ka laina koho, a laila hoʻololi ka waiwai IHL mai 5 a 6, e hōʻike ana aia kahi kahua hou ma ke poʻo.
Hoʻohana pū ka poʻomanaʻo IPv6 i ka mana Version, a ʻo ka Papa Kūleʻa e pili ana i ke kahua ʻano o ka lawelawe ma ke poʻo IPv4. Ua like ka Flow Label me ka Class Traffic a hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ke ala ʻana o kahi kahe like o nā ʻeke. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka uku uku, ʻo ia ka lōʻihi o ka uku uku, a i ʻole ka nui o ke kahua ʻikepili i loaʻa ma ke kahua ma lalo o ke poʻo. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke poʻo ponoʻī, 40 bytes, he mau a no laila ʻaʻole i ʻōlelo ʻia ma nā wahi āpau.
ʻO ke kahua poʻomanaʻo aʻe, Next Header, e hōʻike i ke ʻano o ke poʻo e loaʻa i ka ʻeke aʻe. He hana pono loa kēia e hoʻonohonoho ana i ke ʻano o ka protocol transport aʻe - TCP, UDP, etc., a e koi nui ʻia i nā ʻenehana hoʻoili ʻikepili e hiki mai ana. ʻOiai inā ʻoe e hoʻohana i kāu protocol ponoʻī, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka protocol e hiki mai ana.
Hoʻohālikelike ka palena hop, a i ʻole Hop Limit, me ka TTL ma ke poʻomanaʻo IPv4, he hana ia e pale ai i nā puka alahele. ʻO ka hope aʻe ka 128-bit source address a me 128-bit destination address fields. He 40 bytes ka nui o ke poʻo. E like me kaʻu i ʻōlelo ai, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o IPv6 ma mua o IPv4 a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke ala ala.
E noʻonoʻo i nā ʻano o nā helu IPv6. ʻIke mākou i ke ʻano o ka unicast - he hoʻouna kuhikuhi ʻia ke hoʻopili pololei ʻia kekahi mea i kekahi a hiki i nā mea ʻelua ke kamaʻilio me kekahi. ʻO ka Multicast kahi hoʻolaha hoʻolaha a ʻo ia ka hiki ke kamaʻilio me nā mea hoʻokahi i ka manawa like, ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki ke kamaʻilio me kekahi mau polokalamu i ka manawa like. Ma kēia manaʻo, ua like ka multicast me kahi lekiō, nona nā hōʻailona e puʻunaue ʻia ma nā wahi āpau. Inā makemake ʻoe e lohe i kahi kaha kikoʻī, pono ʻoe e hoʻolohe i kāu lekiō i kahi alapine kikoʻī. Inā hoʻomanaʻo ʻoe i ke aʻo wikiō e pili ana i ka protocol RIP, a laila ʻike ʻoe e hoʻohana ana kēia protocol i ka domain broadcast 255.255.255.255 e hāʻawi i nā mea hou, kahi e pili ai nā subnets āpau. Akā ʻo nā mea hana wale nō e hoʻohana i ka protocol RIP e loaʻa i kēia mau mea hou.
ʻO kekahi ʻano hoʻolaha i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma IPv4 i kapa ʻia ʻo Anycast. Hoʻohana ʻia inā loaʻa iā ʻoe nā mea he nui me ka helu IP like a hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻouna i nā ʻeke i kahi kokoke loa mai kahi hui o nā mea loaʻa.
I ka hihia o ka Pūnaewele, kahi i loaʻa iā mākou nā pūnaewele CDN, hiki iā mākou ke hāʻawi i kahi laʻana o ka lawelawe YouTube. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia lawelawe e nā poʻe he nui ma nā wahi like ʻole o ka honua, akā ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo e pili pololei lākou āpau i ke kikowaena o ka hui ma Kaleponi. He nui nā kikowaena o ka lawelawe YouTube a puni ka honua, no ka laʻana, aia kaʻu kikowaena YouTube India ma Singapore. Pēlā nō, loaʻa i ka protocol IPv6 kahi hana i kūkulu ʻia no ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka hoʻoili CDN me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana pūnaewele hoʻohelehele ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi, me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā Anycast.
E like me kāu e ʻike ai, aia kekahi ʻano hoʻolaha ʻē aʻe i nalowale ma aneʻi, Broadcast, no ka mea ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻo IPv6. Akā ʻo Multicast i kēia kaʻina hana e like me ka Broadcast ma IPv4, ma kahi ala ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.
ʻO ka ʻeono o ka mana o ka protocol e hoʻohana i ʻekolu mau ʻano helu: Link Local, Unique Site Local a me Global. Hoʻomanaʻo mākou aia ma IPv4 hoʻokahi kikowaena hoʻokahi wale nō IP address. E noʻonoʻo kākou he ʻelua mau mea ala i hoʻopili ʻia kekahi i kekahi, no laila e loaʻa i kēlā me kēia o nā mea pili pili i 1 IP wale nō. I ka hoʻohana ʻana iā IPv6, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia interface kahi leka uila IP Link Local. Hoʻomaka kēia mau helu wahi me FE80::/64.
Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau IP address no nā pili kūloko. Ua ʻike ka poʻe e hana pū ana me Windows i nā helu wahi like loa e like me 169.254.X.X - he mau ʻōlelo kēia i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka protocol IPv4.
Inā noi ka lolouila i kahi kikowaena DHCP no kahi IP address, akā no kekahi kumu ʻaʻole hiki ke kamaʻilio me ia, aia nā polokalamu Microsoft i kahi hana e hiki ai i ke kamepiula ke hāʻawi i kahi leka uila iā ia iho. I kēia hihia, e like me kēia ka helu wahi: 169.254.1.1. E kū mai ana kahi kūlana like inā loaʻa iā mākou kahi kamepiula, kahi hoʻololi a me kahi alalai. Inā paha ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka mea alalai kahi IP address mai ka server DHCP a hāʻawi ʻokoʻa iā ia iho i ka helu IP like 169.254.1.1. Ma hope o kēlā, e hoʻouna ʻo ia i kahi noi hoʻolaha ARP ma luna o ka pūnaewele ma o ka hoʻololi, kahi e nīnau ai inā loaʻa i kekahi mea pūnaewele kēia helu. Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi noi, e pane ka kamepiula iā ia: "ʻAe, loaʻa iaʻu ka leka uila IP like ʻole!", A laila e hāʻawi ka mea alalai iā ia iho i kahi leka uila hou, no ka laʻana, 169.254.10.10, a hoʻouna hou i kahi noi ARP ma luna. ka pūnaewele.
Inā ʻaʻohe hōʻike e loaʻa iā ia ka helu like, a laila e mālama ʻo ia i ka helu 169.254.10.10 nona iho. No laila, ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea ma ka pūnaewele kūloko ke hoʻohana i ka server DHCP, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā leka uila IP iā lākou iho i mea e kamaʻilio ai kekahi i kekahi. ʻO kēia ka IP address autoconfiguration, a mākou i ʻike ai i nā manawa he nui akā ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia.
Pēlā nō, loaʻa iā IPv6 kahi hana no ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā leka uila IP Local IP e hoʻomaka ana me FE80::. ʻO ka slash 64 ke ʻano o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā helu pūnaewele a me nā helu hoʻokipa. I kēia hihia, ʻo ka 64 mua ʻo ia ka pūnaewele, a ʻo ka lua 64 ʻo ia ka mea hoʻokipa.
FE80:: ʻo ia hoʻi nā helu wahi e like me FE80.0.0.0/, kahi i ukali ʻia ai ka slash e kekahi hapa o ka helu wahi hoʻokipa. ʻAʻole like kēia mau ʻōlelo no kā mākou hāmeʻa a me ke kikowaena pili iā ia a ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia. I kēia hihia, hoʻohana ka ʻāpana host i ka helu MAC. E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻo ka helu MAC he 48-bit IP address, nona nā poloka 6 o nā helu hexadecimal 2. Hoʻohana ʻo Microsoft i kēia ʻōnaehana, hoʻohana ʻo Cisco i 3 mau poloka o 4 mau helu hexadecimal.
Ma kā mākou laʻana, e hoʻohana mākou i ke kaʻina Microsoft o ke ʻano 11:22:33:44:55:66. Pehea ʻo ia e hāʻawi ai i ka helu MAC o kahi hāmeʻa? ʻO kēia kaʻina o nā helu ma ka helu wahi hoʻokipa, e hōʻike ana i ka helu MAC, ua māhele ʻia i ʻelua ʻāpana: ma ka hema he ʻekolu pūʻulu o 11:22:33, ma ka ʻākau he ʻekolu pūʻulu o 44:55:66, a me FF a me FE hoʻohui ʻia ma waena o lākou. Hoʻokumu kēia i kahi poloka 64 bit o ka helu IP o ka mea hoʻokipa.
E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻo ke kaʻina 11:22:33:44:55:66 kahi helu MAC kū hoʻokahi no kēlā me kēia mea. Ma ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā helu FF: FE MAC ma waena o ʻelua pūʻulu helu, loaʻa iā mākou kahi leka uila IP kūikawā no kēia hāmeʻa. ʻO kēia keʻano o ka hanaʻana i kahi IP address o ka Local Link type, i hoʻohana waleʻia no ka hoʻokumuʻana i ke kamaʻilio ma waena o nā hoalauna me kaʻole o ka hoʻonohonoho kūikawā a me nā kikowaena kūikawā. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēlā IP IP i loko o hoʻokahi ʻāpana pūnaewele a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ke kamaʻilio ʻana ma waho o kēia māhele.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka helu wahi aʻe, ʻo ia ka Unique Site Local Scope, e pili ana i nā IP address IPv4 pilikino e like me 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, a me 192.168.0.0/16. ʻO ke kumu o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o nā leka uila IP kūloko a me waho ma muli o ka ʻenehana NAT a mākou i kamaʻilio ai ma nā haʻawina mua. ʻO Unique Site Local Scope kahi ʻenehana e hoʻopuka i nā helu IP kūloko. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻōlelo: "Imran, no ka mea ua ʻōlelo ʻoe e hiki i kēlā me kēia hāmeʻa ke loaʻa i kāna IP IP ponoʻī, ʻo ia ke kumu i hoʻololi ai mākou i IPv6", a e pololei loa ʻoe. Akā makemake kekahi poʻe e hoʻohana i ka manaʻo o nā helu IP kūloko no nā kumu palekana. I kēia hihia, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo NAT ma ke ʻano he pā ahi, a ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea waho ke kamaʻilio ʻole me nā mea i loaʻa i loko o ka pūnaewele, no ka mea, loaʻa iā lākou nā IP IP kūloko i hiki ʻole ke loaʻa mai ka Pūnaewele waho. Eia naʻe, hana ʻo NAT i nā pilikia he nui me nā VPN, e like me ka protocol ESP. Ua hoʻohana ʻo IPv4 i ka IPSec no ka palekana, akā aia ka IPv6 i kahi ʻōnaehana palekana i kūkulu ʻia, no laila maʻalahi loa ka kamaʻilio ma waena o nā helu IP kūloko a me waho.
No ka hana ʻana i kēia, ʻelua ʻano ʻano helu wahi o ka IPv6: ʻoiai ʻo Unique Local address e pili ana i IPv4 IP address kūloko, Global addresses e pili ana i IPv4 external addresses. Nui nā poʻe e koho ʻaʻole e hoʻohana i nā ʻōlelo kūʻokoʻa Kūʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea ʻē aʻe ke hana me ka ʻole o lākou, no laila ke kumuhana o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa mau. Manaʻo wau e loaʻa iā ʻoe nā pōmaikaʻi hou aʻe inā ʻoe e hoʻohana wale i nā leka uila IP waho, ma ke ʻano o ka neʻe. No ka laʻana, loaʻa i kaʻu hāmeʻa ka leka uila IP like inā paha wau ma Bangalore a i New York paha, no laila hiki iaʻu ke hoʻohana maʻalahi i kekahi o kaʻu mau polokalamu ma nā wahi āpau o ka honua.
E like me kaʻu i ʻōlelo ai, loaʻa iā IPv6 kahi mīkini palekana i kūkulu ʻia e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hana i kahi kaila VPN paʻa ma waena o kāu wahi keʻena a me kāu mau polokalamu. Ma mua, pono mākou i kahi hana waho e hana i kēlā ʻano VPN tunnel, akā ma IPv6 he hana maʻamau i kūkulu ʻia.
Ma muli o ko mākou kūkākūkā nui ʻana i nā kumuhana i kēia lā, e hoʻopau wau i kā mākou haʻawina e hoʻomau i ke kūkākūkā o ke ono o ka mana o ka IP Internet Protocol i ke wikiō aʻe. No ka haʻawina home, e noi au iā ʻoe e aʻo maikaʻi i ke ʻano o ka ʻōnaehana helu hexadecimal, no ka mea, i mea e hoʻomaopopo ai i ka IPv6, he mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana helu binary i ka hexadecimal a me ka hope. No ka laʻana, pono ʻoe e ʻike ʻo 1111=F, a pēlā aku, e noi wale iā Google e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia. Ma ke aʻo wikiō aʻe, e hoʻāʻo wau e hoʻomaʻamaʻa me ʻoe i kēlā ʻano hoʻololi. Manaʻo wau e nānā ʻoe i ke aʻo wikiō o kēia lā i mau manawa i ʻole he nīnau kāu e pili ana i nā kumuhana i uhi ʻia.
Mahalo no kou noho pū ʻana me mākou. Makemake ʻoe i kā mākou ʻatikala? Makemake ʻoe e ʻike i nā mea hoihoi hou aʻe? E kākoʻo iā mākou ma ke kau ʻana i kahi kauoha a i ʻole ka ʻōlelo ʻana i nā hoaaloha, 30% ho'ēmi no nā mea hoʻohana Habr ma kahi kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa o nā kikowaena helu komo, i hana ʻia e mākou no ʻoe: (loaʻa me RAID1 a me RAID10, a hiki i 24 cores a hiki i 40GB DDR4).
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Source: www.habr.com